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SMITHSONIAN  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  KNOWLEDGE. 

241     — — — 


A  CONTRIBUTION 


HISTORY  OF  THE  FRESH-WATER  AWE 


or 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


BY 

HORATIO  C.  WOOD,  Jr.,  M.D., 

PROFESROn  or  BOTANY,  ASI>  CI.INICAI.  LKCTDRBR  ON  ni88ASI8  OP  "aR  NKRTOnS  STSTFK  IH  TB« 
UNIVERSITY  ur  ■■ENNSVLVANIA^  PBYSICIAN  TO  TIIE  PUILADELrUIA  II08PITAI.,  ETC, 


[iCCBPTED  FOB  T D BL IC A T lOR  ,  PKBKOAHT,  1872. J 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


The  following  memoir  was  referred  for  examination  to  Dr.  John  Torrey  and  Dr, 
F.  A.  P.  Barnard,  of  Columbia  College,  New  York.  They  recommended  its  pub- 
lication provided  certain  changes  were  made  in  the  manuscript.  These  having 
been  made  by  the  author,  the  work  is  published  as  a  part  of  the  series  of  "  Smith- 
sonian Contributions  to  Knowledge." 

JOSEPH  HENRY, 

Secretary,  S,  I. 
Wabuinoton,  October,  ISTZ. 


(iii) 


PREFACE. 


Of  fill  tho  various  branches  of  Natural  History,  none  lias  been  more  enthusias- 
tically and  more  successfully  prosecuted  in  the  United  States  than  Botany.  The 
whole  field  has  been  most  thoroughly  occupied,  save  only  as  regards  certain  of  the 
lower  cryptogams,  and  amongst  the  latter,  it  is  the  frcsh-vukr  Algrv  whicli  alone 
can  be  said  to  have  been  almost  totally  neglected.  In  tliis  fact  lies  my  apology  for 
offering  to  the  scientific  public  the  following  memoir. 

In  doing  this,  so  far  from  thinking  that  the  work  contains  no  error,  I  hasten  to 
disarm  criticism,  and  to  ask  with  solicitude  for  a  favorable  reception,  in  view 
of  the  difficulties  of  tho  investigation,  which  1  have  conducted  alone,  and  almost 
unaided. 

The  investigation  was  first  undertaken  in  connection  with  my  elementary  studies 
of  Materia  Medica  and  Tlierapeutics,  and  has  since  been  prosecuted  at  intervals 
amidst  the  distractions  of  medical  teachings  and  practice,  and  in  some  cases  with- 
out immediate  access  to  authorises.  The  field  covered  is  so  wide  that  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  exhaust  it,  and,  if  it  were  not  for  rapidly  increasing  professional 
en.^agements,  I  would  gladly  devote  more  time  to  the  subject ;  but,  as  it  is,  I  must 
lei  ve  to  others  to  carry  on  the  work  thus  begun. 

While  saying  this,  it  is  but  just  to  state  that  nothing  here  published  has  been 
done  hastily,  but  that  all  is  the  result  of  arduous  and  conscientious  investigation. 

A  very  large  part  of  my  matcnal  has  been  of  my  own  gathering,  and  was 
studied  whilst  fresh ;  but  I  am  indebted  to  several  persons  ftft-  aid  by  collections. 

First  of  all,  I  desire  to  offer  my  thanks  to  Dr.  J.  S.  Billings,  U.  S.  A.,  and  to 
Professor  llavenel,  of  South  Carolina;  to  the  former  for  assistance  in  various 
ways,  and  for  collections  made  nrar  Washington  City ;  to  the  latter  for  very  large 
collections  made  in  Texas,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia.  I  am  also  indebted  to 
Mr.  C.  F.  Austin  for  a  large  collection  gathered  in  Northern  New  Jersey,  to  Mr. 
William  Canby  for  some  beautiful  specimens  obtained  in  Florida,  to  Professor 
Sereno  Watson  for  llocky  Mountain  plants,  and  to  Dr.  Frank  Lewis  for  a  number 
of  White  Mountain  desmids. 

Tliese  various  collections  were  partly  dried  and  partly  preserved  in  a  watery 
solution  of  carbolic  acid  or  of  acetate  of  alumina,  both  of  which  I  have  found  more 
or  less  satisfactory  preservatives. 

The  present  investigations  embrace  all  families  of  the  fresh-water  algre  except 
the  Dudomacea',  which,  as  every  one  knows,  are  so  numerous  as  to  constitute  in 

(V) 


VI 


IMIKFACR. 


tlii-msL-lvcs  a  special  study.  As  I  hnvo  paid  no  attention  to  tlicse  plants,  tlicy  are 
of  course  not  included  in  this  memoir. 

In  the  synonymy  1  have  f,'enerally  followed  I'rof.  Uahenhorst.  'flic  ori^^'iual  de- 
scriptions of  tlie  forms,  especiidly  thost;  of  the  older  autliorities,  are  very  freipiently 
so  meagre  and  ohscure,  that  the  species  cannot  he  recognized  by  them  with  any  cer- 
tainty. I'rof.  Uahenhorst  has  gone  over  th  ■  ground  most  carefully,  with  access  to 
the  whole  literature  of  the  sid)ject;md  probably  to  all  extant  type  specimens,  (uul  his 
decisions  are,  no  doubt,  ns  accurate  as  the  circumstances  will  allow.  To  attempt  to 
dilfer  from  them,  to  go  behind  his  work  to  the  original  sources  and  make  fresh 
iuter[)retatiens,  would  cause  endless  confusion.  I  have,  therefore,  lu'arly  always 
contented  n)yself  with  lus  divtum,  and  have  referred  to  him  as  the  authority  for  the 
names  used 

'I'lie  following  references  were  omitted  through  a  misuudirstaiuling  from  the  first 
portion  of  the  text. 

I'li^t^  14.  Cieloifhariiim  <!(l,iiiiii,  OuiNMiw.     I!.\iiHNii(msT,  Klurn  Mump.  AlKiiruin,  Sect.  I.  p.  .').'>. 

"  15.  Mi'n'sDKipeilia  ciim-nliilu,  1!iikiiiss(in.     1!.miknm(iusi',  I'luni  ilurop.  Aljjaniiii,  SimM.  I.  p.  OS. 

"  IS.  OKciltaria  cliloriiia,  KvT/ASii.     Uaiie.niiuust,  Flora  lOurop.  Algariiin,  Sect.  I.  p.  07. 

"  18.  O.  Fruhlichii,  Kut/.inu.     U.viiENiioitHT,  Flora  Riirop.  Algarnni,  Soft.  1.  p.  101). 

"  19.  0.  iiiyra,  VAcrirEii.     IIaiiknmohst,  Flora  Kiirop.  Alpanim,  Sect.  I.  p.  107. 

"  l!l.  ().  limoxn,  AiiAiiim.     1{aiikniioiist,  Flora  Kiimp.  Algariiin,  Sect.  I.  p.  104. 

"  21.  ('li(liii)iiil)l(iitli(K  rijicn^,  KiTZiMi.     Uaiikniiohst,  Florii  lOurop.  Algnniiii,  Sffl.  I.  p.  I.'i'i. 

"  2-'.  Iiijwjhija  miiraii:!,  AdAiiDii.     IIauvey,  Nort'l.s  ItorL'all-.Vmcricaua,  pi.  111.  p.  104. 

In  the  text  after  the  '■'■JfohHat"  a  name  is  quoted  as  the  niithority  therefor;  if 
such  a  name  he  in  brackets,  it  signifies  that  the  specimens  were  sim))ly  collected  by 
such  individual,  but  that  the  identiticatiou  v.'as  made  by  some  one  else  ;  when  there 
is  not  a  name  unindoscl  in  brackets,  it  is  meant  that  the  identiticatiou  was  made  by 
the  author  of  this  memoir. 


Since  the  present  memoir  has  gone  to  press,  I  have  received  from  the  author  a 
copy  of  •>  Alga"  llhodiacea\  A  list  of  Rhode  Island  Alga-,  collected  and  prepared 
by  Stephen  T.  Olney,  in  the  years  18-1()-18-18,  now  distributed  from  his  own  her- 
barium." 

In  the  introduction  to  this  list,  Mr.  Olney  says:  "f)f  the  fresh-water  species,  I 
have  few  for  distribution.  Th.'se  were  obtain(;d  mainly  in  the  environs  of  this 
city,  an<l  were  placed  in  twenty-seven  small  vials  in  (joadsby's  solution,  and  .sent 
to  Prof  Harvey,  who  submitted  them  to  the  judgment  of  the  most  learned  Eng- 
lish botanist  in  this  particular  dej)artment,  Ci.  II.  K.  Thwaites,  Esq.,  then  of  Bris- 
tol, England.  The  large  nnndxn"  of  species  foiuul  in  this  collection,  in  so  limited 
a  rang(>,  and  collected  within  a  very  short  period,  is  snrjjrising,  and  shows  what 
more  persistent  collections  will  develop.  I  have  not  time  to  collate  the  numerous 
publications  of  the  lamented  I'rof  15ail(>y,  or  I  might  have  made  the  list  of  this 
portion  of  Rhode  Island  plants  more  complete." 

The  chlorosperms  of  this  list  arc  as  follows:  — 

Porphyra  viilijaris,  Ao.-Harv.     Nit  l!or.  Am.  .'?.  M.     Newport. 
Bamjiafuiscojnirjiurvci,  Lynuu.-IIauv.     Nor.  iior.  Am.  a.  54.     Southern  Rhode  Island. 


I'll  K  r  AC'i;. 


vii 


Enlrromoriihainlinlinnlin,  I,YN(iii.-Hakv.      Ncr.  H(pr<  Am.  3.  Sfi.      I'roviilciicp  to  Nowporl. 

i:iitir<>iii(,ijili<ii;,miin.s.ta,  UiiKV.-llAiiv.     NtT  llor.  Am.  U.  Mi.     SimtliiTti  IMiuilo  JhIuiiiI. 

A'/i<(7(/mi>;y//(a  (/(jM/rt/rt,  (jIiikv.-IIakv.     Ncr.  Hor.  Am.  3.  60.     Newport. 

Ulra  luliHsima,  L.-IIarv.     Nit,  Hor.  Am.  3.  f)'t.     Providmici-. 

Ulva  laitiwu,  L.-Hahv.     Ner.  Uor.  Am.  3.  CO.     rrovidmco. 

Tftra.iiH,ra  lavuiiom,  Ciialv.-IIaiiv.    Ner.  Hor  Am,  3,  (U.    T. pcr/urala,  IJailev  Mm.     Providence. 

Tctnittiiiirti  liihriid,  Ad.     I'rcnidciicc. 

Itnirmliiis^icrmum  iiulc/icrriimiin,  Hash.     Providoiicc. 

JIatrachosjit'nniiiu  moniUfurme,  Uotii.-IIarv,     Nor.  Hor.  Am.  3.  03.     Providunoe. 

Cliatoplioraendii'a/iiliu,  Au.-IIauv.     Sv\:  Hor.  Am.  3.  (ID.     Providence. 

Drafariildia  yloiiicrala,  Au.-IIakv.     Ntr.  Hor.  Am.  3.  72.     I'rovidoiici;. 

titiijeoftuiiinm  iniiiuliim,  Kiirz.     Providt'ia'e. 

CUidiiiiliura  rii/jr^lrix,  L.-IIaiiv.     Ncr.  Hor.  Am.  3.  74.     Ni-wpnrt. 

ClaJujihora  (jlaitcencens,  Giiiff.-IIauv.     Ner.  Hor.  Am.  3.  77.     liliodc  IkIiiikI. 

Claduphora  re/rmla,  Rotu.-IIauv.     Ncr.  Hor.  Am   3.  79.     .Soullicrn  lUiodc  Isliiiid. 

t'ladui)hoi-a  liudol/iliiana.  Au.-IIahv.     Ncr.  Hor.  Am.  3,  HO.     Providence. 

Clfidoii/iiira  (jravilis,  {iim'V.-llAiiv.     Ncr.  Hor.  Am.  3.81.     Liltlc  Coniptou. 

Cludophora  fraila,  IIaiiv.     Ner.  lior.  Am.  3.  82.      Hliode  Island,  Hiiiley. 

Chtttomorjiha  urea,  Diixw.-IIar.     Ncr.  Hor.  Am.  3.  W,.     Newport,  etc. 

Cliielomorpha  Oliinji,  IIarv.     Ncr.  lior.  Am.  3.  80.     Little  Compton. 

Chatomiirpha  lomjiarliculiUn,  IIarv.     Ner.  Hor.  Am.  3.  HO.     Little  Compton. 
var.  crnsxior,  IIarv.     Ner.  Hor.  Am.  3.  80.     liittle  Compton. 

Chirlumoriilia  sulorin,  Hkiiic.-IIarv.      Ncr.  Hor.  Am.  3.  87.     Newport. 

Zij(j)icma  malfiirmatum,  \l\»n.  1.  1(7.     Providence. 

Zi/finuma  calenrcformc,  IIa.sh.    I.  147.     Providence. 

Xijjncma  ThwaUcsii,  Oi.nkv,  n.  s.     Near.^.  subvcnhicotnim,  Providence. 

Zygiiema  longntim,  IIa.ss.    1.  151.     Providence. 

iii/i/nemn  si  rink ,  Oi.nev,  n.  s.   "Cells  evidently  striated,"  Tliwaites.     Providence. 

Tijndaridea  hirornisl  IIass.  1.  102.     Providence. 

Tynduridva  insUjnisl  IIass.  1.  103.  Providence. 
Mesorarpus  imnnilits,  \l\tiH.  1.  109.  Providence. 
Miiugeotia  ijnnijkxa,  A<i. -Mass.  1.  173.     Providence. 

rcsiculifrraconcalciuUa,  IIass.  1.201.     Providence. 

Vetiwulifera  W(pialis,  IIas.s.  I.  205,     I'rovidence. 

Vcsiculifcra  bomhijrimi,  IIass.  1.  208,     Providence, 

Veniouli/era  Candullii,  IIass,  1,  208.     Providence. 

Jliilbovhicte  ThwaileniiiOutlEY,  n.  s.     Providence. 

Lynijhya  majuscula,  IIarv.     Hor.  Am.  3.  101.     Providence. 

Spharoplca  vircsccns,  Herk,     Providence, 

Spliirrnplrn  pvnclalix,  Hkrk,     Providence. 

Tohjpullirix  distorta,  Kirrz,-llAss.     1,  240. 

Calulhrix  confervicola,  Aa. -IIarv.     Ner,  Hor,  Am.  3.  105.     Providence, 

Oalothrix  scopulorum,  Ao, -IIarv.     Ncr.  Hor.  Am.  3,  105,     Providence, 

Ilyaloiheca  dissilicns,  Brev,-PiALfs,     Des,  5L     {(Uoroprium.)     Providence. 

Hijalotheca  mucosa,  EilRH,-UAi.rs.     Des.  53.     Providence. 

Didymoprium  Oreviltii,  Kijtz.-Uai.fs.     Des.  01.     Rhode  Lslnnd,  Hiiilcy, 

Bidymoprium  Borreri,  Ualfs,     Des,  58,     lUiode  I.sland,  Hiiilcy, 

Desmidium  Swartzii,  Aa.-Ww.va.    Des,  01,     Tliroiifrliont  United  States,  Rniley. 

Aptofjomim  Baileyi,  Ualfs     Des   209,     Wordcn's  Pond,  Illiodc  Islimd,  Hailcy. 

Micrasterids  rotata,  Kalfs.    Des,  71.     Providence. 

Micrasterias  radiosa,  Ao.-Rai,fs,    Des,  72,     Maine  to  Yirfjinia,  Bnilcy. 

^nrraslflrias  fitrcala,  Ralfs.     Des.  73.     Wordcn's  Pond,  Rhode  Island,  Railoy. 

Micrasterias  Cni.r-Melifciisis,  Rat.fs.     Dea.  73.     Maine  lo  Virffinin,  Hailey. 

Micrasferias  Iruiwala,  l)nKii.-l\\i.i'8.    Des,  75,     United  States,  Hailcy. 


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TiU 


1'  It  !•;  I'  A  C  K  . 


Mirm>tcrin»  folinrcn,  Haii.kv-II Ai.FR     I)i'!^m.  'Jin,     WoriliiiV  Pond,  Illiudc  lolaiid,  Biiilcy. 

Mnranltriiiii  llu'iliiji,  \\\\.¥n.     Di'.-iii.  211.      lUmilr  l.-lainl,  Itiiilcy. 

Hdimtruiu  ubliiixjum,  ItAI.KH.     l)i'ii.  8U,     UIidiIu  IhIiiihI,  lluilcy. 

F.uitdrum  crtiiiHiiiii,  Ki:t/.-I{ai.I'h.     1)i'H.  Hi.     Itliudu  iNliirid,  Itiiilcr. 

/JiiiiKlniiii  ttimutiiin,  Kiikii.-IEai.kh.     Dvh.  tj5.     E.  binalc  K.nt/.     I'lMvidi'iico, 

h'liunlriim  rlrijaiiK,  Kir/.-ltAlKH.      Di's.  H!).      Providence. 

hiianlriiin  hiiialc,  Kai.fh.     Dcsiii.  ',(1.      Providence. 

CoHmariuiH  ciiciiinin,  Coiida.-Kai.ks.    Desm.  !•;).     United  States,  Bailey. 

Cdsmarinm  biorulalttm,  llAi.Fh.     Des.  1)5.     I'rovidence. 

Conmariiim  Mfiiinjhiiiii,  liiiKii.-KALFH.     Des.  0(1.     United  StalcH,  liailcy. 

C'liHiiKiriuiii  rrfiKiliim,  Hai.i's.     Pes.  il(i.     I'rovidenct'. 

Ciismariuin  amdimm,  \\w.y'M.-\K.\\.v».     Des.   lO'i.      Providence. 

Cimmariitm  (irnatuin,  Hai.I's.     Dch.  101.      Providence. 

t'osmariKiu  con/ia/inii,  ItliKn.-IlAl.FO.     Dcs.  108.     Providence. 

Coamarium  Ctwurbita,  Hai.fs.    Dps.  109.     Provldcnco. 

Cogmarium  graiuliliihirciildluiii,  Oi.nky,  ii.  h.  ;  "near  C.  cucumis,  Inil  wilii  largo  tubercles  on  tlio 
frond."     Providence. 

Sidurniilrum  tirhiciilare,  Wm.V!^.     lies.   1  •J,''i.      Provldenec. 
Sidu  rani  rum  /lirsidiim,  Kai.fs.     I>es.  127.     I'rovidence. 
SlauraKlrum  HystrU,  Kai.fs.     l»c«.  12S.     Providence. 
Slduraslnim  <jracik\  Xiw.vn.     Dex.  llifi.     Providence. 
Slauraslriim  lelraccntm,  IIai.fh.     Dch.  137.     United  State.M,  liailey. 
Slduranlrum  ri/rloccrum,  liUKn.-llALFW.     Den.  l.'!9.     Providence. 

TclinciiiDraa  llrChisnoiii,  Kai.fs.     De.s.  145.     Providence. 

Trimemoras  gruniddlus,  Kai.fs.    De.s.  140.     Providence. 
Pcnium  mnrjarildceum,  Kukii.-Kalfs.    Des.  {Cldnlcrium  Kim.)     Providence. 
I'enium  Diyiliix,  Hukii.-Kai.fs.    Des.  151.     {Clunlcriiim  lameilogum.) 
JjDciiliiim  nndiilosiiiii,  Miikii.-Kai.fs.     Des.  165.     Maine  to  Virginia,  lluiley. 
Ducidium  Itai'ulum,  liiiKii- Kai.fs.     Des.  158.      United  States.     Kiiiley. 
Docidium  nodonum,  Haii.kv-Kai.fs.     Dcs.  218.     I'nited  Sintcs,  liailcy. 
Docidiuv  constrictum,  Kailky-Kalfh     Dc*.  218     Wordeii's  Pond,  Ituiley. 
Docidium  verruco8um,  IJaii.f.v-Kai.ps.     Des.  218.     Rhode  Island,  liailcy. 
Docidium  verticilldldm,  liAii.F.v- Kai.fs.    Des.  218.     Worden's  Pond,  IJailey. 
Closlerium  [juntila,  Kiiiiii. -Kai.fs,     Dcs.  Ifili,     New  England,  liailcy, 
Closteriutii  monili/rrum,  Kiiiiii, -Kai.fs,     De.s,  l(i;i,     Xew  Kngland,  liailcy. 
Closleriiem  slriolatum,  Kiiiiii, -Kai.fs.    De.s.  1711.     New  Knglaiid,  Kailey. 
C/od/tTium  cunpu/rt/iuH,  IJaii.ky-Kai.fs.    Dcs.  219.     Worden's  Pond,  Kailey. 
J'edidslrum  tclrati,  Kai.fs.     Des.  182,     New  England,  Kailey. 
PrdidgtrHm  hpiilaclis,  Kai.fs.     Des.  18.3.     Providence, 

J'rdidstrum  llo  ■yuinim,  Mk.nkoii.-Kai.fs.     Dcs,  187,     Maine  to  Mexico,  Kailey. 
I'cdinntrum  rllipticum,  Hass.-Kai.ks.     Des.  188.     Maine  to  Virginia,  liailey 
Scenedesmus  quadricaiida,  KiiF.ii.- Kai.fs.    Des.  190.     Maine  to  Virginia,  Kailey. 
Scenedesmus  oblusun,  Meye.n.-Kalfs.    Dcs.  193.     Maine  to  Virginia,  lir.iley. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Although  btset  with  difficulties  in  the  outset,  no  branch  of  natural  science 
offers  more  attractions,  when  once  tlie  study  is  fairly  entered  upon,  than  tlie  fresh- 
water alj,'iv.  The  entiiusiasm  of  the  student  will  soon  be  kindled  by  the  variety 
an<l  beauty  of  their  forms  and  wonderful  life  processes,  and  be  ke[)t  alive  by  their 
abundance  and  accessibility  at  all  seasons  of  tlie  year ;  for  unlike  otiier  plants,  the 
winter  with  them  is  'iot  a  period  of  count(;rfeited  death,  but  all  s(<asons,  spring,', 
summer,  autumn,  and  winter  alike,  have  tlieir  own  peculiar  species.  They  have 
been  found  in  healthy  life  in  the  middle  of  an  icicle,  and  in  the  heated  wat(;rs  of 
tiie  boiling  spring;  they  arc  the  last  of  life  alike  in  the  eternal  snow  of  the  moun- 
tain summit  and  tiie  superheated  basin  of  the  lowland  geyser. 

In  their  investigation,  too,  the  physiologist  can  come  nearer  than  in  almost  any 
other  study  to  life  in  i^s  simplest  forms,  watching  its  processes,  measuring  its  forces, 
and  approximating  to  its  mysteries.  Sometimes,  when  my  microscope  has  revealed 
a  new  world  of  restless  activity  and  beauty,  and  some  scene  of  especial  interest,  as 
tlie  impregnation  of  an  a-dogunium,  has  presented  itself  to  me,  I  confess  the 
enthusiastic  pleasure  produced  has  been  tempered  with  a  feelin"  of  awe. 

To  any  on  whom  through  the  want  of  a  definite  pursuit  the  hours  hang  heavy, 
to  the  physiologist  who  desires  to  know  cell-life,  to  any  student  of  nature,  1  can 
commend  most  heartily  this  study  as  one  well  worthy  of  any  pains  that  may  be 
spent  on  it. 

An  aquarium  will  often,  in  the  winter  time,  give  origin  to  numerous  interestin<^ 
forms,  but  it  is  not  a  necessity  to  the  fresh-water  algologist;  b;;sides  his  mic-  cope 
and  its  appliances,  all  that  he  absolutely  needs  is  a  few  glass  jars  or  bottles  and 
the  fields  and  meadows  of  his  neighborhood. 

The  great  drawback  to  the  investigation  of  these  plants  has  been  the  want  of 
accessible  books  upon  them.  In  the  English  language  then-  is  no  general  work 
of  value,  and  the  various  original  memoirs  are  separated  so  for  and  wide  in  the 
Continental  and  English  journals,  as  to  be  of  but  little  use  to  most  American 
readers.  The  Flora  Eicwpfrwn  Algarvm  Af/uo'  Dulcis  d  Suhmarino',  of  I'rof.  lla- 
bcnhorst,  has  done  much  to  fivcilitato  the  study,  and  its  cheapness  brings  it  within 
the  reach  of  all.  It  merely  gives,  however,  brief  diagnoses  of  the  various  species, 
but  with  the  present  memoir  will,  I  trust,  suffice  for  the  American  student,  at  least 
until  he  is  very  far  advanced  in  his  researches, 

1       November,  1871. 

(    1    ) 


y^9m 


WHESI 


ii 


1 

V 


2 


INTRODUCTION. 


A  certain  amount  of  cxpcrionco  and  knowlcrlf,'^  of  tlio  snly'rct  greatly  facilitatos 
the  collcctio;:  of  these  phiiits,  l)ut  scarcely  so  much  as  in  other  departincuts  of  cryp- 
togarnic  botany,  since  most  of  the  species  aic  so  small  that  the  most  experiencetl 
alg  >'ogist  does  not  know  how  great  th<;  reward  of  tin;  day's  toil  may  \m:  niitil  he 
places  its  results  under  the  object  glass  of  his  compound  microscope.  In  order  to  aid 
tlso.o  desirous  of  cf)llecting  and  studying  these  plants,  I  do  not  think  I  can  do 
better  than  give  the  following  hints  as  to  when  and  where  to  find,  and  Ikjw  to 
j)reservc  them. 

There  are  three  o*  four  distinct  classes  of  localities,  in  each  of  which  a  different 
set  of  forms  may  Ivj  looked  for.     Thest!  are :  stagnant  ditf:hes  and  j)ools;  sj)rings,. 
rivnh  ts,  large  riv(;rs,  and  other  bodies  of  pure  water;   dripping  rocks  in  ravines, 
«."'.c. ;  trunks  of  old  trees,  boards,  branches  and  twigs  o*"  living  trees,  and  other 
localities. 

In  regard  to  the  first — stagnant  uoiers — in  these  the  most  conspicuous  forms 
are  oscillatoriic  and  /ygnemacex'.  The  oscillatori.e  may  almost  always  be  recog- 
nized at  once,  by  their  forming  dense,  slimy  strata,  floating  or  attacln;d,  gene- 
rally with  very  fine  rays  extending  from  the  mass  like  a  long,  delicate  fringe. 
The  stratum  is  randy  of  a  bright  green  cilor,  but  is  mostly  dark ;  didl  greenish, 
IJackish,  purplish,  blue,  &c.  The  oscillatoriic  are  equally  vahniblc  as  specimens 
at  all  times  and  seasons,  as  their  fruit  is  not  known,  and  the  characters  defining 
the  speci(.-s  do  not  depend  upon  tlie  sexual  organs.  Tlu;  zygnemas  are  the  bright 
green,  evidently  filanientous,  slimy  masses,  which  float  on  ditches,  or  lie  in  them, 
entangled  amongst  the  water  plants,  sticks,  twigs,  &c.  They  are  only  of  scientific 
value  when  in  fruit,  as  it  is  only  :,t  such  titiics  that  they  can  be  determiiic'd. 
Excepting  in  the  case  of  one  or  two  very  large  forms,  it  is  imi)ossible  to  tell  with 
the  naked  eye  with  certainty  whether  a  zygn(;ma  is  in  fruit  or  not;  but  there  are 
one  or  two  practical  j)oints,  the  remendirance  of  which  will  V(;ry  greatly  eidiance 
th(!  probable  yield  of  an  aft<'nioon's  search.  In  tin;  first  jjlace,  the  fruiting  season 
is  in  the  spring  and  euvly  summer,  tlie  latter  j)art  of  March  May,  and  June  being 
the  months  when  the  collector  will  be  best  repaid  for  looking  for  this  family. 
Again,  when  these  plants  are  fruiting  they  lose  their  bright  gret^n  color  and  become 
dingy,  often  yellowish  and  very  dirty  h.oking — just  such  specimens  as  the  tyro 
would  pass  by.  The  fine,  bright,  green,  handsome  masses  of  these  algae  are  rarely 
worth  carrving  home.  Aftr.-r  all,  however,  mnch.  must  be  left  to  chance;  the  !)est 
way  is  to  gather  small  quantities  from  numerous  localities,  keeping  them  separate 
until  they  tan  ho  examined. 

Adhering  to  the  variotis  larger  plants,  to  floating  matters,  twigs,  stones,  &c.,  in 
ditclies,  will  often  be  found  filaiTientous  algie,  which  make  fine;  filmy  fringes  around 
the  stems,  or  on  the  edge>  of  the  leaves;  or  perthancc  one  may  meet  ith  rividarise 
or  nostocs,  &c  ,  forming  little  green  or  brownish  balls,  or  indefinite  protuberances 
attached  to  small  stems  and  h.aves.  These  latter  forms  are  to  be  looked  for 
especially  late  in  the  season,  and  whenever  seen  sliould  be  secun-d. 

In  the  latter  part  of  summer,  there  is  often  a  brownish,  gelatinoui  scum  to  be 
seen  flo-^ting  on  ditches.  Tortious  of  this  should  be  preserved,  as  it  frequently  con- 
tainb  interesting  nostocs  and  other  plants. 


INTRODUCTION. 


In  rof^ard  to  larj^o  rlrrrs,  the  time  of  year  in  whicli  T  have  boor,  most  sncocssful 
in  such  lonalitios  is  tli(;  latter  summer  montlis.  <Sy  hujn  and  small  hodies  of  clear 
water  may  be  searched  with  a  ho\je  of  reward  at  any  time  of  the  year  whe" 
tljcy  are  not  actually  frozen  up.  I  h'lvc  found  some  exceedingly  beautiful  and 
rare  algm  in  such  places  as  early  as  March,  and  in  open  seasons  they  may  be  col- 
lected even  earlier  than  this.  The  desmids  are  most  abundant  in  the  spring,  and 
jjossibly  most  beautiful  then.  They,  h()W(;ver,  rarely  conjugate  at  that  time,  and 
the  most  valuable  specimens  arc  therefore  to  be  obtained  later — during  thi;  summer 
and  autumn  months;  at  least, so  it  is  said;  and  the  experience  I  hav(!  had  with  this 
family  s-jems  to  confirm  it.  Iticulds  should  be  watched  especially  in  early  spring, 
and  during  the  summer  months. 

From  the  time  when  the  weather  first  grows  cool  in  the  autumn,  on  until  the  cold 
weather  has  fairly  set  in,  and  tlie  reign  of  ice  and  snow  commences,  is  the  period 
during  whicli  ilie  algtc  hunter  should  s»^arch  carefully  all  wet,  dripinng  rockn,  for 
specimens.  Amongst  the  stems  of  wet  mosses — in  dark,  damp  crevices,  and  little 
grottos  beneath  shelving  rocks — is  the  alga;  harvest  to  be  reaped  at  this  season. 
Nostocs,  palnK.'llas,  conjugating  desmids,  sirosiphons,  various  unicellular  algic,  then 
flourish  in  such  localities.  My  experience  has  been,  that  late  in  the  autumn, 
ravines,  railroad  cuttings,  rocky  river-banks,  &c.,  reward  time  and  labor  better  tlian 
any  other  localities. 

'J'lie  vaucherias,  whiih  grow  frequently  on  wet  ground,  as  well  as  submerged, 
fru'*  in  the  early  spring  ai'd  summer  in  this  latitude,  and  are  therefore  to  be  col- 
lectf:d  at  such  times,  since  they  arc  only  worth  preserving  when  in  fruit. 

In  regard  to  algie  vthich  grow  on  trees,  I  have  found  but  a  single  species,  and  do 
not  think  they  are  at  all  aliundan*^^  in  this  latitude  Farther  south,  if  one  may 
judge  by  Professor  Kavenel's  collections,  they  are  the  most  abundant  forms. 

Although  perhap.i  of  but  little  interest  to  the  distant  collector,  yet  for  the  sake 
of  those  living  nearer,  I  will  occupy  a  few  lines  with  an  accoun:  of  the  places 
around  I'liiladelphia  which  will  bcbt  repay  a  search  for  fresh-water  alga>.  As  is 
well  known,  below  the  city,  there  is  what  is  known  as  the  "Neck,"  a  perfectly  level 
extent  of  ground  lying  in  the  forK  between  the  rapidly  approaching  rivers,  Schuyl- 
kill and  Delaware.  This  is  traversed  by  numerous  large  ditches,  and,  especially 
just  beyond  J'.io  city  confines,  has  yielded  to  me  an  abundant  harvest.  My  favorite 
route  is  by  tlie  Fifth  Street  cars  to  thiir  terminus,  then  across  the  country  a  little 
to  the  cast  of  south  until  the  large  stone  barn,  known  as  "  Girard's  Barn,"  is 
r<!ached.  A  large  ditch  lies  here  on  e.ich  side  of  the  road,  which  is  to  be  followed 
until  it  crosses  the  PerMisylvania  Ilaihoad,  then  along  this  to  the  west,  until  the 
conti  luation  of  Tenth  Street  crosses  it.  Here  the  ditches  cease,  and  the  steps  are 
to  lij  turned  homeward.  From  Girard's  barn  to  the  crossing  just  alluded  to, 
ditches  great  and  small  lie  all  along  and  about  the  route,  ditches  which  have  often 
most  abundantly  rewarded  my  search,  and  enabled  me  to  return  home  richly  laden. 
The  best  season  for  collecting  here  is  from  March  to  July,  and  again  in  October, 
when  some  of  the  nostocs  may  be  looked  for. 

Crossing  the  river  Delaware  to  the  low  country  below  and  above  tlie  city  of 
Camden,  the  collector  will  find  himself  in  a  regioi;  oinnlar  to  that  just  described, 


M' 


4  INTRODUCTION. 

and  like  it  cut  up  by  numerous  ditches,  in  which  arc  pretty  much  the  same  forms 
as  in  tlie  "Neck."  But  by  taking  the  Canulen  and  Athmtic  cars  for  twenty  to 
forty  miles  into  New  Jersey  to  what  is  known  as  the  "  Pines,"  he  will  get  into  a 
very  different  country ;  low,  marshy,  sandy  grounds,  with  innumerable  pools,  and 
streams  whose  dark  waters,  amber-colored  from  tlic  hemlock  roots  over  which  they 
pass,  flow  sluggishly  along.  I  have  been.somcwhat  disappointed  in  my  collections 
in  such  localities.  Fresh-water  alga;  do  not  appear  to  flourish  in  infusion  of  hem- 
lock, and  consequently  the  streams  are  very  bare  of  low  vegetable  life.  On  the 
other  hand,  in  pools  in  the  more  open  places,  my  search  has  been  repaid  by  find- 
ing some  very  curious  and  interesting  forms,  wliich  apparently  arc  peculiar. 

North  of  Philadelphia  are  several  places,  which  at  certain  seasons  will  richly 
reward  the  microscopist.  Along  the  Delaware  Iliver,  there  is  a  similar  country 
and  flora  to  that  of  the  "  Neck."  But  back  from  the  river  things  arc  quite  dif- 
ferent. The  North  Pennsylvania  Ilailroad  passes  near  Chelten  Hills,  some  eight 
miles  or  so  from  the  city,  through  some  deep  rock  cuttings,  which  are  kept  con- 
stantly dripping  by  numerous  minute  springs  bursting  from  between  the  strata. 
At  tlie  proper  season,  these  will  yield  an  abundant  harvest.  Besides  these,  there 
is  also  a  stream  of  water  with  ponds  running  along  by  the  road,  which  should  be 
looked  into.  I  have  seldom  had  more  fruitful  trips  than  some  made  very  early  in 
tlie  spring  to  this  locality;  but  then  it  was  in  little  pools  in  the  woods,  and  espe- 
cially in  a  wooded  marsh  or  meadow  to  the  left  of  the  road,  some  distance  beyond 
the  station,  that  I  found  the  most  interesting  forms. 

The  Schuylkill  Iliver  and  its  banks  have  afforded  materials  for  many  hours  of 
pleasant  work.  In  the  river  itself  a  few  very  interes*^ing  fovr.i  have  been  found ; 
but  it  is  especially  along  its  high  banks  that  the  harvest  has  been  gathered. 

The  dripping  rocks  and  little  wood  pools  in  the  City  Park  arc  well  worth  visiting ; 
but  the  best  locality  is  the  western  bank,  along  the  Heading  Ilailroad,  above  Mana- 
yunk,  between  it  and  the  upjier  end  of  Flat  Hock  tunnel.  Down  near  the  river,  at 
the  lower  end  of  the  latter,  will  be  found  a  number  of  beautiful,  shaded  rocky  pools, 
which,  in  the  late  summer,  are  full  of  Chactophora  and  other  algn3.  Along  the 
west  rocks  of  the  river  side  of  the  bluff,  through  which  the  tunnel  passes,  are  to 
be  found,  late  in  the  fall,  numerous  alga;.  It  is  here  that  the  PalmcUa  Jessenii 
grows  in  such  abundance. 

West  of  the  city,  in  Delaware  f>ud  Chester  Counties,  is  a  well  wooded  and 
watered,  hilly  coutitry,  in  which,  here  and  there,  numerous  fresh-water  algtc  may 
be  picked  up. 

As  to  the  preservation  of  the  alga; — most  of  the  submerged  species  arc  spoiled 
by  drying.  Studies  of  them  should  always,  wlicn  practicable,  be  made  whilst  fresh. 
Circumstances,  however,  will  often  prevent  this,  and  I  have  found  that  they  may 
be  preserved  for  a  certain  period,  say  three  or  four  months,  without  very  much 
change,  in  a  s^r^jng  solution  of  acetate  of  alumina. 

An  even  better  preservative,  however,  and  one  much  more  easily  obtained,  is 
carbolic  acid,  for  I  have  studied  desmids  with  great  satisfaction,  wliich  had  been 
])reservcd  for  five  or  six  years  in  a  watery  solution  of  tliis  substance.  In  regard 
to  the  strength  of  the  solution  I  have  no  fixed  rule.     Always  simply  shaking  up 


INTRODUCTION. 


a  few  drops  of  the  acid  with  the  water,  until  the  latter  is  very  decidedly  impreg- 
nated with  it,  as  indicated  by  the  senses  of  smell  and  taste. 

Almost  all  species  of  alga;  which  are  firm  and  semi-cartilaginous,  or  almost 
woody  in  consistency,  are  best  preserved  by  simply  drying  them,  and  keeping  them 
in  the  ordinary  manner  for  smrJl  plants.  The  fresh-water  alga;  which  bear  this 
treatment  well  belong  to  the  Phicochromophycccc,  such  as  the  Nostocs,  Scijtoncma, 
&c.,  the  true  confervas  not  enduring  sucli  treatment  at  all.  When  dried  plants 
are  to  be  studied,  fragments  of  them  should  be  soaked  for  a  few  minutes  in  warm, 
or  for  a  longer  time  in  cold  water. 

The  only  satisfactory  way  that  algae  can  be  finally  prepared  for  the  cabinet  is  by 
mounting  them  whole  or  in  portions,  according  to  size,  for  the  microscope.  Of  the 
best  methods  of  doing  this,  the  present  is  hardly  the  time  to  speak;  but  a  word  as 
to  the  way  of  cleaning  them  will  not  be  out  of  place.  Many  of  them,  especially 
the  larger  filamentous  ones,  may  be  washed  by  holding  them  fast  upon  an  ordinary 
microscope  slide,  with  a  bent  needle  or  a  pair  of  forceps,  and  allowing  water  to 
flow  or  slop  over  them  freely,  whilst  they  are  rubbed  with  a  stiffish  camel's-hair 
pencil  or  brush.  In  other  cases,  the  best  plan  is  to  put  a  mass  of  the  specimens  in 
a.  bottle  half  full  of  water  and  shake  the  whole  violently ;  drawing  off  the  water 
from  the  plants  in  some  way,  and  repeating  the  process  with  fresh  additions  of 
water,  until  the  plants  are  well  scoured.  At  first  sight,  this  process  would  seem 
exceedingly  rough,  and  liable  to  spoil  the  specimens,  but  T  have  never  seen  bad 
results  from  it,  at  least  when  practised  with  judgment.  The  water  seems  so  to 
envelop  and  protect  the  little  plants  that  they  are  not  injured. 

After  all,  in  many  instances  it  appears  impossible  to  clean  these  alga;  without 
utterly  ruining  and  destroying  them — the  dirt  often  seeming  to  be  almost  an  inte- 
grant portion  of  them;  so  that  he  who  despises  and  rejects  mounted  specimens, 
simply  because  they  are  dirty  and  unsightly,  will  often  reject  that  which,  scienti- 
fically speaking,  is  most  valuable  and  attractive. 

la  finally  mounting  these  plants,  the  only  proper  way  is  to  place  them  in  some 
preservative  solution  within  a  cell  on  a  slide.  After  trial  of  solution  of  acetate  of 
alumina  and  various  other  preservative  fluids,  I  have  settled  upon  a  very  weak 
solution  of  carbolic  acid,  as  the  best  possible  liquid  to  mount  these  plants  in. 
Acetate  of  alumina  would  be  very  satisfactory  were  it  not  for  the  very  great 
tendency  of  the  solution  to  deposit  minute  granules,  and  thus  spoil  the  specimens. 
As  every  one  knows,  the  great  difficulty  in  preserving  microscopic  objects  in  the 
moist  way  is  the  perverse  tendency  of  the  cells  .o  leak,  and  consequently  slowly  to 
allow  entrance  to  the  air  and  spoil  the  specimen. 

As  I  have  frequently  found  to  my  great  chagrin,  the  fact  that  a  slide  has  re- 
mained unchanged  for  six  months,  or  even  a  year,  is  no  guarantee;  that  it  will  remain 
so  indefinitely.  It  becomes,  therefore,  exceedingly  important  to  find  some  way  of 
putting  up  microscopic  objects  that  can  be  relied  on  for  their  preservation.  Where 
carboluted  glycerine  jelly  o",  Canada  balsam  can  be  used,  the  solid  coating  which 
they  form  around  the  sperimens  constitutes  the  best  known  protection.  Except  in 
the  case  of  the  diatoms,  however,  these  substances  so  shrivel  and  distort  the  fresh- 
Avater  alga;  immersed  in  tbem  as  to  utterly  ruin  them.     I  lost  so  many  specimens 


[ 


hbon 


l: 


6  INTRODUCTION. 

by  the  old  ways  of  mounting:,  that,  becoming  disheartened,  T  gave  np  all  idea  of 
making  a  permanent  cabinet,  until  a  new  cement,  invented  by  Dr.  J.  G.  Hunt,  of 
this  city,  was  brought  to  my  notice.     This  is  prepared  as  follows: — 

"  Take  damtr  gum,  any  quantity,  and  dissolve  it  in  benzole;  the  solution  may  be 
hastened  by  heat.  After  obtaining  a  solution  just  thick  enough  to  drop  readily 
from  the  brush,  add  enough  of  the  finest  dry  oxide  of  zinc — previously  triturated 
in  a  mortar  with  a  small  quantity  of  benzoic— until  the  solution  becomes  white 
when  thoroughly  stirred.  If  not  too  much  zinc  has  been  added,  the  solution  will 
drop  quickly  from  the  brush,  floiv  rejidily,  and  dry  quickly  enough  for  convenient 
work.  It  will  adhere,  if  worked  properly,  when  the  cell-cover  is  pressed  down, 
even  when  glycerine  is  used  for  the  preservative  medium.  Keep  in  an  alcohol- 
lamp  bottle  with  a  tight  lid,  and  secure  the  brush  for  applying  tlic  cement  in  the 
lid  of  the  bottle." 

Its  advantages  lie  in  the  circumstance,  that  the  glass  cover  can  be  placed  upon 
the  ring  of  it  whilst  still  fresh  and  soft,  and  that  in  drying,  it  adlieres  to  both  cover 
and  slide,  so  as  to  form  a  joint  between  them  of  the  width  of  the  ring  of  cement, 
and  not,  as  with  nsidialtum,  gold  size,  &c.,  simply  at  the  edge  and  upon  the  outside 
of  the  cover.  It  is  readily  to  bo  seen  how  much  less  liability  to  leakage  must 
result  from  this.  The  method  of  mounting  with  it  is  as  follows:  A  ring  of  any 
desired  size  is  made,  by  means  of  an  ordinary  Shadbolt's  turn-table,  upon  a  slide, 
which  is  then  placed  to  one  side  to  dry.  "When  required  for  use,  the  specimen, 
cover,  &c.,  being  all  prepared  and  ready,  the  slide  is  again  placed  upon  the  turn- 
table and  a  new  ring  of  cement  put  directly  upon  the  old  one.  The  specimen  is 
inmiediately  placed  within  the  cell  thus  formed,  and  the  requisite  quantity  of  the 
carbolated  water  placed  upon  it.  The  cover,  which  must  be  large  enough  to  entirely 
or  nearly  cover  the  cement  ring,  is  now  picked  up  with  the  forceps,  the  under  side 
being  moistened  by  the  breath  to  prevent  adhesion  of  air-bubbles,  and  placed  care- 
fully in  position.  It  is  now  to  be  carefully  and  equably  pressed  down  with  some 
force.  13y  this,  any  superfluous  water  is  squeezed  out  and  the  cover  is  forced  down 
into  the  cement  which  rises  at.  a  little  ring  around  its  edge.  The  pressure  is  best 
made  with  a  stiff  needle,  at  first  on  the  centre  and  then  upon  the  edges  of  the  cover, 
which  may  finally  be  made  slowly  to  revolve  underneath  the  needle  point.  The 
slide  may  then  be  put  aside  to  dry ;  or,  better,  an  outside  ring  of  the  cement  thrown 
over  its  edge  in  the  usual  manner.  Where  a  deep  cell  is  required,  several  coats  of 
the  cement  should  be  placed  one  over  the  other,  each  being  allowed  to  dry  in 
turn.  If  time  be  an  object,  and  only  a  shallow  cell  be  necessary,  the  first  ring  of 
cement  may  be  dispensed  with,  and  the  whole  mounting  of  the  specimen  be  done 
in  a  few  minutes.  Even  with  this  cement  and  the  utmost  care  in  mounting,  the 
cabinet  should  be  occasionally  inspected,  for  there  will  always  be  some  slides  into 
which  air  will  penetrate.  When  such  are  found,  efforts  may  be  made  to  stop  the 
leak  by  new  rings  of  cement  overlaid  upon  the  old,  but  very  often  entire  remount- 
ing of  the  specimen  is  the  only  satisfactory  cure. 

The  classification  which  I  have  adopted  in  this  memoir  is  that  of  Professor  Ra- 
bcnhorst.  I  liave  finally  selected  it,  not  as  being  absolutely  natural,  but  as  conve- 
nient, and  as  rarely  doing  mucli  violence  to  the  natural  relations  of  the  various  species. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Our  knowledge  of  the  life-history  of  the  algro  must  miikc  very  many  advances 
before  the  true  system  can  be  developed,  and  abstinence  from  adding  to  the  present 
numerous  classifications  is  an  exhibition  of  self-control  not  very  common. 

There  are,  however,  certain  great  groups,  which  are  already  plainly  foreshadowed, 
and  which  no  doubt  will  be  prominent  points  in  the  perfected  classification. 
Amongst  these  are  tlie  Cmijiugaicn,  or  those  plants  in  which  sexual  reproduction 
occurs  by  the  union  of  two  similar  cells.  In  the  present  paper  all  the  plants  of 
this  family  described  are  together,  since  the  diatoms  arc  not  noticed ;  but  in  Raben- 
h(.rst's  work  the  latter  plants  are  very  widely  separated  from  their  fellows,  and  this 
»^'ems  to  me  the  weak  point  of  the  Professor's  system. 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 


Advertisement 

Prefaco 

Introduction 


Class  PnYcocriROMopiiYCE^ 
Order  Cystipiiob^e 

Funiily  CiiuooooccACEiE 

Order  Nematoge.ve^e    . 
Family  Oscii,LAiirACE/E 
Family  Xostociiace;^ 
Family  KivulauiacevE 
Family  Scvtonemace^e 
Family  SiuosiPiioNACEiE 


Class  CnLOROPIIYLLACEiE 

Order  Cuccopiiyce;e 
Family  Palmei.lace/E 
Family  Piiotococ^lace.e 
Family  Volvocine^e 


Supplement    ... 
Geographical  List  of  Species  . 
Uibliograpliy  .         .         .         . 

Index     

E.vplanation  of  the  Plates 


runs 

9 

10 

10 

15 
IG 
23 
43 
55 
CV 


77 
78 
78 
85 
98 


Order  ZYaopnYCE.a! 
P'amily  DKSMllUACEiE 
Family  ZYUNE.MACEiE 

Order  SiPiiopnYCE--E 
Family  1 1  YUUouASTnE/E 
Family  Valciieriace^e 
Family  ULVACEiE 
Family  Confervace^e 
Family  (Edoooniace^e 
Family  Ciiroolepipe^ 
Family  Cii./etopiiorace.«; 


Class  RiioDoritYCEiE 

Family  PoRPiiYRACEiE 
Family  Chantra.vsiace^  . 
Family  Hatrachospermace-k 
Family  Lemaneace^e 


PAOg 

iii 

V 

1 

100 
100 
15!) 

174 

175 
l-iC. 
18'2 
IHG 
188 
203 
205 


213 
214 
215 
217 
221 


225 
229 
235 
240 
253 


(ix) 


FRESIl-WATEll  ALGM  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Class  PI1YCOCIIROI9IOPI1YCE  Ji!. 

P/«»;/re  luii-  vcl  multicollularcs,  in  aqua  vigcntcs  vol  extra  aqiiam  in 
muco  niatncah  nidulantcs,  plcnunquc  fumilius  per  cellulannn  gene  rutioneH 
successivas  ortas  foi-mantes. 

Cjitloderma  non  siliceum,  combnstibile. 

Cjjtwplasma  phycoehromate  coloiatum,  nucleo  destitutum,  granulis 
amylaceis  i)leruraqiie  null's.  >  b  "  ""» 

^^^^Pmtio  divislonc  vci^otativa,  gonidlis  immobilibus  vcl  sporib  tran- 

Unicdhdar  ov  mtdticelMnr  plants  living  in  water,  or  incased  in  a  mater- 
of  cons'  ""  "'  ^'^'^^^^0^  formed  from  successive  generations 

Cjjtioderm  not  siliceous,  combustible. 

Cytioplasm  an  endochrome,  brown,  olivaceous,  fuscous,  &c.,  destitute 
of  nucleus,  mostly  without  starch  granules.  ii^s^uiuie 

«a£oT^"^''"  ^^  ^-^Sctative  division,  by  immovable  gonidia  or  tranquil 

The  phycochroms  are  plants  at  the  very  bottom  of  the  scale,  distinguished  by 
the  s.mphcity  of  their  structure  and  tlie  color  of  their  protoplasm,  which,  instead 
o  bemg  of  the  beautiful  green  that  marks  chlorophyll,  is  fuscous,  or  yellowish 
bluish  brownish,  or  sometimes  particolored,  and  rarely  greenish,  but  of  a  shade 
very  distinct  from  the  chlorophyll  green,  more  lurid,  bluish  or  yellowish,  or  oliva- 
ceous in  Its  hue.  The  nucleus  appears  to  be  always  wanting.  The  cell  wall  is 
oftentimes  distinct  and  sharply  defined,  but  in  many  instances  it  is  not  so  the 
walls  of  different  cells  being  fused  together  into  a  common  jelly  in  which  they  are 
imbedded.  In  a  large  suborder  the  wall  is  replaced  by  a  sheath,  which  in  some 
genera  surrounds  cells  with  distinct  walls,  in  others,  cells  without  distinct  walls 
and  m  still  others,  a  long  cyhndrical  mass  of  cndoch/ome,  which  may  be  looked 
upon  as  a  single  cell. 

Many  of  the  phycochroms  are  unicellular  plants  in  the  strictest  sense  of  the  word 
but  more  often  the  cells  are  conjoined,  so  as  to  form  little  families,  each  cell  of 
whK.h  IS  in  a  sense  a  distinct  individual  capable  of  separate  life,  yet  the  whole 
bound  together  into  a  composite  individual,     llarely  the  phycochrom  is  a  multi- 

2        January,  1873, 

(9) 


10 


P  II  V.  S  II. W  A  T  F  11    A  I.  (J  .V.   O  F   T  11  F    U  N  I  I'  F  D   S  T  A  T  V.  S . 


rcllular  plant  in  tlic  stricter  use  of  tin;  term.  Increase  (aKes  place  liy  tlie  niultipli-r 
cation  of  cells  by  division,  and  also  l>y  the  formation  of  (>nlar<;eil  tliiek-walled  cells, 
to  which  the  name  uf  tipores  has  been  ;^iven,  althou<<h  it  is  entirely  uncertain 
wliL'thor  they  nrc  or  arc  not  the  result  of  scxtuil  action,  'riiero  arc  numerous 
peculiar  forms  of  cell  multiplication  by  division  occurrinj^  iij  thes(!  plants,  the  dis- 
cussiou  of  which  will  be  found  scattered  throuyh  the  remarks  on  the  various 
families  and  genera. 

The  method  of  reproduction,  and  in  fact  the  life;  history  in  general,  of  tlio  pliy- 
cochroms,  is  still  involved  in  such  mystery,  that  1  am  not  aware  that  absolute 
sexual  generation  has  been  demonstrated  in  any  of  them.  This  being  tiiecase,  it  is 
not  to  be  wondered  at  that  many  have  conjectured  as  possible,  and  some  havo  roundly 
asserted  as  true,  that  the  phycochroms  are  merely  stages  in  the  life  history  of  higher 
planto ;  that  they  are  not  species,  and,  conse(iuently,  that  any  attempt  at  dcscril)ing 
such  is  little  more  than  a  busy  idleness.  In  regard  to  some  of  them  it  has  certainly 
been  rendered  very  probable  that  they  are  merely  fixed  stages  of  higlier  plants. 
On  the  other  hand,  in  the  great  bulk  of  the  forms,  no  proof  whatever  has  been 
given  that  they  are  such.  They  all  certainly  have  fixed,  definite  clmracters,  capa- 
ble of  being  exi)ressed  and  compared,  so  that  the  different  forms  can  be  defined, 
recognized,  and  distinguished.  If,  therefore,  future  discoveries  should  degrade 
them  as  subordinate  forms,  names  will  still  be  required,  and  definitions  still  bo 
necessary  to  distinguisli  them  one  from  the  other,  so  long  as  they  arc  common 
objects  to  the  microscopist. 

If  Xostoc  commune,  for  example,  were  proven  to  be  a  peculiar  state  or  develoj)- 
ment  of  Pobjtricum  commune,  I  conceive  it  woidd  be  still  known  as  Nosloc  commune. 
But,  as  previously  stated,  no  proof  whatever  has  us  yet  been  furnished  for  the  vast 
majority  of  the  plants  of  this  family,  to  show  that  they  bear  any  such  relation  to 
higher  plants ;  and  until  some  such  proof  is  forthcoming,  certainly  the  only  scien- 
tific way  to  act,  is  to  treat  them  as  distinct  species. 


ii 


OuDER  CystiphorsD. 

PlantiB  unieellularcs.     Cullulaj  singula;  vcl  plurcs  in  faiuilias  consociata;. 
Unicellulur  plants.     Cells  single  or  consociatcd  iu  families. 

In  this  order  the  cells  arc  oblong,  cylindrical,  spherical,  or  angular.  They  arc 
sometimes  single,  or  more  commonly  arc  united  by  a  common  jelly  into  families, 
which  sometimes  arc  surrounded  by  distinct  coats.  The  mucus  or  jelly,  in  which 
the  cells  are  imbedded,  is  mostly,  but  not  always,  colorless,  and  varies  in  firmness 
from  semifluid  to  cartilaginous.  The  division  of  the  cells  may  take  place  either  in 
one,  two,  or  three  directions  or  planes. 


Family  CHROOCOCCACEiE. 

Character  idem  ac  ordine. 
Characters  those  of  the  order. 


P11E8     -WATER  ALOiE  OF  T 11  M   UNITED  STATES. 


11 


Gomis  CIIllOOCOCCUS,  N.i;(;ei.i. 

CclliiliG  glulioRiD  ovnlcB  vii  a  prcsuloMO  niutua  pliiH  iiiinuH  atiKiiliiHiu,  Holitnriai  vcl  in  fitiniliiis  roti- 
snciiitu',  lilicriu  (u  vi'Hicii  iiiittrivali  non  iiiviilutu-) ;  cytioilcriimto  nchroitmtico,  li(iiinpj;c'm'o,  hu'\<v  in  ninco 
pluH  niiniiit  firinu  conllnt'ntu;  cyliopluHniuto  tL>ru)riniiso  vcl  pnllide  I'lvrnlcu-viriili,  non  rurc  Inteiiio  vcl 
auruutiuco,  inlurduiu  purpuraHcuuiu.  Ucnuruliunum  HuccusHivarum  Uiviuio  altcrnatim  ad  diroutiunuH 
trtia. 

8yn. — Prolococcus,  Ao.  ct  Ktz.,  &o,,  cx  parte.     J'lcurococcui,  Menqii. 
Olobulinm  ut  J'rotogjjhmriie,  Tuuimn,  ox  part. 
Colla  ghihoHc,  oval,  ur  fruni  mutual  proHouro  more  or  Ichh  angular,  solitary,  or  conRoriatnd  in  froo 
familiea  (M'  '  invulvud  in  a  niatornal  vcsiclv);  Cytiudcrin  uiiinmintic,  lji>ni<>Kt'ni'(iu»<,  (iftcn  LMinliurnt 
into  a  mure    r  less  linn  niucuH;  cytiuplunin  n.>rn),'inouM  or  i>iil(!  lilnish-grccn,  not  rurcly  jt'llowiuli  or 
orange,  Komctinica  purpliHh.    Successive  genertttiuus  orising  by  alternate  divibiun  in  three  directions. 

€•  reflraclus,  Wuod. 

C.  ccllulis  in  funiiliaH  Rolidas  arcto  conaociatis,  plorumquo  Ruhqnadratis,  Rinpius  triangulnribns, 
rare  ongulo.si.s ;  luniiliiB  Ka'pins  loliutis;  rytioilerinate  tcnui,  vix  visiliile,  ncliroo;  cytioplaH- 
inato  subtiliter  groniilato,  subfnsco  vel  Hubluteo  vel  olivaeeo,  voliie  refningenle. 

Diam.—CeW  bo'iiii"— 3o'(io"i  ""mo  '"  cellnlis  singulis  jo'ot";  funiil.  u'oo"— iro"- 
Syn. — C.  refraclua,  Wood,  Prodronius,  Proc.  Amcr.  I'hiloB.  Soc.,  1809,  122. 
Ilab. — In  rupibus  irroratia  yropc  Philadelpliia. 

Cellf  rloHely  associated  together  into  solid  families,  mostly  subf|nnilrntc,  very  often  triangular, 
rarely  mnltiungnhir;  families  often  lobed  ;  eytioderm  thin,  scarcely  perceptible,  transparent; 
cytioplasm  finely  granular,  brownish,  olivaceous,  or  yellowish,  highly  refractive. 

Rcmarl's. — Tho  color  of  tliis  species  varies  from  a  marked  alinost  fuscous  brown 
to  a  light  yellowish-brown,  the  lighter  tints  being  the  most  common.  The  cells 
arc  remarkable  for  their  powerful  refracticm  of  the  light,  resembling  often  oil  as 
seen  under  the  microscope,  especially  if  they  be  the  least  out  of  the  focus.  They 
are  very  closely  joined  together  to  form  tho  families,  many  of  which  are  composed 
only  of  four  cells.  Often,  however,  a  large  number  of  the  cells  are  fused  together 
into  a  large,  irregular,  more  or  less  lobate  family,  and  these  sometimes  are  closely 
joined  together  into  great  irregular  masses.  I  have  occasionally  seen  large  single 
cells  with  very  thick  coats,  whose  protoplasm  was  evidently  undergoing  division. 
Are  such  a  sort  of  resting  spore  \  The  color  of  the  protoplasm  varies.  Perhaps  the 
more  common  hue  is  a  sort  of  clay  tint,  liluish-olive  and  a  very  faint  yellowish- 
brown  arc  not  rarely  seen.  The  species  grows  abundantly  on  the  wet  rocks  along 
the  Heading  llailroad  between  Manayunk  and  the  Flat  Hock  tunnel. 

Fig.  5,  pi.  5,  represents  different  forms  of  this  species;  those  marked  a,  magnified 
750  diameters ;  i,  470  diameters ;  c,  9oO  diameters. 

€.  miilticoloralns,  Wood. 

C.  in  stroto  mucoso  inter  algas  varins  spnrsns ;  ccllulis  singulis  ct  sphwricis,  vcl  2-4  (rare  8)  ant 
angnlis  ant  semisphoiricis  out  abnnrmibus  in  familias  oblongns  eonHOcintis ;  cytiodcrniate  cra.«so, 
hyalino,  hand  laraclloso;  tcgunicntis  plerumquo  nullis,  intcrdum  subnullis;  cytioplasniatc  ple- 
rumque  homogenco,  intcrdum  subtiliter  pranulato,  vcl  lutco-viride  vcl  ca;rnlco-viride  vel  luteo 
vcl  subnigro,  vcl  brunnco,  vcl  saturate  aurantiaco,  sicpo  o.stro  tineto. 

I>,nm.— Cell.,  sing,  sine  tcgm.,  ^/j^"  cum  teg.  ^^ajs" ;  cell,  in  famH.  sing.  ,i'(,o"— ii^oo-" 
am.  long.  ,55^   — ,,„|j    ,  lot.  ^5^5   — jjjg   . 


r 


12  F  R  K  S  ll-W  A  TK  U   ALd.K   OF   Til    :    U  N  IT  K  I)   STATUS. 

Syn. — C.  miilliriiioraliiH,  Wooit,  I'rodniMiim,  I'roc.  Auicr.  I'liiluii.  Hoc,  1809,  I'i'i. 

Ilah. — in  riipiliuH  liiiiiiidi.s  prope  I'liiliuli'Ipliln. 

C.  occnrriiiK  Hcntlcri'il  in  n  nmcnnH  Klrulnni  willi  other  nl(fir;  rolls  upliorical  n:,(I  HinRlo,  or  cluo 
aiiffilar  xmii-spliuricui  or  irri'^iilar  niiil  iiHKoriittcil  tof^cilicr  in  oliloti)!;  riuniiii'tt  of  IVoni  2-4 
(riiri'ly  S);  inner  eoat  lliiik,  li^ulino,  not  liinielliUe;  outer  coat  K'^'i'erull^  wunliii);,  HonielinieH 
indiHtiiK'lly  present;  endoclironie  niimtly  lioMioffeneoiiH,  HonietiineH  niinutuly  f^ruiinlur,  eitlier  a 
yellowisli-f^reen  or  bluiHli-green,  or  ycllowiiili  it  brown,  or  bluekisli,  Boiiictiuieg  tinged  will> 
briglit  liilve. 

The  colls  of  tins  spocios  do  not  n]ij)('nr  to  Iinvo  niiy  tnidcnry  to  unite?  to  form 
lai|j;o  niasscs  or  froixls.  Ou  tlio  coiitniry  tlicy  arc  mncrally  very  distinct.  'I'luir 
color  varies  very  much,  in  a  larger  nuinhcr  of  instances  they  were  ii  decided  yellow- 
ish-j;reen,  tiuf^ed  at  some  point  or  other  witli  ii  heautiful  lake.  AN'lieu  several  cells 
are  formed  hy  division  out  of  one  cell,  a  similar  division  of  the  very  thick  snrrouiul- 
ing  gelatinous  coat  foUows  separating  them  finally  tnttirely  one  from  the  other.  I 
have  seen  a  single  cell  which  appears  to  he  an  encysted  form  of  this,  of  which  1  give 
a  drawing. 

Fig.  (!,  pi.  5,  represents  different  forms  of  this  species  magnified  2G()  diameterb. 

€.  llierinopliiliiM,  Woon 

C.  eelluli.s  Hingnlis  nut  geminis  vcl  qundrigcniinlH  ct  in  fnnillins  consocintia,  oblongis  vel  s\d)- 
globoHi.i,  interduni  nngulosi!),  iiiiud  Htraluni  niucosuni  fonnantiliUH;  teguniento  ernssissinio, 
aeliroo,  linud  lanielloso,  honiogenco;  eytiuplasninto  viride,  interduiu  snbtiliter  granuluto,  inter- 
duni lioinugenco. 

Diani. — Ceilulo:  singnltc  sine  tcgumento  longitudo  ninximOTj'aj'',  latitudo  maxima  aa'oo". 

Syn. —  C.  Ificrnwjiliilus,  Wood,  Amerieau  Jduriuil  Science  and  Arts,  1809. 

Ilah. — Ilenton  ."iipringo,  Owen  Co.,  California  (.Mrs.  Par/..). 

Cells  single,  gcniinutp,  or  quadrigeininate  and  consoeintcd  into  families,  oblong  or  subgloboso, 
sometimes  angular,  not  forming  a  mvieous  stratum  ;  tegument  very  tliiek,  transparent,  not 
lamellate,  homogeneous ;  cylioplasm  green,  sonielimes  minutely  granulate,  sometimes  homo- 
geneous. 

Rcmnrlis. — Remarks  upon  this  species  will  be  found  under  the  liead  of  Xostoc 
culularium,  AVood. 

Genus  GLOEOCArSA,  Ktz. 

"Cellulic  sphericsr  nut  singnlic  nut  numeroso;  in  familias  consoeiato?;  fiingiilne  tegumento  vesieidi- 
formo  (cytioderninte  tuniido)  inelnsir,  post  divisionem  spontaneam  in  cellulns  duus  liliales  factani 
utrnque  legumonto  so  indnit,  dnni  nndiie  tegumento  niatrieali  involutic  renmnent;  eellularum  Iniruni 
Glialiuni  itcrum  in  duas  cellulas  divisionc  eontinuo  repctita,  tegumcntum  ata»'iic  restat  et  sese  exlen- 
dciu,  familiam  totam  cirennivelat.  Cytioderma  crassimi,  so-po  crassissimum,  eelluhe  lun:eii  rrassitie 
osquans  vel  superan.s,  aehromaticum  vel  eolorntum,  plerun  (iiio  lamellosum;  lamellie  vel  strata  non 
raro  di.scedcntio.  Cytio]ilasnio  tcrnginosum,  ea;ruleo-viride,  elialybeum,  rnfesecns,  Inteo-fusrnm,  /ic 
Cellularum  dirisio  directione  ad  trcs  dimcnsioncs  altcruautc.  Ccllulo)  gcncrationuui  nitimarum 
minorcs  qunm  priorum  sunt."  (Rab.) 

Syn. — Olohulina  et  Ih'chatia,  Tcbpim,  ex  part. 
Olocncapxa,  Ktz.,  cx  part. 
Microcyslif,  Meneoii.,  cs  part. 

Tells  spherical,  either  single  or  associated  in  numbers  into  families;  the  ninglo  cell  included  a 
vcsiculiforui   legunient  (the  tumid  eylioderui);  this  eel!  then  undergoing  division  into  two  danghtcr- 


FUESIl-WATKR   XhOM  OF  TIIR   UNITED   STATKS. 


13 


eoltii,  rarli  of  which  hnn  a  illHtinct  trgiimont,  tho  wholn  In'Iiik  Hiirrnun<li<(]  with  that  of  the  ohl  mother- 

cell.  'I'liix  itnici'sH  (ir  ilivi.-iioii  U  tlicii  ri-|M'itlc'il  ii){itin  lunl  u)(inii,  thit  ciri)(iiiiil  coll-wull  rciiiiiiiiiiiK  ihmI 
(iiirrouiKlintf  llio  ruiuily  lliiis  t'oniu'cl.  (')lii«lri'iii  lliick,  ofini  very  thick,  ('((iiiilliiin,  or  fXtTciliiit?  in 
(liniiiotcr  thn  ciivily  of  tho  itII,  ni;liroiniiti<-or  cnlnriMl,  mostly  hiiiicllittrtl,  laiiii'llii,'  or  Ntrutii  not  rurrly 
ii(>|mriitlii){-  ('ytlo|ihir<iu  of  viirlouH  cohirx,  utiikIiiouh,  lilui)tli-);re(Mi,  ehalylieiitc,  rvililinh,  yclluwi^h- 
ruHcoiiM,  kc  DiviHioii  or  tho  ci'lln  ufcurriiig  hi  thruo  diroctioiiri.  Tho  Iu8l  gpiioriUh)!!  o(  (.•vlix  Hiiinllvr 
tliaii  thu  rnrller  uiich. 

O.  iipnrMn,  Wwn. 

<].  in  Htriito  iniicnHo  Hociiit  alRJH  variiti  uparfia;  colliilifi  R|)hicricii,  vol  oblongia  vol  ovatiii,  2-8  In 

rmiiiliiiH  coiifKM'intiH;  funiililH  Hiil>)rI()h(isiM  vcl  Hiiliovntlx,  iMtcrilniii  iiiiti)proso-af;i;ri<i;ittix ;  li'KH- 

meiitlH   intoriiis  niircofiiscix,  (iniiiH,  r«rin8lino  colorin  rxpi    tih\iH,  homojicnoiH,  vrl  hiinclhisiN; 

tcgiiiiii-iiti.s  (TxtnrniM  auhroiuaticiH,  rare  Hul)achru!uatiui8,  pkruiiKiuo  vix  vixihilibuH;  cylioiilun- 

niutu  hoiiiogcMco. 
P-'am. — Max.  ct'll.  oblong,  lino  tcgtiin.  long.,  rn'oo";  •'*'•>  tioo"!  cell,  glob.,  sine  teguiii., 

soon";  cumteguni.,Ti'Ts"i   fora.,  yja". 

Si/n. — O.  d/inrdff,  Woi)i>,  rroilroiiiiiH,  Proc.  Amcr.  PIiIIob.  Soc,  1809,  123. 

JIab. — In  ni|iibus  irrorntio  propc  rhilmlclphia. 

Q.  scftttcrotl  ill  IV  tnncoim  Htrntiim  compoHctl  of  Vdr'otiH  nigw;  colls  pphcricnl,  or  oMonpf,  or  ovote, 
nssociatfd  toj^clhiT  in  fniiiilios  of  from  2-8;  faiiillii's  siilinliihuKo  or  Huboviitc,  soiiu'limcs  iitrnri'- 
gatcd  together  in  large  nninbers  ;  inner  tegument  yellowi.sli-hrown,  linn,  rarely  eolorlens,  Ikuiio- 
gcncoua  or  lamellate ;  external  tcgumeut  aehroinatic,  rarely  Hubaehroiiiatlc,  gencrully  scarcely 
visible. 


iii 


EcinarJii. — Tliis  species  wns  found  in  a  rather  firm,  grnmous  or  polatinons  coat- 
iiif?  of  a  lifi;ht  brown  color,  prowinj;  on  the  rocks  nt  Fainnount  Water  ^^'orks, 
diiefly  composed  of  a  very  niinnte  nostocliaceons  ])hint,  but  contained  nnnieroiis 
other  alf^ic.  The  coU)r  of  the  teRiinient  is  yellowish-brown,  sometimes  with  some 
red  in  it,  sometimes  with  something  of  a  greenish  tint.  This  ituier  colored  coat 
is  not  generidly  more  than  once  or  twice  lamellate,  often  it  is  not  at  all  so.  Tiiis 
species  seems  somewhat  allied  to  G.  fiti/oiJiitd,  but  differs  sliglitly  in  the  form  of 
the  cell,  and  more  especially  in  not  having  a  distinct  thallus,  and  in  the  families 
being  smr.U  and  containing  but  few  cells. 

Fig.  7,  pi.  8,  represents  thi.s  species,  magnified  7')0  diameters. 

Genns  C.ELOSI'ILT^RIUM,  N.i;oeli. 

Tlmllaa  parvus,  e  ctllnlis  niiniiiii.i  in  fiiinilias  ])criphericas  consocir  ;  vel  in  stratum  peripherieiiin 
simplex  ot  in  niuco  tegnmonlis  ceK'rrimc  conlluentibus  forinato  niiiulantibus  eoinposili.  ■  C'ellii- 
larum  divisio,  initio  gencrationuin  Rerieriim,  in  onineni  fit  dircctioncm,  tuiu  deniipio  altcruutim 
ad  supcrliciei  sphiericic  utrnni(|uc  direetioncrn. 

Thallua  small,  composed  of  very  Rmall  cells  consociatcd  into  peripheral  families,  or  in  a  simple 
peripheral  layer,  inclosed  in  their  qnickly  conQuont  teguments.  Division  of  the  cells  at  first  in  nil 
directions,  afterwards  only  iu  each  direction  on  the  surface  of  the  sphere. 

C.  diibiiim,  Orun.  ? 

C.  thallo  microscopico,  subgloboso  vol  cnormc,  natantc,  congregate;  collulis  globosis  out  stib- 
globnsis;  cytioplasmatc  pallide  a3rugineo,  subtilitcr  granuliito. 

Diam.—CvM  plerumquc  50^5"  =    OOv.o";  rare  to'oo"  =   OOOiJu";  fain.  laVou"— tsVso"  - 
.00083"— .003;j'. 


14 


rKi:sii  w  ATi:  u  Ai.ti.i:  ov  rii  k  umi'im)  states. 


!l 


Huh.  —  III  mniin  .-iliiirMif",  iiropc  riiilaiifi|iliiiL 

Tlialliis  niicri>siM>iiii'.  siilij.rluliosi'  (ir  iirctruliir.  (Idiitmir,  iifrirrcirutcd  in  fjrcut  iiunilicrs;  colls  (iln- 
biiso  or  tiuli^lulmsc;   ryliniilii.siii  liiiciv  g:rainil>iU',  piilo  uiiigiiuius  gri'iii. 

li'ciiHtr/,:^. — I  founil  this  licimtiCiil  little  plant  formiiifj;  a  dense  sruni  on  a  stajj- 
nant  briek-pond,  lielmv  tlie  city,  in  the  iiiontli  o(  July.  'I'lie  scum  was  of  tli<' 
"color  of  iH'a-sonp,"  and  so  tlii<'k  \vas  it,  that  I  think  a  (iiiait  v\'  the  plants  nii;;lit 
have  been  readily  iiathered.  The  fronds  wire  of  various  si/e.s,  ae.d  many  of  them 
vtvrr  apparently  nnder^^oiny  division — some  of  them  .seeiniHl  to  have  little  fronds 
in  thciv  interior.  They  were  composed  of  an  e\cee<Un;j;ly  transparent  firm  jelly,  in 
which  ilie  cells  were  pli.ccd,  often  so  as  to  lea\e  the  central  parts  of  th(>  frond 
ein|>ty,  me-ely  formiii^t  a  sort  of  tilament-like  lay<'r  aroniid  the  edg(\  llarely  they 
were  in  sneh  nnmliers  as  fo  he  crowded  toj^elher  over  the  whole  snrface  of  the 
frond.  In  some  r.f  the  yonnj^er  fronds  the  cells  formed  ii  little  ball  within  the  jelly, 
instead  of  lieini;  seattereil  throULjh  its  onler  portion.  1  have  seen  some  lari,'e  siiif^de 
cells  three  or  four  times  the  size  of  the  ordinary  frond  cell,  swimminf^  amonjj;st  the 
jilants,  of  which  they  are  apparently  the  reproductive  ^onidia.  Their  cell-coats 
are  very  Hrm  and  thicV;.  The  fronds  themselves  are  often  closely  af,'j;rei,'ated 
to^jether  into  little  masses,  and  I  think  it  ])rol)able  that  then;  is  a  state  of  the 
plant,  in  which  the  jelly  lieconies  softened  and  the  fronds  more  or  less  fused  tof^ether 
in  protococcus-liko  masses.  This  i)lant  appears  to  he  the  same  as  the  I'airopean  C. 
thiliiidii,  but  differs  from  the  description  in  the  fronds  not  att. lining  to  anythinjj; 
liKe  'he  si/e.  It  is  very  pnibable,  however,  that  this  depends  upon  ai^(>  or  circum- 
stances of  growth,  anil  that  American  plants  may  be  found  as  largo  as  the 
European. 

(ienus  >rEHISM()l'KI)rA.  Mkyem. 

Ci'lliilio  pliilinsa-,  nut  (i1ilon^:ir,  nut  (unlcs,  tcf,'unii'n(is  (■iiiillui'iililiii'i.  1,  S,  It],  .^l',  fit,  lis  in  fuini- 
lins  tuliulalas,  uiiistratns  ronsocintir.  Tlinllus  ]>iHiius,  toniiis.  plus  iiiiiiiis  ([imilrnliis,  in  iii|uik  liluro 
iiatans.     Ct'llularum  divisio  in  iiluiiitioi  iitrain<|iu'  liirvctiunoni. 

(.'oils  kIi'^wsi'i  iiljloiipr,  or  oval,  joimMJ  lnjrrtlifr  Iiy  tlii-ir  I'linllucnt  coats  into  talniiar  '"aniilics  of  i, 
8,  ICi,  ;i:i,  (U,  I'.'S.  Tliailus,  ii  moro  or  loss  (|iia(lraic  |ilaiii',  swininiing  fri-e  in  tlio  water.  l>ivit<iou 
of  tlio  ct'lls  oci'urrinj;  in  all  diioctioiis  in  tin'  one  plain'. 

iW.  k\Ot'.1,  Wonii. 

.N\.  tlinllo  iiu'iMliriiimcco.  liistiiictc  liiiiitato,  ci'Ilnli-;  nilliU'rosissiiiiis  coinpoHitn;  cclliilis  ovnlihtis, 
.M'l'to  iippioximati.-i,  Id  in  fainilias  cuiisoiiaiis.  tliluli'  cii'iuiio-viridibus,  intcrduin  niodio  oon- 
KtrictiH;  tlinlli  marge..:'  ut*  nrlis,  inirj^ris. 

Si/ii. — .!/■.  ii'ica,  Wood,  rrodroiniis,  I'mc.  .\nirr   I'liilos,  .'>oc.,  ISr.II,  V2',\. 

Dinm.—CvW.  ad.  jn'oo"  =  0.0025'  . 

Jldh. — In  llainiiif  .Sclmvlkill,  propc  riiilndi'lpliin. 

Thnllus  nicmbrniinci'ous,  di.'Jiiiii'lly  liiiiitiMl,  roinpnscii  of  vcrv  iiumcnMis  cells;  cells  oval,  cbL^JcIy 
approximated,  consocir.te  in  fainilie-.  of  n;,  liLrhi  l)lni>li-j;-.evii,  sonielimes  constricted  in  tlio 
iniddlr;  inirt;iii  of  llie  tliailus  straii;lit  and  entire. 

Juiiuirks — The  oidy  speennens  I  have  ever  seen  of  this  species  were  fovmd  grow- 
ing in  the  iSchuylkill  lliver  ailherent  to,  or  eutangicd  in,  u  lot  of  filamentous  alga-. 


FUKSIT-WATRR    A  T,  (1  .E    OK   T  U  F.   VS^TV.V   RTATKK.  if, 

Tlio  frond  is  very  shiuply  (Itfiiicil,  niid.  iiiidcr  a  low  power,  is  of  a  uiiiforin  liluish  ■ 
green  tint.  'I'lie  reils  are  assoeiat<'d  in  itriniary  Caniilies  ot'  Ui.  el'  a  number  of 
wliich  tlie  Ihallus  is  composed,  'i'lie  species  appears  to  lu-  most  closely  allied  to 
M.  inalilrnuiint,  Nu'j,'.,  from  which  it  diH'ers  very  ess.  ntially  in  the  size  of  the  fronds, 
and  perhaps  even  moro  clo.sely  to  M.  ij/uura,  the  o.dy  character  .separatinj,'  it  from 
which  is  tlw  straif,'ht  mar;,'in.  1  have  niysdf  some  donl>ts  whether  it  ought  not  to 
bo  considered  as  merely  a  fonji  of  J/,  y/di/cu. 

I'ig.  f<,  pi.  8,  represents  this  species,  magnified  400  diameters. 

in.  conroliitn,  niiRii.  * 

.M.  Ilmllo  iiiciiil.raiinror.,  ociilis  iiiiilis  visiliili.  \^\m  minus  onnvoluto;  fumlliif  r  cv\MU  (rrminis  ct 
ill  siililamili-is  disimsilis,  'J.'.C  ri.iiiposilis,  iiilrniiiin  faniiliis  ihml.iis  in  fniiiilia  noMiiiia  n.iijanc 
tin;  cclliilis  H|ilia'riciH  aiit  olilciiiKis;  cvliopliisnialr  Ii(miiii>;i'ii(mi,  viritli. 

;),•„,„.— Coll.  „„•„.,"  =  0.00017";  fan.,  lun.u.  ,J^'  =  .00  ' ;   lat.  j^/'  =  0.01". 

Jhl). — III  iKiiii.s  (luietis  pvoin"  riiilmk'l|>liiii. 

Tliallus  mcml.rnnoiis,  visililc  to  tli.>  iiakrd  oy.«,  mon-  or  Ic^^s  rDldnl;  families  .•mnpos.".!  of  >.'.'.« 
pcmiimlc  .••■lis,  anaii(,'.',l  in  snI.lamilic.M,  s..nu'(inirs  tw.)  „(  fhi'.so  famili.'.'^  .-(.njuiiial  Willi  u  nnij- 
positc  (.ii.iily  ;  «-iIIb  splnrii-iil  or  oblonjr;  cyiioiilii-sm  liomogoueous,  gri-cii. 

/iV)Ha;7.w.— AVhen  my  Prt^himm  wnspidilished,  the  only  specimens  of  this  jilant 
which  I  liad  seen  were  contained  in  a  nionnted  slide  given  me  hy  my  frien<l  Dr.  .F. 
(iililums  Hunt,  of  this  city.  Since  then  1  have  found  it  growing  in  a  very  shallow, 
quiet,  hut  fresh,  sweet  pool  at  Spring  ISIiils,  making  a  distinct  green  layer  uium  the 
nind  many  feet  in  extent.  Of  course,  there  were  millions  of  s|)ecimeiis  in  this  laver. 
'I'he  fromls  are  irregular  in  shape,  oftc:  somewhat  ovate,  sometimes  sul)i|uadrato, 
variously  torn,  and  not  rarely  somewhat  lobate.  Their  edges  are  freipienlly  very 
sharply  defined  and  rendered  firm  and  prominent  by  several  rows  of  cells  beiu" 
;  rowded  clo.sely  together  along  them.  The  cells  in  the  body  of  the  frond  are  arranged 
in  larg(>  parallelogrammatic  famili(>s,  composed  of  '.>.'>()  cells.  Then-  ar(<  1(5  cells  on 
each  side,  the  families  being  parallelogrannuatic  rather  tlnni  Mpiare,  owing  to  the 
oblong  sbajie  of  the  cells.  This  cell  family  is  composed  of  four  subfamilies,  each 
containing  (M  cells.  These  are  again  sididivisible  into  four  nu>re  or  less  distinct 
groups  of  K!  ce'.is  each.  The  cells  are,  finally,  generally  closely  geminate,  each 
pair  being  very  distinctly  separated  fnmi  its  neighbors.  In  certain  stag(>s  of  growth, 
as  immediately  after  a  gi-neral  division  of  the  cells,  two  of  the  large  cell-fainilies 
spoUen  of  ar(>  often  temporarily  joiiu'd  together  to  form  a  huge  family  of  i>Vi  cells, 
but  soon  separate  one  from  the  other. 


OiiPKu  |\'eiiinf  offeiKMP. 

rianlm  niiiltirclliilarrs  vcl  psCuilo-miiKicrlliilnrcs.  rdliila'  Ilium  (trii'lionia)  f..niuinlo,'<  ot  pi.- 
niiiiipu)  VHjtina  IiiImiIosu  lioiiioi^cm-ii  vcl  Inmollo.'iii  inclusic.     Tricliomala  nut  siniplitia  aiil  rniiiilicalii. 

I'l«iit8  niuKicolliilar  or  psciiiio-nuilticclliilnr  Colls  forniiiig  ii  niaiiuMit,  ami  p'nirally  liiiludtMl  in 
a  tubular  IiuikMiUc  or  luiiiiojjoiicous  slicullj.     Filumoiits  cither  simple  ur  braiicliud. 


IG 


FUESH-WATEU    ALO.«   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Family  OSCILLAl?IACEiE. 


Ti'icliomata  siinplicia  linuil  voru  inulticL'lluliu'iit,  scd  ilistiuctu  articulata,  plcriimqiic  vagiuata,  mo- 
tiuuibus  vui'iU  pnuditu. 

Kilamcnts  simple,  not  strictly  multicellular,  but  distinctly  articulate,  mostly  vagiiiate,  moving  in 
various  ways. 

CJenus  OSCILLARIA,  Bosc. 

Trichomnta  simplicia,  plcrnmquc  distincto  articulata,  rigida,  rccte  vd  panim  curvata,  rarins  cir- 
{'iiinta  vol  spiraliter  convoluta,  plerumquc  Irotc  colorata,  niotu  tripiici  pivdita,  in  muco  uiatricali 
iiidnhintia  vel  vaginula  tubulu^ia  angusti»:jima  utro(|ue  line  apcrta  iuclusa;  articuli  froutu  discilurmus. 
(15.) 

Filaments  simple,  mostly  distinctly  articulate,  rigid,  siraiglit,  or  somewhat  c.irrcd,  very  rarely 
circinato  or  spirally  convolute,  capable  of  three  luoflons,  floating  in  a  maternal  jelly,  and  shut  up 
in  a  'luc  tubular  sheath,  open  at  both  ends  ;  ji-ints  from  the  front  disciform. 

The  oscillaria  arc  very  peculiar  plants,  which  flourish  almost  in  every  situation 
in  which  fresh  water  is  to  be  found.  Tl/e  purest  springs  are  not  always  free  from 
their  presence,  although  they  occur  most  abundantly  in  stagnant  pools  and  ditches, 
wh(>re  animal  or  vegetable  matters  are  undergoing  decay.  When  viewed  in  mass, 
floating  upon  some  foul  pool,  few  objects  in  the  vegetable  world  are  better  calcu- 
lated to  excite  disgust.  A  dark,  slimy  scum  reeking  with  its  putrescent  surround- 
ings, they  seem  to  ofl'er  nothing  of  pleasure  or  interest.  But,  when  brought  home 
to  the  table  of  the  mitroscopist  and  placed  beneath  his  object-glass,  they  startle 
the  observer  by  the  wonders  of  their  life-history.  Livhig  rods,  writhing,  twisting, 
bending,  curling,  creeping,  gliding  hither  and  thither ;  incessant,  apparently  cause- 
less, motion,  occurring  too  in  what  to  nu)st  minds  is  the  very  type  of  flxity  and 
passivity — a  plant.     No  marvel,  then,  that  they  are  so  fan^oi's. 

The  structure  of  an  oscillatoria  is  about  as  simple  as  it  can  be.  An  outside 
colorless  cellidose  sheath,  which  is  probably  in  the  uninjured  filament  closed  at  the 
end,  although,  as  seen  by  the  microscope,  violence  and  age  have  often  torn  it  open. 
AVilhin  is  a  long  rod  of  variously  colored  endochrome,  distinctly  articulated  by,  at 
great  or  less  intervals,  breaks  in  the  color,  which  appear  as  dark  lines  tmd(^r  a  low 
power,  but,  under  a  higher  objective,  are  revealed  as  narrow  linear  portions  of 
])rotoplasm  lighter  and  more  trausparent  than  the  rest.  Frequently  at  the  joints 
there  is  a  marked  tendency  to  separation  between  the  successive  articles,  and  a  very 
decided  contraction  of  the  endochrome  on  each  side,  so  as  to  leave  a  little  gutter, 
or  dividing  trench.  The  endochrome  is  sometimes  homogeneous,  sonu'times  con- 
tains numerous  granides,  which  are,  however,  never  amyloid  in  their  nature. 

Tiie  color  of  the  eiulochromo  varies  very  greatly  in  the  difterent  species.  Slate 
color,  bine,  gre(>nish,  olivaceous,  are  among  the  most  common  hues.  According 
to  Dr.  Ferdinand  ("ohn  (Botan.  /eitung,  1S()7,  p.  liH;  Sit/ung,  |;}th  Dec.  1«(>(), 
der  Schlesischen  Gesellschaft  fiir  vaterliiiulische  Cultur),  the  coloring  matter  of  the 
oscillatoria  consists  of  true  chloro[»hyll,  aiul  a  stibstance  which  he  calls  Plii/twi/au, 
but  which  he  states  to  be  difterent  from  P/ii/J,'oJ:i/<tii  of  Kiitzing,  the  I^hiirhoclimm 
of  Niegeli,  and  also  fjoiu  J'/ii/cocyun  of  the  latter  authority.     The  chlorophyll  is, 


FRESII-WATKU    A  L  G  .K   OV  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


17 


of  course,  soluble  in  ether  and  nlcohol  but  not  in  water;  but  the  Phyvocijan  (Cohu) 
is  insoluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  but  soluble  in  water  after  tl.  death  of  the  oscil- 
latoria.  It  is  precipitated  out  of  its  solvition  by  acids,  alcohol,  and  metallic  salts, 
as  a  blue  jelly,  but  potash  and  ammonia  throw  it  down  as  in  a  colorless,  gelatijious 
mass.  I  have  myself  frequently  noticed  that  oscillatoria  after  death  will  yield  a 
bluish  coloring  matt,  r  to  water,  but  thought  that  such  coloring  matter  was  the 
result  of  a  partial  decomposition,  and  I  think  that  Professor  Cohu  has  by  no  means 
established  as  a  fact  that  his  Phycocyan  exists  in  the  oscillatoria  during  life. 

As  to  the  method  of  reproduction  of  these  plants,  we  arc  as  yet  almost  entirely 
in  the  dark.  Individuals  do  multi^vly  by  the  breaking  up  of  the  internal  endo- 
chrome  into  masses  or  sections  through  a  separation  at  the  joints.  These  little 
masses  frequently  grow  immediately  into  new  individuals.  Sometimes,  however, 
they  roll  themselves  into  a  ball,  but  whether  they  then  liavc  the  power  of  coating 
themselves  with  a  protective  wall  and  passing  into  a  sort  of  resting  spore  or  not,  1 
cannot  say. 

The  sjjecific  characters  of  the  oscillatoria  arc  derived  from  the  color,  form,  mode, 
and  place  of  growth,  &c.,  of  the  large  common  mass,  its  thickness,  consistency, 
the  absence  or  presence  of  radii,  &c.  Descending  to  the  individual  filament,  tlie 
characters  arc  drawn  from  the  size,  the  color,  the  length  of  the  articulations,  and 
the  shape  of  the  uninjured  ends.  Thus,  it  is  to  be  noted,  whether  the  latter  are 
gradually  narrowed  (attenuated),  or  preserve  their  size  to  the  very  point,  whetluT 
they  are  acutish  or  obtuse,  rounded  or  truncate,  whether  they  are  straight  or  con- 
stantly curled.  The  activity  and  modes  of  motion  are  also  to  be  remarked.  Some 
species  merely  glide  across  the  tield  of  the  microscope,  some  are  constantly  curling 
and  imcurling  at  their  ends,  some  bending  to  and  fro  almost  like  a  pendulum,  some 
are  very  sluggish,  others  very  active  and  restless. 

After  all,  however,  it  must  bo  confessed  that  the  specific  characters  are  very  un- 
satisfactory, much  more  so  than  in  any  other  phycochroms  which  I  have  studied. 

A  very  large  number  of  Eurojiean  forms  lune  been  described,  some  few  of  >\hi(h 
I  have  been  able  to  recognize.  I  have  also  ventured  to  name  a  few  forms  apj)a- 
rently  distinct,  but  have  refrained  from  going  farther  into  tlieir  specific  study, 
because  I  have  found  it  so  unenticing,  and  my  time  has  been  so  limited. 

Professor  Bailey,  in  Silliman's  Journal,  N.  S.,  vol.  iii.,  states  that  he  has  identified 
a  few  species  of  this  family,  although  with  great  hesitation  and  doubt.  At  the 
time  lie  wrote  there  were  really  no  known  grounds  upon  which  sjjccific  unity  could 
be  predicated  in  these  plants,  and  I  therefore  think  that  his  identifications  are  of 
but  little  value,  although  holding  the  most  profound  respect  for  his  abilities  as  a 
iiatnralist.     The  list  ho  gives  is  as  follows:  — 

O.  tcnuismmn,  Ag.     Warm  Springs  of  Washita. 

O.  tenvi,^,  Ag.  Providence,  Rhode  Island.  "West  Point,  New  York.  Culpepper 
County,  Virginia. 

O.  (hcorticauH,  Gencr.     Common  everywhere  on  pumps,  &c. 

O.  mmmriiiny  Ag.     West  Point,  New  York. 

O.  nigra,  Vauch.     West  Point,  New  York. 

O.  corium,  Ag. 

3        Fobruary.  Itl7& 


:-i 


FIlKSIl-W  ATi:U   ALOJO   OF   TIIK    U  N  IT  K  D   STATKS. 


O.  cliloriiia,  kutxino. 

O.  iiitcnluiii  in  ntnilo  .sordidc  viriili  mitaiitc,  iiitrrdiim  in  iKiiin  diffusa;  triclinmntibiis  ri'cliM, 
vividi!  iiioviMitiluis,  vi'l  urticulatis  el  cum  cytioidasiimtc  grniiulalo,  vi'l  iiiiirlifululi.s  el  rmii 
cytioiilasiiiatu  Ijaiid  gianulatu;  oytidplasniati;  liyuliiio,  ititerdiiui  coluris  furo  I'Xiicrlibiis, 
iiitci'duiii  (lilutlssiiiiu  vii'idu;  aiticulu  hand  ulk'iiuato,  ubtuiiu  rutuiidulo,  I'ucto ;  urticuliti  Uiu- 
iiiotro  .suljitMiuulibus. 

i)/«m.— ,„'„8"— o„'oa"  =  .00014"— .0001". 

llah. — la  stngiiis  i)ni|iL'  I'liiiadcliiliia. 

Sometimes  swiiiimiii);  (in  tlie  water  as  n  dii'ly-greeiiisli  stratum,  sometimes  diffused  in  the  water; 
liiunient.s  slraiglil,  aetively  moving,  citlier  artieulated  and  having  tlio  eytioplasui  liih'd  with 
blaclii.sli  grannies,  or  else  neitiier  articniali'  nor  granulate,  eytioplasm  liyuliiie,  almost  colorless, 
or  with  a  taint  greenish  tint;  enda  of  the  lilanients  not  attenuate,  straight,  obtusely  rounded; 
joints  about  eijual  to  the  diameter. 

licmarkfi. — I  found  this  species  in  tlic  moiitli  of  August,  1869,  in  one  of  tlin 
stagnant  brick-ponds  below  the  city.  It  occtivrcd  as  ii  sort  of  floating  scum,  or 
else  diffused  through  the  water,  which  was  tlien  opacpie  and  greenish.  It  resembled 
so  a  protococcus  in  gross  appearance  that  I  did  not  think  of  its  being  an  oscilhi- 
toria  until  I  placed  it  under  the  microscope.  The  filaments  arc  almost  colorless, 
and,  in  most  instances,  arc  very  distinctly  granulate  aiul  articulate.  The  dissepi- 
ments arc  in  such  cases  clear  and  transparent,  perfectly  free  from  granules.  This 
form  is  very  close  to  the  descriptions  of  the  European  0.  chlortiui,  Ktz.,  but  diflbrs 
somewhat  from  descriptions,  chiefly  in  habit  of  growth.  Thq  filaments,  when  in 
mass,  are  often  seen  to  be  ciu'ved  under  the  restraining  force  of  the  glass  cover, 
but  when  free  1  tliink  always  straighten  themselves. 

I'ig.  1,  pi.  1,  represents  a  single  filament,  magnified  750  diameters. 

O.  Frohlicliii,  Kn.  ? 

O.  strato  indefinito,  tenuo,  viride;  trieliomatihus  hetc  viridibns,  subrectis,  vivido  oseiilantibu.i, 
ad  gcnieula  nonnihil  pellueidis  et  leviler  contraetis  ct  rarissiine  grnnuhilis;  artieidis  diiimetro 
2,  li,  4  plo  brevioribus  ;  cytioplasmato  obscure  uut  distinetc  minutissime  granulato  ;  apiculo 
hand  uttenuato,  late  rofundato. 

7^/nm.— j.'oo"— Vt'off"  =  0.000G6"— 0.0004. 
//((/). — In  (luniinc  Schuylkill. 

Stratum  iiidcliMite,  tliin,  green;  lilainents  bright  green,  fitraightish,  vividiv  oscillating,  some- 
what pellucid  at  the  Joints,  where  they  are  slightly  cimtri'r'tvd  and  vry  rarely  granidate  ; 
articles  '2,  3,  4  times  shorter  than  the  diameter,  cytioplasiu  obscurely  or  distinctly  very  mi- 
nutely granulate  ;  ape.\  not  attenuate,  broadly  rounded. 

Rcwnrhs. — I  found  this  species  growing  upon  the  bottoms  of  the  shallows  in  the 
Schuylkill  lliver  and  its  larger  tributaries,  forming  a  somewhat  badly  defined 
stratum,  rather,  indeed,  a  coating  on  the  mud  than  a  definite  stratum.  The  motion 
is  exceedingly  active,  the  fihmienls  bending  and  gliding,  and  tlnur  apices  con- 
stantly curling  and  extending  in  all  directions.  The  apices  are  very  blunt.  The 
filaments  arc;  not  often  seen  woven  and  twisted  together  into  a  mass  composed 
simply  of  themselves,  but  iu'e  stuck  together  loosely,  each  filament  remaining 
straightibh,  with  numerous  little  masses  of  mud  between  them.     1  have  not  been 


© 


FIlESII-WATRIl   ALOyR   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


19 


O 


able  to  itlontify  tlic  species  positively,  but  bave  referred  it  with  doubt  to  0.  FroJtU- 
cliii. 

l''ig.  2,  pi.  1,  represents  the  end  of  u  filanieut. 

O.  nigra,  A'aucu. 

O.  slriUo  plus  minus  compacto,  amplo,  picrumquo  niitnnte,  atro-viride,  cum  radiis  loiiRia;  triclio- 
matibu.s  plcrumqu.  (Ie.\u<)sis;  ni)ii'e  tilitu.sc  rotundiito ;  arliculis  dinmetro  ^  plo  brcvioribus ; 
disscpimcutis  distinctc  grauululis ;  uytioiilusuialu  pullido  ca;sio. 

Diam — js'oii"— *d'os  '■ 

Hub. — In  fossis  staguis  propo  Fhiladi'Ipbia. 

Stratum  more  or  less  compact,  ami)Ie,  broad,  mostly  fl  •^tiiifr,  blackisIi-Rrccn,  wilb  louff  radii ; 
lilamcnts  mostly  flrauoua;  npiciis  olUuscly  rounded;  joints  J  sborlcr  tban  broad;  dissepi- 
ments distinctly  granulate;  cytioplusm  pule-grayisb. 

liemarJcs — This  species  is  found  in  thick,  rath'^r  loose  strata,  Hoating,  especially 
when  v-'d,  on  staj^nant  waters,  or  adhering  to  plant.-,  &c.,  or  the  muddy  shores  and 
bottom  of  ditches,  foul  aquaria,  &c.  The  color  of  the  stratum  is  a  very  dark 
blacki.sh-green,  with  a  peculiar,  glossy,  repulsive  appearance.  The  single  filaments 
are  of  a  pale-bluish  neutral  tint,  sometimes  a  little  ^,reenish,  very  much  curved 
and  entangled,  or  more  rarely  straigbtisb.  Their  motion  is  active.  T'he  measure- 
ments do  not  quite  equal  those  given  by  European  authorities,  but  otherwise  the 
plant  agrees  well  with  their  descriptions. 

Fig.  'ill,  pi.  1,  repr(>sents  the  mass  of  the  plant  as  seen  with  the  naked  eye;  fi<''. 
3/>,  shows  a  ntnnber  of  filaments  slightly  magnified;  fig.  Ic,  a  broken  portion  of  .x 
filament  magnified  200  diameters,  with  the  sheath  projecting  beyond  the  endo- 
cbrome;  fig.  \d,  the  end  of  a  filament  still  more  highly  magnified. 

O.  liiiiosa,  AaARDH. 

O.  trichnumtibus  subrigidis  ct  suhrcctis,  vividc  oscillantibu.«,  cajruleo-viridibus,  in  stratum  mueo- 
snm  lii'to  saturate  viridoct  niodioe  longc  radians  ct  natans  collcctis  I't  intcrtc.xtis,  di.sliiictc 
ttrticnlatis;  articulis  diamctro  ,fuba^(pmlibu.'<,  intcrdum  duplo  brcvioribus  (post  diviisioncni), 
ml  gcnicula  distincte  constrictis;  disscpimcutis  baud  granulalis  ;  apiculo  obtuso,  baud  attcti- 
uato,  ii.terdum  recto,  intcrdum  curvato  ;  cytiojilasmate  granulato. 

niam.—sJ^a" 

Iliih. — In  stagnis  propc  Camden,  New  Jcr.*py. 

Filaments  straigbtisb  and  Si-mewbat  rigid,  vividly  oscillating,  bluisli-grcen,  interwoven  into  a 
bluisb-grecn,  lloating  .stratum,  witb  moderately  long  radii,  distinctly  articulate;  articles  about 
equal  to  the  diameter,  or  after  division  one-ball  sbortcr,  at  the  joints  distinctly  constricted  ; 
dissepiments  not  granulate;  apices  obtuse,  not  attenuate,  sometimes  straiglit,  sometimes 
curved ;  cytioplasm  granulate. 

Jh'marl-s. — I  have  found  tliis  species  floating  on  foul  ditches  near  Kaighn's 
Toint,  New  Jersey,  in  the  month  of  INIay.  The  color  of  the  stratum  is  a  very  pure 
dee|vgreen;  the  single  filaments  vary  from  a  rather  bright  dee])-green  to  a  pale  b"ue- 
green,  according  to  the  power  under  which  they  arc  seen.  The  apices  arc  not  at  all 
attenuate.  The  constriction  at  the  articles  is  scarcely  visible  witb  a  lower  power  than 
^th.     The  stratum  is  rather  thin,  with  a  good  deal  of  dirt  adhering  to  its  bottom. 


20 


FRKSII-WATKR   A  L  G  .E   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


When  grown  in  a  hottlo,  tlio  plant  appears  as  a  very  tliin  stratnm  growing  np  the 
sides.  The  agreement  of  this  phmt  with  the  descriptions  of  the  European  O.  liniosa 
is  very  close,  so  that  I  do  not  think  it  can  be  separated  from  it,  although  in  0. 
liiiiom  the  dissepiments  are  said  to  be  distinctly  granular. 

l"'ig.  4,  pi.  1,  represents  a  filament  of  the  American  plant  magnified  1250  dia- 
meters. The  color  and  form  are  closely  counterfeited,  but  the  characteristic  sepa- 
ration of  the  endochromc  into  parts  at  the  joints  is  decidedly  exaggerated. 

O.  ncglectn,  Wood.  , 

0.  triciiomntilnis  modiec  brevibua,  aut  dilute  purpuracco-plumbeis  aut  plumbco-cincrcis,  plcr- 
umqiic  rectis,  aut  stratum  mucosuni  atro-pm-purcuiu  liauil  distincte  radiautc  formantibus,  aut 
in  strato  gelatinoso  baud  radiante  subplunibuo  dispcrsis  ot  cum  nlgis  aliis  intermixtis,  rare 
oscillantibus  scd  Icnte  sosc  moventibus ;  articiilis  diametvo  fore  4  ])lo  brcvii)ril)HS ;  dinscrpi- 
muutid  picrumquo  hand  granulosis,  rare  indistiiictc  granulosis ;  apiculo  obtuse  rotuuduto, 
intcrdum  brevitcr  uouniiiil  attcnuato. 

Si/n. — 0.  neglecta,  Wood,  Prodromus,  I'roc.  Amor,  rbiloa.  Soc,  18C9,  124. 

itiam.— yj'jsff"  =  OOGG. 

Ilab. — In  stagnis  propo  Philadelphia. 

Filaments  rather  short,  of  a  dilute  purplish-lcnd  color,  or  Icaden-gray,  poncrally  straight,  either 
forming  a  mucous,  blackish-purple  stratum  without  nmrkod  rays,  (>v  difl'uscd  with  other  algo) 
in  a  gelatinous  mass,  rarely  oscillating  but  gliding;  articles  about  four  times  shorter  than 
broad  ;  joints  for  the  most  part  :iot  granulate,  rarely  indistinctly  granulate ;  ends  obtusely 
rounded,  occasionally  short,  somewhat  attenuate. 

RcmarJcs. — I  have  found  this  plant  in  the  shallow  ditches  along  the  track  of  the 
Norristown  Railroad  above  Manayunk,  growing  in  two  difi'erent  ways.  In  the  one 
it  forms  a  distinct,  soft,  gelatinous,  floating  stratum  of  a  very  dark  purplish  color, 
consisting  of  nothing  but  interwoven  filaments,  and  provided  with  long  rays.  In 
the  other,  the  plant  is  largely  mixed  with  diatoms  and  other  algee  into  a  thick, 
gelatinous  stratum  without  rays,  whose  color  is  a  dirty  slaty  tint,  which,  however, 
is  not  all  distinctive,  and  often  varies  as  the  proportion  of  the  different  constituents 
varies.  The  color  of  the  single  filaments  is  a  slaty,  almost  neutral  tint.  The 
cytioplasm  is  remarkable  for  the  numerous  very  minute  spots  more  transparent  and 
with  less  color  than  the  surrounding  parts.  The  ends  of  the  filaments  are  often 
abruptly  obtuse,  frequently  however  there  is  a  very  short  taper.  ^Motion  does  not 
ajjpcar  to  be  very  active,  and  seems  especially  to  be  gliding,  rather  than  a  bend- 
ing to  and  fro  of  filaments. 

Fig.  5«,  pi.  2,  is  an  outline  drawing  of  a  filament  magnified  450  diameters ;  56 
is  a  portion  of  a  filament. 

O.  imperator,  AVood. 

0.  in  strato  mucoso,  plenimqne  natante,  olivacco-atro,  longc  radiante ;  trichomatibns  rectis  aut 
subrectis,  tranquillis,  dilute  viridibus  vel  saturate  olivaeois,  baud  oscillantibus,  sed  ambulan- 
tibus;  apiculis  nonnihil  attenuatis,  late  rotundatis  vel  subtvuncatis,  eurvatis;  nrticulis  diame- 
tro  5-12  plo  brevioribus,  ad  genicuhi  indistincto  contractis ;  cytioplasmato  homogenco, 
olivacco-viride ;  vaginis  firmis,  ad  gcnicula  distincte  transverse  striatis. 

Si/n. — 0.  imperator,  Wood,  Prodromus,  Proc.  Aracr.  Philos.  Soc,  1809,  124. 

Z>wm.— .002". 


FRESII-WATER   ALG^   OP   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


21 


Ilab. — In  stagni'-i  propo  I'liiladulpliiti. 

O.  occiirrint!:  iii  nil  olive-black,  uincous  stratum,  mostly  swimming  and  with  long  rnys ;  filaments 
straight  or  Htraightish,  light-groon  or  (toep-olivc,  tranquil,  not  oscillating,  but  moving  with  a 
gliding  motion  ;  ends  somewhat  attenuate,  broadly  rounded  or  subtruneate,  curved  ;  nrlielea 
f)-12  times  shorter  than  broad,  slightly  contracted  ot  the  joints;  cytioplasm  humogeucous, 
olivc-grceu;  sbcatha  firm,  distinctly  transversely  grooved  at  the  joints. 

Rcmnrlca. — The  straia  of  tliis  species  arc  often  of  great  extent,  and  resemble 
more  masses  of  spirogyra  than  of  the  ordinary  osciHatoria.  They  are  very  loose  in 
t(!xtiirc  and  are  very  blimy,  whilst  their  edges  are  fringed  by  the  long  tranquil 
rays.  In  certain  conditions  of  growth,  the  cndochromo  of  the  filaments  is  so  dense 
as  to  render  them  very  opaque  and  the  articidations  very  obscure.  The  sheaths 
when  emptied  show  the  marks  of  the  joints  very  distinctly ;  but,  at  times,  when 
gorged  with  cytioplasm,  scarcely  can  the  sheath  itself  be  seen.  The  color  of  the 
filament  is  also  aft'ected  by  tlie  state  of  the  protoplasm,  so  that  it  varies  from  a 
lightish-green  with  an  olive  tint  to  a  very  decided  dark  olive.  This  species  seems 
to  be  closely  allied  to  the  European  O.  princep!*,  fro.a  which,  however,  it  differs  in 
its  motion,  which  is  always  very  slow  and  merely  gliding,  its  color,  the  distance  of 
the  dissepiments,  and  the  much  longer  curvature  of  the  ends.  It  grows  everywhere 
in  the  ditches  around  the  city ;  when  mature,  generally  floating  upon  the  surface 
with  an  adherent  under-stratum  of  dirt,  but,  in  its  earlier  history,  often  adhering 
to  the  bottom. 

Fig.  6a,  pi.  1,  is  a  drawing  of  the  end  of  a  filament;  fig.  66,  represents  a  small 
fragment  of  a  filament,  showing  the  tendency  to  take  a  roundish  or  barrel  shape ; 
much  of  the  cndochromo  has  been  squeezed  out  by  the  injury  which  has  broken 
the  filaments. 

Genus  CHTIIONOBLASTUS,  Ktz. 

Phormidii  trichomata  fasciatim  congcsta  et  vagina  coramuni  mucosa  apice  clansa  vcl  aperta  inolusa. 
Tales  fasciculi  numerosi  in  stratum  (quasi  tballum)  gelatinosum,  passim  amoso-divisura  aggrcgati. 
Vaginas  communes  nchromaticic,  siepe  lumellosic,  plus  minus  ampliato;,  rarius  indistincto!  ct  subnuUa;, 
evacuata!,  plerumque  valde  intunicscentes.  Trichomata  Phormidii  modo  osciliantia,  articulata  ct 
vaginata,  rigida,  recta  vel  parum  curvula,  in  fascicules  funifornies  plus  minus  dense  contorta,  apiec 
soluta  ct  divaricata.     Cellulas  propagatorias  obscrvaro  mihi  contigit.  (U.) 

Filaments  fasciately  placed  together  and  included  in  a  common  mucous  sheath  with  open  or  shut 
apex.  A  number  of  these  fasciculi  aggregated  in  a  gelatinous  stratum  (pseudothallus),  which  is 
gelatinous,  and  here  and  there  ramosely  divaricate.  Common  sheath  colorless,  iften  lamellate,  more 
or  less  enlarged,  rarely  indistinct  and  nearly  wanting,  when  empty  mostly  ;narkedly  intumescent. 
Filaments  oscillating  like  to  those  of  Phormidiaui,  articulate  and  vaginate,  rigid,  straight,  or  a  little 
curved,  more  or  less  densely  entangled  into  cord-liko  fasciculi,  with  the  apex  dissolved  and  dis- 
severed. 

Cli.  repens,  Ktz. 

Ch.  terrcstris,  strato  plus  minus  cxpnnso,  saturate  icrngineo-ehalyheo  nut  olivncco-fuscesccntc, 
niucoso-niombranaceo ;  tricbomatibus  ojqualibus  in  fascieulos  lilifornies,  sa;po  vaUlo  elon- 
gatof!,  e  vagina!  communis  apertura  penicillatim  exsertos  congestis;  articulis  diametro  a!quali- 
bus  dissopimentis  granulatip,  apicnlo  obtuse  recto.     (R.) 

Sper'es,  mihi  ignota. 


22  FIIRSII-WATKR   ALGvK   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

llah. — roinniDii  on  (lnni|i  rnrlli.  West  Point,  New  Vork  ;  IJiMftliiini,  MassacliUHCtta;  Provi- 
•leucc,  llliudt;  Islanil ;  IJuily,  Silliiiuip'"  Jourii.,  N.  S.,  vol.  iii. 

Terrestrial,  stratum  more  or  loss  expanded,  deep  airuginoiis  clialybrato,  or  olivaceous  fuscous, 
inueons  nioinhrunnecni.s  ;  filunients  L'(|Uttl,  i»  tllilorni  Ciiscicnli,  wliicli  iiro  often  nuicli  elontiiito 
and  pcnic'illtttcly  exscrtod  from  tlio  open  common  ulieulli ;  joints  ud  long  us  broad,  lliu  diusopi- 
Diuuts  granulate;  the  apex  obtuse,  straiglit. 

Genus  LYNGBYA,  Agaudii. 
Trichomatn  inarticnlnta  vol  breve  articulata,  ccllulis  perdurantibus  instructn.     ViiginiD  stcpe  colo- 
rata:,  criis.siu,  sa'po  himellonn!. 

Filaments  not  articulate,  or  shortly  so,  furnished  with  hcterocysts.  Sheaths  often  colored,  thick, 
often  lamellate. 

"li.  luiiraliii,  Ao. 

Filaments  somewhat  rigid,  thickish,  tortuous,  very  lonpr,  interwoven  in  a  bright,  grass-grron 
stratum  ;  aniiuli  strongly  difincd.  Ag.  Syst.,  p.  1\  ;  IJaru.  Man.  Ed.,  p.  100;  Cunf.  muralis. 
Dilhv.,  tab.  1,  E.  Hot.  t.  1554.  (3.  aquatica. 

Ilab. — Var.  /3.  in  pools  of  fresh  water,  Whalcfisli  Island,  Davis  Straits.  Dr.  Lyall. 

The  specimens  are  mixed  with  turfy  soil.  Except  in  uio  submerged  habitat,  this  agrees  with 
the  ordiimry  form.  Intermixed  with  threads  of  tlio  usual  sizo  and  strneturo  are  others 
cohering  in  pairs,  as  in  L.  copulata,  llarv.,  which  in  obviou.'^ly  only  a  state  of  this  wiilcly 
dispersed  species.  I  have  not  received  specimens  of  the  ordinary  //.  muralis  from  America ; 
but  no  doubt  it  is  common  on  damp  walls,  &c.,  as  in  Europe  generally." 

I  have  never  identified  this  species,  and  have  simply  copied  Harvey's  account 
of  it  from  the  Nereis  iJoreali  Americana,  pt.  HI.  p.  10-i. 

Ii.  bic:>lor,  Wood. 

L.  trichomatibus  siniplicibus,  in  ca!spitcs  nigro-viridcs  vol  cmruleo-virido.s  dense  intricatis,  vario 
curvatis,  plerumquo  inarticnlatis,  interduni  breviter  articuUitis  et  ad  genicula  contractis;  cytio- 
plasmate  dilute  cu;ruleo-viri(le,  plerumr|ue  copiose  granulato,  sicpo  interrupto;  cellulia  perdu- 
rantibus cylindricis,  sicpe  elongatis,  saturate  brunneis,  sparsissimis;  vaginis  lirmis,  achrois,  in 
trichomata  matura  modicc  crassis. 

Syn. — L.  bicolor,  Wood,  Prodromus,  Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  See,  1809,  124. 

Z)>3m.— xt'sb". 

Hub. — In  fluminc  Schuylkill  prope  Philadelphia. 

L.  with  the  fdaments  closely  interwoven  into  a  blackish  or  bluish-groen  mat ;  filaments  variou.^ly 
curved,  simple,  mostly  inarticulate,  sometimes  shortly  artieulate  with  the  joint.s  contracted; 
cndochrome  light  bluish-green,  mostly  very  granulato,  often  interrupted ;  hoterocysts  cylin- 
drical, often  elongate,  deep  brown,  very  few ;  sheaths  firm,  transparent,  iu  old  filaments 
moderately  thick. 

Remarl-s. — This  species  is  abundant  in  the  shallow  water  of  the  Schuylkill 
Rivor,  near  Spring  Mills,  where  it  forms  dark  waving  tufts  a  half  inch  or  more  in 
height,  which  are  adherent  cither  to  the  bottom  of  the  stream  or  to  some  firm  suj)- 
port,  such  as  large  growing  plants,  sticks  fixed  in  the  mud,  &c.  AVhcn  examined 
with  the  microscope,  these  tufts  arc  seen  to  be  composed  of  innumerable,  very  long, 
motionless,  greatly  curved  filaments.  They  do  not  seem  to  be  attached  to  their 
support,  but  in  the  denser  parts  are  woven  into  a  very  thick  mat,  which  apparently 
adheres  en  masse  to  the  fixed  body.     These  filaments  arc  very  rarely  articulate. 


FllKSII-WATER  ALO.E   OF   TUE    UNITED   STATES. 


23 


but,  when  they  arc,  the  joints  arc  shorter  than  broad.  The  cndocliromc  is  mostly 
very  gramihito ;  sonietiiue.s,  liowover,  it  is  niucli  more  lioniof^'ueous.  The  sheaths 
in  tlie  old  filanients  are  rather  thick,  and  fre(iuently  partially  empty ;  the  exterior 
of  such  sheaths  has  often  a  rough,  ragged  look.  'J'iie  larger  cells  are  very  few  in 
number.  They  are  elongated  cylinders  with  concave  ends.  I  have  found  this  plant 
in  the  Schuylkill  lliver,  just  above  Fairmount  dam,  in  a  younger  state,  and  apjja- 
rcntly  without  heterocysts.  The  threads  near  their  ends  had  their  endoehrome 
distinctly  articulate,  like  an  oscillatoria,  but  elsewhere  the  protoplasm  was  continu- 
ous. It  often  contains  numerous  large  granules  resembling  minute  starch  grains, 
which  however  fail  to  exhibit  the  reaction  with  iodine. 

Fig.  7,  a,  pi.  1,  represents  a  portion  of  the  filament  slightly  magnified;  fig.  7,  h,  a 
heterocyst  from  the  same  specimen  more  magnified  ;  fig.  7,  c  and  il,  are  drawings  from 
another  specimen  from  the  same  locality,  each  magnified  800  diameters ;  fig.  H, 
pi.  1,  represents  the  form  alluded  to  in  the  text  us  having  been  found  in  the 
Schuylkill  lliver  just  above  the  dam. 


Family  NOSTOCIIACE.E. 

Ti'iclioninliv  siini>li('ia,  c  cvllulia  distirirlis  coinpoaita,  intorduiu  vnjjinatn,  nrliculutn,  in  gclatiim 
iiniiicrHn,  collulis  pordiiraiitihus,  ct  inturduiu  spuris  porru  instrui'tii. 

Filiunciits  siniplo,  composed  of  disliiict  cells,  sumctinics  vugiiiatc,  imbedded  in  jelly ;  furnished 
witli  hetcroej'sts  and  sonielinies  with  spuros  also. 

licmarla. — The  nostochacesc  arc  plants  of  simple  construction,  consisting  of  a 
more  or  less  firm  jelly  in  which  are  imbedded  serpentine  filaments,  comi)osed  of 
numerous  cells.  These  cells  are  mostly  more  or  less  globose,  especially  in  the  true 
nostocs,  so  that  the  filament  has  amoniliform  aspect.  They  have  not  distinct  walls, 
or  at  least  any  that  can  be  distinctly  seen  by  ordinary  powers  of  the  microscope, 
and  are  sometimes  closely  connected,  sometimes  rather  widely  separated.  No 
nuclei  arc  usually  discernible ;  I  have,  however,  seen  in  some  instances  central 
spots,  which  were  possibly  of  that  nature.  The  filaments  themselves  are  of  various 
length,  almost  always  tortuous,  sometimes  widely  separated,  sometimes  closely  in- 
terwoven. The  gelatinous  portions  of  the  fronds  are  of  various  consistence — some- 
times semifluid,  sometimes  very  firm,  almost  cartilaginous. 

The  order  is  divisible  into  two  families — the  Xontoca  proper  and  the  S2>er7no8irca'. 

In  the  former,  the  outer  portion  of  the  frond  is  condensed  and  firm,  forming  a 
sort  of  outer  coat  or  epidermis,  which  is  sometimes  quite  distinct,  but  in  other 
instances  can  scarcely  be  said  to  exist. 

In  the  filaments  of  a  true  nostoc  are  placed  at  irregular  intervals  cells,  which 
are  mostly  larger  than  the  others,  and  have  thick,  distinct  walls.  T'hcse  cells  con- 
tain very  little  or  no  chlorophyllous  protoplasm.  They  are  often,  but  by  no  means 
always,  provided  with  numerous  exceedingly  attenuated,  hair-like  processes,  or 
quiescent  cilia.  These  bodies  were  supposed  by  Kiitzing  to  have  some  sexual 
value,  and  received  from  him  the  name  of  Sjwryyiatia.  But,  as  their  functions  arc 
entirely  iniknown,  the  name  of  heterocysts,  first  applied  by  M.  Allman,  is  prefera- 
ble.    They  arc  the  "  connecting  cells"  of  Thwaites.     No  one  has  as  yet  demon- 


24 


FUESlI-WATKll  ALU.li;  OF   TUB  UNITED  STATES. 


fitrntod  tho  cxistonrr  of  niiytliiiif?  iutlicatinR  sexuality  in  the  nostocs  proper,  or 
sliowu  any  body  at  all  worthy  to  be  looki-d  upon  as  a  spoiv. 

Their  ordiiuiry  method  of  reproduction  is  simply  a  sli^iit  moditication  of  that  of 
growth.  If  a  fragment  of  an  actively  growing  nostoc  is  placed  inider  the  micro- 
Hcope,  the  filaments  of  it  are  seen  to  be  irregular  and  distorted,  thicker  in  one 
]dacc  than  another,  the  cells  misshapen,  and  sonu'times  apparently  lumped  and 
fused  together.  The  formation  of  new  filaments  is  taking  place  in  such  cases  by 
the  simultaneous  growth  and  longitudinal  segmentation  of  the  cells  of  the  old,  and 
this  nniy  occur  through  the  whole  or  in  only  a  portion  of  the  length  of  the  latter. 
(IM.  2,  fig.  10.) 

The  filament  of  a  nostoc  is,  in  other  words,  capable  of  a  double  growth  or  de- 
veh)pmcnt,  the  result  in  one  instance  being  increase  in  its  h-ngtli,  in  the  other  the 
l)roduction  of  a  new  form  like  itself  The  first  of  these  is  brought  about  by  a 
transverse  division  of  the  cells,  so  that  out  of  each  single  cell  two  are  fornu'd, 
jdaced  end  to  end,  each  daughter-cell  at  first  only  half  the  size  of  their  parent,  but 
soon  attaining  to  its  full  stature.  In  the  other  case  great  inennise  in  the  si/,(!  of 
the  cell  occurs  almost  consentaneously  with  a  longitudinal  or  lateral  segmentation, 
the  cell  dividing  in  the  direction  of  its  length,  instead  of  transversely,  so  as  to  form 
two  cells  lying  side  by  side  instead  of  end  to  end.  The  misMi..j;e"  fibiments  alluded 
to  simply  represent  different  stages  of  this  change,  which  goes  on  until  two  ])erfect 
filaments  lie  side  by  side,  to  be  finally  more  or  less  widely  separated  by  the  jelly 
which  they  secrete  around  themselves. 

This  process  of  growth  continues  until  the  plant  has  arrived  at  its  mature  si/e, 
when  it  ceases.  During  this  time  the  iinier  portion  of  the  frond  has  been  bt> 
coming  more  and  more  liquid,  and  finally  the  outer  epi(l(>rmis  bursts  and  the 
thoroughly  softened  inner  portion  is  discharged.  In  this  way,  innumerable  fihunents 
are  set  free,  which  are  endowed  with  a  power  of  motion  similar  to,  but  much  less 
active  than,  the  gliding  of  the  oscillatoria,  by  means  of  which  they  are  difl'us(>d  in 
the  water.  Scattered  in  this  way,  carried  hither  and  thither  by  currents,  each 
minute  thread,  fixing  itself  to  some  object,  at  last  becomes  the  centre  from  which 
a  new  plant  is  formed  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  already  described. 

In  the  second  division  of  the  NmtQchavca\  the  jelly  is  always  much  less  firm 
than  in  the  true  nostocs,  and  is  not  condensed  in  the  outer  portions.  The  fronds 
are  therefore  soft,  almost  diffluent,  and  entirely  shapeless.  The  filaments  them- 
selves also  differ  from  those  of  the  true  nostocs.  There  are  no  fixed  differences 
in  the  vegetable  cells  or  heterocysfs,  however,  although  the  former  are  apt  to  be- 
come more  cylindrical  and  the  filament  consequently  less  moniliform.  It  is  espe- 
cially in  the  possession  of  distinct  reproductive  sporangial  cells  that  the  differences 
arc  to  be  found.  These  are  much  larger  than  the  ordinary  cells,  from  whicli,  in 
their  first  appearance,  they  are  not  distinguishable ;  but,  when  tlu  frond  has  attained 
a  certain  age,  the  spore-cells  begin  to  enlarge  both  in  diamctci  and  length,  and 
finally  assume  a  form  and  size  apparently  fixed  within  narrow  bounds  for  each 
species,  and  surround  themselves  with  distinct,  often  qiiite  thick  coats.  It  is  very 
possible  that  the  production  of  new  individuals  may  take  place  by  a  detachment  of 
portions  of  the  frond  and  subsequent  growth,  as  described  in  the  Nostocs  proper, 


FRESHWATER   ALQ  A)   OV   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


26 


biit  incrPtt8c  of  tlio  spccioH  dops  C(>rtainly  orcur  by  means  of  those  so-called  spores. 
'I'lio  j^rowtli  of  tli(!  plant  takes  place  in  the  same  way  as  in  the  true  nostocs. 
Tlu!  filaments  increase  in  lenj^th  by  transverse  division  and  coiisecpient  multiplica- 
tion of  llie  cells,  whilst  new  filaments  are  formed  by  tiie  const^ntancous  longitudiuul 
division  of  uU  the  cells  of  a  iilainent. 

The  spores  of  a  ('yllinlrit^jirriiiinit  have  the  power  of  f^emiinating  after  prolonged 
desiccation,  they  having  been  successfully  cultivated  even  from  specimens  long 
preserved  in  the  herbarium.  Their  development  has  been  carefully  and  success- 
fully studied  by  M.  Thuret.  According  to  this  autlnnify  the  first  change  consists 
in  an  elongation  of  the  spore,  which  ruptures  the  wall  of  the  sporangium,  pushing 
a  portion  of  it  before  it.  Directly  after  this  the  spore  undergoes  division,  so  that 
out  of  it  is  formed  a  little  torulosc  filament,  compos(;(l  of  four  or  five  cells.  (Jrowth 
takes  place  at  both  ends,  but  more  rapidly  at  the  free  one.  The  new  cells  formed 
are  smaHer  than  those  which  arise  directly  from  the  spore,  but,  finally,  all  the  arti- 
cles assimilate.  The  wall  of  the  sporangium  remains  attached  for  a  long  time  to 
the  end  of  the  filament  forming  a  little  cap  to  it.  The  heterocysts,  according  to 
Thniet,  at  first  are  indistinguishable  from  the  ordinary  cells,  but  after  awhile  the 
granules  in  them  begin  to  disappear,  the  color  to  pale,  the  outer  wall  to  become 
apparent  and  grow  thick(!r,  tuitil  at  last  a  perfect  "  connecting  cell"  is  educed. 
I  have,  myself,  carefully  wat(;lied  the  early  development  of  the  spores  of  a  cylin- 
drospermuin,  and  can  confirm,  in  all  essential  particulars,  the  description  Tlniret 
has  given  of  the  process.  Fig.  10,  pi.  2,  represents  a  partially  formed  filament, 
to  which  the  empty  sporangium  is  still  attached. 

As  no  sexual  reprodiiction  has  as  yet  been  shown  to  exist  among  the  Xmlwha- 
cc(r,  it  is  very  evidi-nt  that  their  whole  life-history  is  noc  comprised  within  the 
change's  which  have  been  detailed.  It  has  long  been  known  that  the  gonidia  of 
many  lichens  have  the  power  of  independent  existence,  /.  c.  that  when  they  arc 
discharged  from  their  thallus  they  can  continue  to  live  and  nudtiply,  if  circum- 
stances favor  them,  without  giving  origin  to  a  new  thallus.  This,  and  the  great 
similarity  of  structure  between  the  nostocs  and  the  lichen  gemis  Colkma,  has 
suggested  u  possibly  close  relation  between  the  two.  The  first  observer,  I  believe, 
who  asserted  that  they  were  diftercnt  stages  of  the  same  p'.ant  was  Dr.  Hermann 
Itzigsohn. 

His  observations  are,  however,  rendered  of  so  little  value  by  his  own  statements 
that  it  is  not  necessary  to  review  them  here.  Thus,  he  says,  that  after  seven  years' 
observation  he  had  yet  to  sec  a  true  one  called  algtr,  that  the  Dcin)iitli(r  are,  at 
least,  two-celled,  &e.  &c.  The  most  weighty  observations  upon  this  subject  arc 
those  of  Professor  Julius  Sachs  and  of  J.  Baranctzky — the  former  published  in  the 
Bokininchc  Zcilung  for  1855,  the  other  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  St.  Petersburg 
Academy  for  1867. 

Professor  Sachs  states  that  he  watched  a  whole  bed  of  Nostoe  conimnne  deve- 
loping into  CoUcma  huJhonnm.  lie  says  that  the  peculiar  Collcmoid  threads  first 
appeared  as  little  lateral  off's'ioots  or  prolongations  from  the  cells  of  the  nostoe 
filament,  and  rapidly  developed  into  well-formed  collemoid  filaments.  Every 
possible  stage  from  the  typical  nostoe  to  the  typical  coUema  was  seen  repeatedly. 

4        February,  1872. 


26 


FRRSITWATER  ALQ.E  OF  Till':   UNITED  STATES. 


The  (U<vilo|)niont  of  tho  disttinmiihhiiif;  tlirciuls  of  the  oollcinn  oiit  of  tlio  onliiiiiry 
nostoc-ci'll  lias  never  been  enutiinietl  by  any  other  observer;  Idit  it  weniH  to  ino 
thiit  it  must  lie  at  leiiKt  iirovinionally  accepted,  altbnnj,'h  l)e  llary  exifesses  Nome 
doubt  of  it.  {Morphiil.  inn/  I'/ii/siol.  ,1,,-  l>;h.,\  FInhtn,,  &e.,  p.  '.»!)().) 

The  researches  of  M.  Uaraiu-l/ky  were  directed  to  tlic  devehipiiif,'  of  a  iiostoc 
out  of  n  collenm.  Hicks  and  other  observe  is  liad  iireviously  stated  tliat  fliey  liiid 
seen  this,  but  none  of  them  liad  ^nveii  siillicienl  details  as  to  the  method  of  their 
observations,  to  be  fully  convinciuf^. 

M.  Haranetzky  placed  sections  of  actively  fjrowiuf^  fronds  of  Culhuxi  piiffumiini, 
Ach,  upon  smooth,  damp  earth,  usinj^  all  proper  precautions  to  prevent  external 
iuHuence.  After  some  days  the  sections  became  less  transparent  and  intensely  )^reen 
from  the  cro\vdin<;  of  the  f»onidia,  which  were  now  arran<;ed  in  curved  rows  closely 
rolled  to<:;ether  into  balls.  I'lion  the  n]t])er  surface  of  the  section  appean-d  little 
gelatinous  balls  or  warts,  which  contained  f,'()nidia  in  rows,  an»l  {gradually  dcNclopi'd 
typical  nostoc  forms,  whilst  on  the  ed<;es  of  the  sections  njipeared  little  colorless 
wart-like  jnasses  of  jelly,  in  which,  after  sonu*  tinu',  a])peared  paiidia,  some  of 
which  developetl  into  the  typical  nostoc  form,  others  into  true  eollemoi<l  plants. 

Mr.  Ikiranetzky  furtiier  states  that  he  watched  the  body  of  the  section  f,'ra(hially 
ehaiifje  by  tho  continual  sjrowth  and  increase  of  the  rows  of  fjonidia,  i)efore  alluded 
to,  and  by  th(>  disappearance  of  the  collemoid  tlireads,  i.ntil  at  last  the  whole 
mass  of  the  tissue  of  the  lichen  had  been  converted  into  a  true  nostoc,  whitii  was 
finally  identified  as  NuMoc  rc«ivarli(m,  1).  C 

I  have  no  observations  of  my  own  to  offer  ni)on  this  sidiject;  but  think  enouf^h 
has  been  done  to  show  not  only  that  the  nostocs  proper  have  very  close  relations 
with  the  collemoid  lichens,  but  that  they  are  probably  a  jxculiar  phase  in  their 
life-history.  This  being  the  case,  it  may  seem  a  perfectly  superfiuons  work  to 
indicate  sjiccies  amongst  the  nostocs.  To  any  one  who  has  given  nnicli  study  to 
the  fresh-water  alga>,  the  reply  to  this  will  inunediately  suggest  itself;  namely,  tlnit 
in  tlje  present  state  of  tho  science  it  seems  impossible  to  avoid  it;  they  arc  so 
commonly  thrust  at  one  by  collectors,  amateurs,  &c.,  are  so  distinct,  are  so  often 
the  subject  of  tongue  and  pen,  that  they  nnist  have  a  nmiie.  The  idea  that  at- 
taches to  the  term  species  is  at  present  not  a  very  definite  one;  that  there  are, 
however,  amongst  the  nostocs  fixed  forms,  whicli  do  not  cliangc  into  one  another, 
and  can  readily  be  distinguished,  T  have  no  doubt.  Such  forms  are  herein  de- 
scribed. If  they  be  only  life  stages  of  lichens,  I  have  no  doubt  that  it  will  finally 
be  found  that  each  so-called  species  of  nostoc  has  its  own  pccidiar  so-called  species 
of  lichen,  from  which  it  alone  springs,  and  into  which  alone  it  can  develoj).  It 
seems  to  mc,  then,  that  as  yet  no  cause  for  abandoning  the  specific  names  of  the 


•  In  ordtT  to  aid  Diiy  one  desirous  of  going  ovoi  ili's  sulyrct  more  thoroughly,  n  list  of  papers  is 
nppcndcd : — 

Vcnt(Miiil)  iind  Cnssini  Opuscula  Phytolog.,  181  ',  vol.  ii.  p.  ."01. 

Pr.  llermnnn  Itzigsolm.     Botanisclio  Zcitunjr,  lsr>t,  p.  .0:21. 

Prof.  Julius  Sachs.     Uotanischc  Zcitung,  IS-OS,  p.  I. 

HayrliolTcr.     Botanisrhc  Zeitung,  1857. 

IIipk.s.     Journal  of  Microsoojiical  Scionro,  ISO  I,  p.  00. 

Barauctzky.     Bullctiu  do  la  SociOtO  des  Sciences  Xat.,  St.  I'cter.shurg,  vol.  xii.  p.  418. 


FnK81I-WATKIl   ALO.K   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES.  27 

nostots  has  been  hIiowii,  l.iil  only  reuuon  to  study  ulso  tlii-ir  relations  nitli  tliu  vari- 
oiitt  coUi'iiia. 

In  i('f,'anl  to  llic  Sfirnixmlmr,  tlicic  is  as  yrt  no  direct  proof  uhatevcr  coiincct- 
in^'  tiicni  w.  'i  licluiis.  It  is  very  possible  that  tliey  arc  not  so  closely  related  to 
the  true  nostocs  as  is  generally  believed,  so  that  the  probaliiliti.'s  of  their  beinj; 
lichens  are  at  present  so  remote,  that  for  the  systtiniatist  to  refuse  to  take  note  of 
their  distinct  forms,  seems  to  me  most  unwarrantable. 


SUUKAMII.Y  NOS'l'OCE.E. 

TlmlliiH  piTidiTiimtc  plus  minus  distincto  instructus,  sporig  'losttutua. 

TlmlliiH  provided  wllli  a  iiioro  or  less  distinct  intoguiiieni,  hik!  destitute  of  spores. 

Genus  NOSTOC,  Vauchku,  (180;).) 

TImllu.i  pclntiniisiia,  var'w  oildrntuH,  nut  (flolxtsiiM  vrl  tiiilifjiobosii.s  nut  fnlinpco-nu'inbrnimccus  et 
iiTcffiiliiruiT  cxpiuisim,  Hii'po  hiillalus.  Trirlioiimlii  pins  niinuri  niDniliformiu.  Ccllulti-  pcniiiriuilea 
cxncto  Bplm^rk'iu  vel  ruro  oblongiD. 

TlmlliiM  pi'lntiM'-is,  viirionsly  ('(ilnrcd,  eillicr  plc.liosp  or  snbj^lohnso,  or  folinccoiisly  nionilirnn  nis 
nnil  incldiiiitcly  oxpiuuled,  olteu  u  bullii.  ImIuuk'iiIh  mure  or  lis.s  nionilifonno.  Ilelerorv,  Ih  e.xaclly 
spherical  or  rarely  ubiong. 

u.    T/ialliis  ijlobosus  vrl  mihijluhoHits,  \vl  lUxci/orjnis. 
niallus  ijhihosc,  nubijlulnmc  or  discoid. 

!V.  AllNtinii,  'Wood,  (sp.  nov.) 

N.  Biibfjlobosnni,  parvuni,  pli'rinii(|Uo  ninpnitudinc  ovoruni  pisciiim,  riirc  nd  2",  fiiscespcnte, 
vel  nittrcscente,  iiitcninni  diiruni  inltnliiin  subniollo,  .suprrliiie  siepo  corruRota ;  tricliu- 
nmlibns  viirle  ciirviitis,  dense  intrieiiti.s  vel  distiinlibiiH  et  la.xissinie  intrientis,  viridibua, 
fiincoscentibu.-<,  subplunibei.s  vil  luteo-brnnnelH,  in  timllis  niinurlbiis  siepc  dJHtinclo  vn(?iniUiH,' 
in  tliallis  niajoribns  hand  vel  indisjinete  vaginalis;  articuli.s  maturi.s  globo.-.is,  sippe  didymis,' 
crnsae  granulatiaj  ccllnlis  |)er(birantibns  artienlornni  dianietro  aMpialibus  vel  puulo  majoribns, 
globosia,  interjectis  vol  ternn'nalibn.s,  |>lcrnni(pie  sparsi.s. 

Diam.—CcU.  Ve/ ,  ^^%^,"—^,*^^"  =  .002G"— 00033";  cell,  pcrdurnnt,  .00033". 

Hal). — in  rupibn.s  irrorutis,  New  Jersey.    (Anstin.) 

Subplobose,  sninll,  mostly  the  size  of  fish-epg.'<,  bnt  reaching  the  diameter  of  nearly  two  lines, 
fiiseons  or  blaeki.sh,  sometimes  very  hard,  Honielinies  mneh  softer;  snrfaco  often  corrugated- 
filnmentH  variously  curved,  diMisely  intricate  or  distantly  and  loo.sely  interwoven,  greenish^ 
fuscous,  subplumbcis  or  yellowish-brown,  in  the  smaller  fronds  often  di.stinetly  vaginate,  iii 
the  larger  indistinctly  or  not  all  vnginale;  nmlure  joint.i  globose,  often  didymons,  coarsely 
granulate;  heterocysts  cipial  to  the  diameter  of  the  other  joints  or  a  little  larger,  globose 
interspersed  or  terminal. 

licmarlcit. — The  fronds  of  this  distinct  species  vary  greatly  in  appearance;  the 
larger  of  them  arc  often  almost  colorless,  and,  when  viewed  with  the  microscope, 
nrc  seen  to  be  composed  of  a  tran.sparent  colorless  jelly,  with  remarkably  large 
filaments  scattered  throngh  it.  These  filaments  are  generally  without  sheaths, 
though  occasionally  a  sheath  can  be  faintly  traced.  The  smaller  fronds  are  mnch 
firnn^r  tlian  the  larger  and  are  more  decidedly  colored.  Some  of  them  are  entirely 
opaque,  looking  simply  black  when  viewed  by  transmitted  light  under  the  micro- 
scope.    In  these  the  filaments  arc  densely  crowded  together,  often  misshapen  and 


2S 


V  R  K  S  ll-W  A  T  i:  II   A  I,  (J  .!■;   ()  !•'   T  II  M   UNI  T  K  D   S  T  A  T  K  S . 


provided  witli  distinct  broad  hrowiiisli  shcMtlis:  every  f,'r!i(liition  exists  between 
tii('S(,'  forms  and  tiie  first  dcsi'ribed  Tronds.  The  Iieleroeysls  are  quite  uniform  in 
size,  agreoinjj  in  diameter  witii  tiie  largest  vegetative  cells,  they  are  always  single. 
This  species  is  inosL  nearly  allied  to  N.  ichUiyoon,  Rahknii.;  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  tlu^  differences  in  the  sheaths,  the  greater  size  of  the  filaments,  and 
the  single  h(!terocysts.  It  gives  me  great  ])leasur(!  to  dedicate  the  spc^cies  to  Mr. 
Austin,  by  whom  it  was  collected  near  (Jloucester,  New  Jersey,  growing  amidst 
mosses  on  rocks. 

IV.  pruniroriiie,  (Korn,)  A^li. 

N.  iiinnniiin,  prcKiiriiim,  iKiiu'iiliu'ri'iiM,  frli''<"siiin,  iiingnitmlinn  pisi,  pnini  majoria  ct,  ultra,  oliviv- 
eciiiii  vol  Hiiturali)  iL'niniiu'iiiii,  leliito  iirovcftii  fiiscD  iiii^rcHcciiH,  liiiml  raro  caviiin,  lunissiiimin, 
intuH  aqiioKUin,  ])rrid('rniatR  corlucRo  Hiihacliruo  ;  tricliniiiatihiiH  Kulm'i|iiuli)jtiH,  liic  iliic^  tiiiiiiilis, 
lax(!  iiitrii'atis;  articiilis  f^lobosis,  plcruiii(|iio  t'omiircssis,  sirpi!  didyniis,  arcto  ('(inncxis;  <•(•!- 
IuWh  iii'i'ilinanliliiis  artit'uli.s  iliiplo  iiiajorilMis,  jilcruiiKtiiu  ti'riiiiiiulilitiH,  rarius  iulcijii'liH.  K. 
Spuclos  inilii  ijfiiota. 

/)iom,— Artie.  0.00024"— 0.000,'!"  ;  ecll.  iirnlur.  O.OOOIt— 0.000 IT)".  (I!,) 

,S'y«. — A',  pruiiifiirmc,  (UoTii,)  Ao.     IUiiknuhuht,  I'lora  Murop.  Algaruiii,  iScct.  II.  p    lOH. 

Hah.-    Maine.     Lcidy. 

Tjarii^o,  grpf^arioiis,  iidt  (•()lii'riii(^,  gioboso,  varying  from  tlio  Kizc  of  a  pea  to  a  lurpo  plum,  (ir 
even  hcyoud  this,  (ilivuci'dUH  or  docp  luruj^incoun,  in  cdd  ntrc  lilaclii.sli  fuscous,  oflcn  hollow, 
very  snioolli,  williin  walrry,  iicridrrni  coiiiiccous,  Honu!wluit  IrauHpaiciit ;  lilatiu'ni.s  .Kulicipial, 
hero  and  llicrc'  kwoIIcm,  la.xly  itilricatc ;  arllclcs  globose,  mostly  (Munprrsscd,  oflrii  twofold, 
elosely  eonneeied;  lieteroeyKts  twice  tlic  size  of  tlie  vegetative  cells,  luoslly  terminal,  rarely 
inler.sper.sod. 

RcmarlcH. —  I  have  never  foinid  this  speci<'s;  but  sonu- years  sijice  some  speci- 
mens, sent  to  the  Aciideiiy  of  Natur.il  Sciences  of  riiiladelpiiia  from  Maine,  were 
identified  by  Professor  Jos  -ph  l-eidy  as  belonging  to  it. 

IV.  vcrriicomiini,  (I-inn.)  Vakh. 

N.  imigriuni,  gregarium,  bipollicaro  et  ultra,  subgloboMuiii,  sn-pe  li.baliini,  verruoulosuni,  irrora- 
tum,  initio  Koliduin,  postrenui  cavuin,  vesieifornu',  Halarale  brunneo-viride;  perlderniale  nwin- 
branaceo-eoria'jeo,  olivaeeo-fusceHcenle;  trielKunatibus  varie  eurvr.lis,  cciitralibus  parcioril)u.s 
ct  laxissinu)  iulrieatis,  perijihericis  densiuH  inlricatis;  arliculis  ublongis,  rare  globoHix,  aretu 
eonnexis,  cra.'^se  granulalis;  e(,IIuliH  jjerdunuitibu.s  iuUM'stiliulibus  vel  tcrniinalil)us,  spluericis, 
artieulorani  diametro  du])!()  imijoribu.'t. 

i>ittm.— Cell,  vegetntiv.  .OOtMGfi";  e(dl.  perdurant.  .OOO'i:!;!". 

Syn.—N.  rrrrwoaum,  (Linn,)  VAtiini.     IIaiiknikiiist,  Klora  ICurop.  Algaruni,  Sect.  II.  p,  I'Ci. 

JIah. — In  fonte.  Centre  County,  renn.-sylvnnia. 

Large,  subjflobose,  often  lobi-d,  warty;  gregarioii.'i,  two  inclie.s  in  diaiiieler,  growing  under  water, 
fixed,  in  the  beginning  solid,  afterwards  hollow,  bladiler-sluiped;  periderm  nu'rnbraiuieeouH, 
eoriaeeouM,  olivaceon.s-fuseous;  flanienlH  variouHly  curved,  centrally  fewer,  and  hixly  intricate, 
towards  the  oulsidc  much  nu)re  close;  articles  oblong,  rarely  globose,  elosely  e.Mineelcd, 
coarsely  granulate;  lictcrocysts  interstitial  or  terminal,  fiiiherieal.  twice  the  size  of  tlu!  other 
joint.s. 

ficiiiarkn. — In  the  stunmerof  IHfi!),  I  found  a  uostoc  grow'*  g  in  great  abundance 
in  a  very  cold,  large,  limestone  sjiring  In  ('eutrc  County,  I'eiuisylvania,  which   I 


FUESH-VVATEll   AhUM   01'   T II  J']    UNITED   STATES 


29 


liiiv(!  n^fcrnul  to  N.  verruamHiii  with  some  little  hesitation.  Some  of  tli:'  fV.iiKls 
were  sin.oothisii,  otiicis  very  deeiilcdly  warty.  ^'y  specimens  arc  old  jilMUts, 
wiiicii  have  Ix  come  hollow  by  the  dis(liarj,'c  of  Ihciv  internal  contents,  jt  is  pos- 
:>il)ly  on  tills  acconnt  I  have  not  hecn  ahli;  to  verify  the  niinntt;  description  f,'iven 
by  Professor  Ualienhorst.  As  the  latter  nniy  not  hi;  accessihlc;  to  some  of  those 
who  consult  these  pages,  1  append  tin;  latter  part  of  it,  whidi  differs  from  that 
given  by  myself  from  the  American  plants. 

"  Trichonnitihns  Hexnoso-cnrvatis,  cpnisi  triplici  ordine  ;  centraliOns  jiarciorihiis, 
la.vissime  impli(;atis,  apices  versns  pins  minns  attcMUuitis,  articnlis  ohlongis,  snl)- 
distantil)ns,  p(ri|)hericis  densins  sa-pt;  densissime  intricatis,  hasi  jnuid  rare  cellnli:; 
hiseriatis,  articnlis  glohosis,  arete  connc'  '•(,  extremis  (nonnisi  in  lliallo  vetnslo 
occnrrnnt)  snhflagelliformihns,  arii<'nlis  ohlongis,  cylindraceis  Kplneri(is(in(!  sinnd 
immixtis,  distantihiis;  cellnlis  perdnrantihns  splnrricis  interjectis  terminalilms(ine, 
noinnnuinam  plnrihns  simid  seriatis  articnioriim  diametro  dnplo  triplove  nnijorihns." 

According  t  Professor  Harvey  (Nereis  Hor.  Amer.,  ])art  iii.  j).  1 11),  this  species 
has  been  collected  by  Dr.  liyall  in  pools  of  fresh  water,  Isl(>  of  Disco,  and  at 
Ueechey  Island,  Arctic  llegions;  also  by  iMr.  I'Vndler  at  Santo  I'c,  New  Mexico. 

IV.  nlpiniim,  Ktz. 

>i.  niiit'stri,',  iiiniirrHiuii ;  lliallo  Buborblciiliiro,  tTccto,  nioinbntiiacco,  iid  ;J  =  J  iinciam  lalo,  nil 
llnciiH  iliias  vi'l  truH  crasao,  Icnnci,  Baturato  olivncoo-fusco,  lu'vi,  ku?])c  rii(5<)so-|)licali),  cnin  iiiar- 
ftiiic  liilcKro  ft,  iiluniiiKiiK!  ificrassalii;  lri<:iiiiinaliliii.s  vario  ciu'valls,  la.xc  vcl  iKiiiiiiliil  ilcnso 
liniilicalis;  ai'lirulis  I'uscis  vcl  ililiili;  a'nij^iiu'is  iilcnnmnic  (tIdImisIs,  sa'pr  snlililitir  friiuMilalis, 
arch'  ciiniii'xls;  ('cllulis  lU'riliiraiililaiH  splia'ricis  iiliiiiiiiiinc  Hiliiiiluiiim  (liaiiulro  paiili)  iiia- 
jdi'lliiis,  iiilcniuiii  salia'i|ualil)iis,  liilii'jci'lis  vcl  tci'iiiiiiallhiiH. 

/>mm.— Artie.  vcKotativ.  .OOOKJ"— OOOSli"  ;  cell,  peril.  .(lOO'JC. 

,S'//„. — "  N.  ulitinnm,  Ktz.     I'liyri)!.  (iciicnil.,  p.  'JOC,  No.  10."     IIaiikniiokst,   I'lora  iMirnp. 
AlK'U'iaii,  vol.  li.  p.  IVI 
"  N.  SiilliiTlii'iili,  DicKlK.''     IIaiivky,  Ncrris  liorcali  .Xnicricana,  jjart  ill.  p.  111. 
"  N.  rriKliiliim,  I!aii.i;v."    IIahvkv,  Ncrii.s  jtorcali  Aiiu'ricana,  part  ill.,  IH.^if,  p.  IM. 

Orowiiit?  allaclicil   by  Its  iiiar(,'in   to  tlio-i ks  in  riiiiiiinjr  waltr;   llialliis  fiuboiliiciilar,  crci't, 

incnibraiuiLX'ouH  { — }  nn  ilicli  liigh  nml  1 — ',i  linen  lliit-k,  very  tiMiacicii.s,  deep  olivo-proeii, 
Hiiiipolli,  oftfiii  niKoscly  plicate  esjicciiillv  at  llie  base,  willi  llic  inarjriii  entire,  rounded,  and 
liio.-itly  tliiekciieil ;  tilanicnls  vaiioii.'ily  curved,  la.\ly  or  FiMiicwnal,  ilen.'^ely  inlciwoveii;  aiii- 
eles  fa.ieon.s  or  (fri'cliisli,  nioslly  nloliose,  oOi'n  lilicly  uraniilate,  clnscly  coiinccleil;  lictcrocysis 
Kpbcrical,  ^{cnerally  a  little  larger  than  the  ordinary  colls,  boinutinica  ubuul  e(iuul  to  Ibuni, 
iiilur.sperHed  and  tertuiiiiil. 

Remnrlcn. — This  interesting  little  plant  was  fonnd  in  the  motnitain  rivnlets 
near  West  Point,  New  York,  by  the  late  Prof.  Bailey,  and  r.'ceived  from  him  tin; 
specilic  name  rr!s/(i/inn,  first  ])nl)lished  in  Marvey's  work  on  the  North  Ann-rican 
Alga-.  I  have  myself  seen  it  growing  in  very  great  ahnndance  in  rajjid  nionntain 
streams  in  the  central  ])ortions  of  this  State.  It  is  doubtless,  therefore,  an  iidnibi- 
tant  of  the  whole;  .Mli-ghany  range.  In  the  low  country,  east  or  west  of  these 
mountains  and  their  outlying  hills,  I  do  not  know  of  its  having  Iteen  fomnl.  I  have 
very  recently  received  specinn-ns  of  a  nostor  from  Sereno  Watson,  Ksf].,  un<loul)t- 
edly  belonging  to  this  specir's,  which  were  collected  by  himself,  in  cold  streams  in  the 
Clover  Mountains,  Nevada,  at  an  altitn(h'  of  11,000  feet.     Under  the  name  of  M. 


30 


F  11  !•:  S  ]  I-W  A  T  E  U   A  L  0  .E   O  V   T  HE    UNI  T  E  D    S  T  A  T  E  S . 


tSii/Jtcrlaiuli!  n  nostoc  has  hi-cn  (Icscribcd  by  A[r.  I)i('kic,  wliicli  was  collected  in  the 
iU'ighl)()ih()od  of  Builiii's  Jiay,  and  must  \)c  referred  to  tins  species,  altlioiigli  tlic 
description  given  of  it  is  very  imperfect.  Again,  iV.  alinuinn,  Ktz.,  appears  to  h(!  in 
all  respects  similar  to  tiie  North  American  forms.  So  that  this  cosmopolitan  little 
plant  seems  only  to  ask  for  a  cold  shelter,  ai.d  it  flourishes.  The  Alps,  the  Alle- 
ghanics,  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  the  cold  North  are  its  homes.  To  those  who 
believe  in  a  single  centre  for  a  species,  the  suggestion  that  it  has  spread  across 
the  globe,  through  the  arctic  regions,  and  followed  our  mountain  chains  southward, 
will  of  course  present  itself. 

As  I  have  seen  it,  the  plant  is  very  abundant  where  it  grows,  five,  six,  twelve, 
or  more  of  the  little  fronds  adhering  to  a  single  pebble.  The  frond  is  generally 
longer  than  broad,  the  margin  sometimes  siimous  but  never,  as  1  have  se(>n  it, 
lobate  or  incised.  It  appears  finally  to  burst  and  discharge  its  inner  portion, 
whilst  the  outer  cortical  portion,  riow  a  little  vesicle  containing  a  globule  of  air,  is 
set  free  and  floats  down  the  stream. 

IV.  dcpressiini,  Woon,  (sp.  nuv.) 

X.  ciiormitcr  .suborbieulai'c,  niiimtuin,  frn<p;nriiim  ct  intprdum  afrfrreirntum  imiscos  immcrso.s 
nd.iiurcns,  inaiigitiuliiic  sumiiiis  sinapcos  vol  ])iirviiis,  (liiruiii.ulastit'uin,  Kiibnijrris;  iieriilcnimtc 
firmc,  acliroo;  ti'iclioiiintihiis  iiloruiiunie  luxe  intricalis,  hand  vajjiniitis ;  iirliculis  ploliosis, 
lilenimqiio  iiiocliuo  arcle  cuiiiiuxis,  raru  distautibus;  celliilis  purduraiilibua  globo.sis,  ceteris 
paulo  majoi'ibus. 

Diam. — Artie,  vcgct.  max;  .0002";  cell,  pcrdurant.  max  .00029. 

Ilah. — In  rivulLs,  Xew  Jersey  (iVof.  Austin). 

Irregularly  snborbieular,  gregarious  and  sometimes  aggregated,  elastic,  blackish,  about  the  .si:i 
of  a  mustard-seed,  or  smaller,  adhering  to  ininicrscd  mosses  ;  periderm  firm,  translucent;  fda- 
mcnis  not  vaginate,  mostly  loosely  interwoven  ;  joints  globose,  generally  rather  closely  con- 
iiectcd,  rarely  distant  ;  heteroeysts  rather  larger  than  the  other. 

licr.tarl-s. — This  plant  was  found  by  I'rof  Austin  attached  to  a  brook-moss 
(I)!r/icli/)na),  growing  in  a  rapid  rivulet  in  Northern  New  Jersey. 

The  minute  fronds  sometimes  are  so  thiu  and  spread  out  as  to  bo  almost  folia- 
ceoiis.  The  species  I  take  to  be  most  nearly  allied  to  iV.  licJwxoiilcs  of  Europe, 
I'jom  which  it  is,  however,  apparently  distinct.  In  the  American  plant  the  fila- 
ments and  heteroeysts  are  a  little  larger,  and  the  frequent  elliptical  cells  of  the 
European  plant  arc  wanting.  The  frond  also  apj)arently  does  not  grow  so  large  as 
the  European,  and  is  further  distinguished  by  its  flat,  discoid  form.  In  many  of  the 
specimens  examined  the  filaments  are  very  thick,  irregular,  and  contorted,  the  cells 
b(;ing  fused  together.  In  other  instances,  a  filament  will  be  plainly  doul)le,  and 
every  grade  between  these  conditions  is  present.  This  is  plainly  owing  to  a  process 
of  growth,  to  tlte  cells  enlarging  and  dividing  laterally  so  as  to  form  nt'W  filaments, 

rv.  Mpliwricuin,  (I'oiuet,)  VAcm. 

N.  globosum,  inti  rduni  oblonguin  vel  ovale,  gregnriuni,  s:epius  aggregatum,  ra.'o  tainen  eondu- 
cnte,  durum,  ehistieum(in  rotate  proveita  intns  niolle  et  sMb»(|Uosum!'),  olivaeeuin,  niagniludine 
seminis  .sinapeos,  ad  eerasi  parvi ;  peridermate  lirnio,  pellueido;  trichouiatibu.s  iidricalis,  luleo- 
li.s,  aut  prasinatis  aul  dilute  eievuleis;  artieulis  plerumquo  .sub(piadratis,  ititerdum  transverse 


' 


PRESn-WATER  ALQ^   OF   THE   UNITED  STATES.  31 

subovalibus,    arcto  conncxisi    cytioplasmate  gra.iulato;    eellulis  pcrdurantibua   intcricctis 
tt'i'miiialibusquf,  sphoiricis. 

i>mm._Artic  cliam.  long.  .A,"  =  .000125" ;  trans  v.  ,,Va"  =  .00017";  cell,  pcrdurant. 
^raxs   =  .UU02U  . 

Syn.-^N.  splKBvicum  (Poibet  )  Vaucii.    RABENiioasr,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  II.  p.  ICV. 
Hab — In  fontibus,  prope  Pliilaadpliia. 

Globoso,  sometimes  oblong  or  oval,  gregarious,  but  rarely  confluent,  hanl,  cla.stic  (in  a.lvanco.l 
ago  w.tlun  soft  and  watery?),  oliv^ceou.,,  varying  from  the  size  of  a  mustard-.seed  to  that  of 
a  small  cherry;  periderm  firm,  pellucid;  fdaments  intricate,  yellowisl,,  greenish  or  bluish- 
articles  nio.stly  subquadrato,  sometimes  transversely  suboval,  closely  connected-  cytionlasm 
granular ;  heterocysts  intcr.spcrsed  or  terminal,  spherical. 

Remarks.— The  specimens  from  which  the  above  diagnosis  was  prepared  were 
found  at  Spring  Mills,  adhering  to  mosses  and  twigs  in  the  water.  The  fronds 
were  remarkable  for  their  firmness  and  elasticity.  The  color  was  a  dull,  rather 
greenish,  olive;  that  of  the  filaments  varied  from  a  decided  greenish  to  a  marked 
yellowish,  or  sometimes  an  almost  silvery  bluish  tint.  The  heterocysts  were  ratiu-r 
few  in  number,  and  were  either  terminal  or  interstitial,  sometimes  they  were  witli- 
out,  sometimes  with  evident  endochrome.  The  length  of  the  general  articulations 
varied  a  good  deal,  it  was,  however,  mostly  less  than  their  breadth,  which  seems 
quite  constant.  When  kept  in  water  in  the  house,  this  species  softens,  and  the 
periderm  as  it  were  peels  off,  allowing  the  interior  to  disperse  itself  as  it  gradu- 
ally becomes  more  and  more  diffluent.  Most  of  the  fronds  afforded  ample  evrdeuce 
of  their  method  of  growth  by  the  presence  of  filaments  in  every  stage  of  division. 
Fig.  10,  pi.  2,  represents  filaments  of  this  species. 

IV.  Cffiriileiiin,  Ltnob. 

N.  minimum,  srcpe  microscopicnm,  enormitcr  globosnm  vel  subglobosum,  afTixum,  gregnrium 
sty'unctum  vel  nggregatum  ;  trichomatibus  valde  ini^MlUalibus;  artitwlis  elongato-cylimlnwels' 
vel  acute  .'llipticis,  vel  perfeete  cllipticis,  vel  globosis,  vel  subglobosis,  vel  sulH,uadriuif;iiiis' 
.■^ejuncfis  et  n(ui-:ihil  distnntibus  vel  nrcte  connectis  aut  conlluentibus;  eellulis  i)erduranllbus 
globosis,  pass.ia  interjectis  terminalibus(iue,  ceteris  tluplo  vel  subduplo  niiijoribu.s. 

Z>(ow.— Cell,    perdurant,    .000303;    coll.    vegetal,    pleruniquo    .00012—000100";    rariu.s     0001 
.00021.  ■     .     wi 

Syn.—N.  cirrulcum,  LvNon.     Radeniioust,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  11.  p.  let. 
//«&.— Inter  muscos,  New  Jersey  (Prof  Austin). 

Very  small,  often  microscopic,  irregularly  globose  or  subglobosc,  affixed,  gregarious,  separate  or 
aggregated  ;  filaments  very  unequal ;  articles  chmgato-cyliiidrieal,  or  aeu'ely  elliptical  or 
perfeclly  so,  or  subglobosc,  or  globose,  or  subquadrangular,  separate  and  somewhat  di.vtant 
or  closely  connectc.l  or  connuont ;  heterocysts  globose,  interspersed  or  termiruil,  double  or 
about  double  the  size  of  the  other  cells. 

nnimrl-s.—l  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Austin  for  specimens  of  this  species  collected  by 
iiim  in  Northern  New  Jersey.  The  fronds  grow  attaclied  to  moss  and  are  very  m\- 
iinte,  thehirgest  I  have  seen  being  not  more  than  half  a  line  in  diameter.  The 
filaments  are  remarkable  for  their  inequality,  which  is  often  very  peiT(>i)tibl(!  in 
different  parts  of  the  same  filament.     I  have  referred  my  specimens  to  .V.  civr>tle,i  n— 


32 


FllESU-WATER  A  L  G  .E   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


the  only  diffoioiiccs  between  them  and  the  European  phint  arc  that  they  arc  not  so 
hirge,  and  do  not  agree  in  color,  numy  of  them  being  browner;  but  these  are  certainly 
insufficient  grounds  for  separating  them.  Trof.  Uabenhorst  speaks  of  observing 
the  contents  of  hcterocysts  dividing  up  so  as  to  form  a  little  colony  of  cells,  which 
finally  break  through  the  maternal  wall.  I  have  only  studied  mounted  si)ecimcns, 
but  have  seen  very  clearly  hcterocysts  in  which  this  process  was  taking  place. 

W.  punclatiini,  Woop,  (sp.  nov.) 

N.  tcrri'sirt' ;  lliullo  cxiianso  orliicularc  vcl  iionnihil  irrognlnrc,  temiissimo,  rcnipiiu'd,  pnrvo 
int'iiibraiinceo,  pclluciiluli);  triflionuitilms  liixo  iiitriuatis,  viiric  furvatis,  ai'liciilis  ffloljosis  vel 
Sii'pius  I'llipticis,  pltTimuiiie  iiailio  pelluuidulis,  luxu  toniR'xis  ;  collulis  pcrihiruiitiljus  tuniii- 
nalibus  vi'I  iiitfrjcctis. 

Z>i'(i)?i.— Cell,  vegetat.  tjjIoo"  =   OHOlfifi;  cell,  pcnlur.  yiooo"  =  -00033. 

Ilab. — In  terrctitrc,  New  Jorsoy,  (Prof.  Au.stin.) 

Terrestrial ;  flmlliis  expanded,  irrcjijiilar  or  orbiouliir,  very  tliin,  rcriigiiimis,  small,  mcmbranousi 
polliicid;  filaineiits  loo.scly  intcrwovfii,  vurioii.^ly  ourvcd,  joints  gIol)ose  or  oftci;  elliptical, 
mostly  pelluoid  in  the  centre,  loosely  connected  ;  hcterocysts  terminal  or  interspersed. 

licmarlcs. — ]\lr.  Austin  has  kindly  sent  mc  the  only  specimens  I  have  seen  of  tliis 
species;  they  are  labelled  "Damp  tironnd,  Sept."  The  fronds,  which  are  often 
aggregated,  aie  very  smtill  and  exceedingly  thin,  especially  in  their  centrtil  por- 
tions, where  they  are  quite  translucent ;  in  form  they  are  often  circular,  some- 
times quadrangular,  sometimes  quite  irregular.  As  to  size,  most  of  them  are  not 
more  than  two  lines  in  diameter,  some  three,  or  possibly  five  lines.  The  margins 
are  often  reflexed  and  thick-^ned,  especially  in  the  smallest  fronds.  Two  kinds 
of  filaments  arc  visible ;  1st,  those  which  I  take  to  be  in  a  perfected  quiescent 
state ;  2d,  those  which  are  in  active  growth.  The  former  arc  composed  of  globose, 
or  more  commonly  elliptical  joints,  which  are  remarkable  for  the  possession  of  a 
central  translucent,  tilmost  colorless  spot,  the  cndochrome  apparently  being  arranged 
in  a  ring  around  the  outer  part  of  the  cell.  This  is,  however,  occasionally  want- 
ing. Tiie  filaments,  which  are  in  active  growth,  arc  very  irregular  in  form,  often 
much  broader  than  the  others;  their  cells  very  irregular  and  sometimes  ftised 
together  into  one  mass.  The  measurements  given  in  the  diagnosis  were  taken 
from  the  filaments  of  the  first  kind. 

b.    TJiallus  indefinite  ej-pansus. 
ThaUtis  indcftnilehj  expanded. 

IV.  Cesalii,  Bals. 

N.  tcrrestro ;  tliallo  longc  lateqnc  pxpanso,  gplatinoso-mcnibranacco,  viridi-flavescrntc ;  trielio- 
matibus  flexuoso-curvati.s,  .sublaxo  iniplicatis,  pallide  lerugincis  ;  arti<'iilis  splnericis,  laxc  vel 
arctius  conncxi.s  ;  cellulis  perdurantibus  splnericis,  et  interjectis  et  terminalibus. 

Diam.—xUtiQ.  .00010— .0002;  cell,  perdur.— ,00033". 

Si/n. — N.Cesatii,  Bai.s.     RAUExnonsT,  Flora  Europ.  Sect.  II.  p.  1T5. 

Hab. — In  terrcstre,  Kansas  (Prof.  Parry) ;  Texas  (Prof.  Ravcnel). 

Terrestrial;  tliallus  broadly  and  indefinitely  expanded,  gclatinnns-nicmbranacooiis,  ycllowisli- 
grron ;  filaments  flexnonsly  curved,  rather  laxly  iniplicatn,  pale-greenish;  articles  spherical, 
laxly  or  more  closely  connected  ;  hcterocysts  spherical,  both  interstitial  and  ternilnulibus. 


s\ 


FRESn-WATER  ALO^  OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


33 


liemarks. — This  plant  was  sent  to  me  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Parry,  from  whose  letter  the 
following  is  extracted :  "  I  send  enclosed  specimens  of  a  singular  land  Alga?  which 
I  met  with  in  this  vicinity ;  lightly  attached  to  bare  patches  of  soil  intf^rspcrsed 
with  buffalo  grass.  In  the  adjoining  bluffs  are  cretaceous  shales  full  of  seams  and 
layers  of  selenite,  from  the  decomposition  of  which  the  bottom  soil  becomes 
strongly  impregnated  with  various  saline  matters.  The  prescjnt  season  has  been 
characterized  by  unusual  mm^^ities  of  rain,  causing  extensive-  floods  over  what  is 
usually  a  dry,  arid  district." 

The  agreement  between  the  mature  forms  is  essentially  perfect.  There  can  be 
scarcely  any  doubt  as  to  the  identification,  although  I  have  not  seen  the  Ameri- 
can plant  in  its  young  state.  The  fronds  appeared  to  be  1 — 2  lines  in  thickness, 
with  its  surface  smooth,  or  sometimes  with  close  subparallcl  ridges  or  wrinkles. 

According  to  Rabcnhorst,  the  young  European  N.  cesatii  is  in  the  beginning 
globose,  and  pale  golden-yellow  ;  soon,  however,  bursting  and  spreading  out  into  an 
indefinitely  expanded  thallus. 

Among  the  alga;  collected  by  Prof.  Ravencl  in  Texas  is  a  Nostoc,  labelled  "  On 
Mud  Flats,  Cedar  Bayou,  Harris  Co.,"  which  comes  so  close  to  N.  cesatii,  that  I 
think  it  must  be  referred  to  it.  It  differs  only  in  being  more  olivaceous,  some- 
what firmer  and  in  the  size  of  the  heterocysts — the  largest  of  the  latter  which  I 
have  examined,  attaining  the  size  only  of  .00027".  The  largest  vegetative  cells  are 
.00017  in  diameter. 

IV.  calcicolal  Ao. 

N.  tliallo  irrcgularitcr  expanse,  cnormiter  sublobato,  tenuc,  mcrabranaceo,  cartiloginco,  clastico, 
pcllucido,  aut  lacto  viridc,  vcl  bruunco,  vel  dilute  viridc,  irrcgularitcr  undulate  plicato  vcl 
bullatoo ;  pcridcrmatc  picrumquc  subiiullo ;  trichomatibus  cum  filis  Icptothrichoidcis  ramosis 
intcrmixtis,  flexuosis,  plurumque  distantibus,  rarissiuie  c  cellulis  biscriatis  compositis  ;  cellulis 
subglobosis,  oblongis,  ovalibus,  cum  ceteris  ellipticis  intcrmixtis,  picrumquc  laxo  conncxis; 
cellulis  pcrdurantibus  sputericis,  intcrjcctis  ct  terminalibus. 

Uiam.— Art.  tsbs"— loW  =  .0001"4— .0001";  cell,  perdur.  tuoiiff"— ss'off"  =  .0003"— 
.0002". 

Sjn. — N.  calcicola,  Ao.    Rabenhorst,  Flora  Europ.,  Sect.  II.  p.  174. 

Ilab. — In  rnpibus,  Georgia.     (Prof.  Rareuel.) 

Thallus  irregularly  expanded,  membranaceous,  thin,  cartilaginous,  elastic,  pellucid,  bright  green, 
pale  green  or  brownish,  thin,  irregularly  undulatcly  plicate  or  bullate ;  periderm  mostly 
scarcely  distinguishable ;  filaments  intermixed  with  branched  leptothrix  filaments,  flexuous, 
mostly  distant,  vt^ry  rarely  composed  of  biseriate  cells ;  cells  subglobose,  oblong,  oval,  inter- 
mingled with  elliptical  ones,  mostly  loosely  connected  |  heterocysts  spherical,  interspersed  or 
terminal. 


Remarha. — This  species  is  one  of  those  sent  me  by  Dr.  Billings.  It  was  coUecled 
near  Catoosa  Springs,  Georgia,  by  Prof.  H.  W.  Ravencl.  In  the  dried  state  it  is 
of  a  dirty  olive-green,  and  very  much  wrinkled  and  irregular  on  its  surface.  The 
largest  specimens  are  about  an  inch  long.  There  is  no  very  distinct  periderm, 
although  in  some  places  the  filaments  are  placed  more  closely  together  on  the  outer 
portions  of  the  frond.     This  plant  seems  to  agree  with  the  descriptions  of  the 

5        Marah,  1872. 


34 


FKESU-WATER  ALQyE  OP  TUE  UNITED  STATES. 


European  S.  calckola,  fiom  v/hich  it  differs  somewhat,  however,  in  having  its  hetc 
rocysts  both  terminal  and  among  the  cells,  and  also  somewhat  in  their  size. 

I¥.  calidariuin,  Wuud. 

N.  tlmllo  maxinio,  iudefiiiitc  expanse,  out  mcmbranaceo-coriacco  vel  mcmbrnnacco-gclatinoso 
vel  meinbruuaceo,  out  Ia;te  virdi  vel  sordide  olivacoo-viridi  vcl  olivact'o-bruiiiieo,  irregularitor 
profundo  laciniato-siiiuato,  ultimo  I'Icgniilcr  laciniato;  trichomatibua  ina;qualibuB,  intcrdiim 
flexuoso-curvatis,  picrumquc  subrectis  et  arcto  coiijiiiietis,  in  forniis  duabua  occurrcntibus : 
forma  altera  pnrva,  viridi,  artioulis  cyliiulrlcis,  cum  eellulis  pcrdurantibus  hie  illic  intorjretis, 
vaginis  interdum  obsolctis,  sicpius  difflueiitibus;  forma  altera  maxima,  articniis  globusis  vel 
oblongis,  aurantiaco-brunnca,  ccllulis  pcrdurantibus  ab  articulis  ceteris  baud  diversis. 

Diam. — Forma;   prima;   articidi   maximi  ynJuj  unc. ;  celluliB  perdnrantis  j^'^,  unc.     Forma 
sccundDB  articuli  long.  55=,,,  to  ^^'^j  une.,  lat.  j^'j^  to  jj',,,,  orticuli  globosi  j^'ji  t"  io'bs  """. 
Sijn. — N.  calidarium,  Wood,  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  18C9. 
Hab. — "Benton  Springs,  Owen's  Valley,  California"  (Mrs.  Partz). 

Thallus  very  large,  indefinitely  expanded,  either  membrano-eoriaceous  or  mcmbrano-gelatinous 
or  mcrabranaccons,  cither  bright  green  or  dirty  olive-green  or  olive-brown,  irregularly  pro- 
foundly laeiniately  sinuate,  finally  elegantly  laciniate;  filaments  unequal,  sometimes  flcxu- 
ously  curved,  but  mostly  straightish  and  closely  conjoined,  occurring  in  two  forms ;  the 
one  smoU,  green,  with  cylindrical  joints,  the  heterocysts  scattered  here  and  there,  the  sheaths 
sometimes  absent,  often  diffluent;  the  other  form  very  large,  with  globose  or  oblong  articles, 
orange-brown,  the  heterocysts  not  different  from  the  other  cells. 

Eemarlca. — Numerous  specimens  of  this  species  were  received  from  Mrs.  Partz, 
who  collected  them  in  Benton's  Spring,  a  thermal  water  situated  in  the  extreme 
northern  point  of  Owen's  Valley,  California,  si.xty  miles  southwest  from  the  town 
of  Aurora.  Tlic  following  extract  from  a  letter  of  Mrs.  Partz  describes  the  place 
and  mode  of  their  growth  more  minutely. 

"  I  send  you  a  few  samples  of  the  singular  vegetation  developed  in  the  hot  springs 
of  our  valley.  These  springs  rise  from  the  earth  in  an  area  of  about  eighty  square 
feet,  which  forms  a  basin  or  pond  that  pours  its  hot  waters  into  a  narrow  creek. 
In  the  basin  are  produced  the  first  forms,  partly  at  a  temperature  of  124° — 135° 
Fahr.  Gradually  in  the  creek  and  to  a  distance  of  100  yards  from  tlie  springs  arc 
developed,  at  a  temperature  of  110° — 120°  Fahr.,  the  AlgfP,  some  growing  to  a 
length  of  over  two  feet,  ar  1  ]  3oking  like  bimches  of  waving  hair  of  the  most  beau- 
tiful green.  Below  100°  Fahr.,  these  plants  cease  to  grow,  and  give  way  to  a  slimy 
fungvs  growth,  though  likewise  of  a  beautiful  green,  which,  finally,  as  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  water  decreases,  also  disappears.  They  are  very  difficult  to  preserve, 
being  of  so  soft  and  pulpy  a  nature  as  not  to  bear  the  least  handling,  and  must 
be  carried  in  their  native  hot  water  to  the  house,  very  few  at  a  time,  and  floated 
V  ton  paper.  After  being  taken  from  the  water  and  allowed  to  cool  they  become 
a  black  pulpy  mass.  But  more  strange  than  the  vegetable  are  the  animal  organ- 
izations, whose  germs,  probably  through  modifications  of  successive  generations, 
have  finally  become  indigenous  to  these  strange  precincts.  Mr.  Partz  and  myself 
saw  in  the  clear  water  of  the  basin  a  very  sprightly  spider-like  creature  running 
nimbly  over  the  ground,  wlicrc  the  water  was  134°  Fahr.,  and  on  another  occasion 
dipped  out  two  tiny  red  worms," 


I 


i 


FRESHWATER  ALG^   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


35 


In  regard  to  the  tomporaturos  given,  nnd  the  observation  ns  to  the  presence  of 
animal  life  in  tlic  thermal  waters,  Mr.  William  Gabb,  of  the  State  Geological 
Survey,  states  that  he  has  visited  the  locality,  knows  Mrs,  Purtz  very  well,  and  that 
whatever  she  says  may  be  relied  on  as  accurate. 

The  color  of  the  dried  specimen  varies  from  a  very  elegant  bluish-green  to  dirty- 
greenish  and  fuscous-brown.  After  somewhat  prolonged  soaking  in  hot  water,  the 
specimens  regained  apparently  their  original  form  and  dimensions,  and  were  found 
to  be  in  very  good  condition  for  microscopical  study. 

The  plant  in  its  earliest  stages  appears  to  consist  simply  ol  cylindrical  filaments, 
which  are  so  small  that  they  are  resolved  with  some  difficulty  into  the  component 
cells  by  a  first-class  one-fifth  objective.  Fronds  composed  entirely  of  filaments  of 
tliis  description  were  received.  Some  of  these  were  marked  as  "  first  forms,"  and 
as  having  grown  in  water  at  a  temperature  of  160°  Fahr.  Probably  these  were 
collected  immediately  over  the  spot  where  the  heated  water  bubbled  up.  At  this 
temperature,  if  the  collection  made  is  to  be  relied  on  as  the  meiins  of  judging,  the 
plant  docs  not  perfect  Hsclf.  To  the  naked  eye  these  "first  forms"  were  simply 
membranous  expansions,  of  a  vivid  green  color  and  indefinite  size  and  shape, 
scarcely  as  thick  as  Avriting-papcr,  with  their  edges  very  deeply  cut  and  running 
out  into  a  long,  waving,  hair-like  fringe.  Otlier  specimens,  which  grew  at  a  much 
lower  temperature,  exactly  simulated  tliose  just  described,  both  in  general  appear- 
ance and  microscopical  characters.     These,  I  believe,  were  the  immature  plant. 

The  matured  fronds,  as  obtained  by  the  method  of  soaking  above  described,  were 
"gelatinous  membranous,"  of  a  dirty-greenish  or  fuscous-brown  at  their  bases,  and 
bright  green  at  their  marginal  portions,  where  they  were  deeply  incised  and  finally 
split  up  into  innumerable  hair-like  processes.  Proximally  they  were  one,  or  evea 
two,  lines  in  thickness,  distally  they  were  scarcely  as  thick  us  tissue  paper.  Their 
bases  were  especially  gelatinous,  sometimes  somewhat  translucent,  and  under  the 
microscope  were  found  to  have  in  them  only  a  few  distant  filaments. 

Two  sets  of  filaments  were  very  readily  distinguished  in  the  adult  plant.  The 
most  abundant  of  these,  and  that  especially  found  in  the  distal  portions  of  the 
fronds,  were  composed  of  unifo  .  cylindrical  cells,  often  enclosed  in  a  gelatinous 
sheath.  The  diameter  of  such  filaments  varies  greatly;  in  the  larger  the  sheaths 
are  generally  apparent,  in  the  smaller  they  are  frequently  indistinguishable. 

In  certain  places  these  filaments  are  more  or  less  parallel  side  by  side,  and  are 
glued  together  in  a  sort  of  membrane.  It  is  only  in  these  cylindrical  filaments 
that  I  have  been  able  to  detect  heterocysts,  which  are  not  very  different  from  the 
other  cells ;  they  are  about  one-third  or  one-half  broader,  and  are  not  vesicular,  but 
have  contents  similar  to  those  of  the  other  cells.  In  one  instance  only  was  I  able 
to  detect  hairs  upon  these  heterocysts. 

The  larger  filaments  are  found  especially  near  the  base  and  in  the  other  older 
portions  of  the  frond.  Their  cells  are  generally  irregularly  elliptical  or  globose, 
rarely  are  they  cylindrical.  They  are  mostly  of  an  orange- brown  color;  and  there 
exists  a  particular  gelatinous  coating  to  each  cell  rather  than  a  common  gelatinous 


Mmas^^m 


36 


PRESn-WATEU   ALO.E   OF  TUE   UNI  "ED   STATES. 


sheath  to  the  filament.  Tlicse  hirpjer  threads  arc  apparently  produced  from  the 
smaller  filaments  by  a  pror  jss  of  growth. 

Near  the  base  and  in  the  under  portions  of  the  fronds,  these  filaments  arc  scat- 
tered in  the  homogeneous  ji'lly  in  which  they  run  infinitely  diverse  courses.  In 
the  upper  portions  of  the  frond,  and  at  some  little  distance  from  the  base,  the  ad- 
joining cells  are  very  close  to  one  another,  and  pursue  more  or  less  parallel  courses, 
with  enough  firm  jelly  between  to  unite  them  into  a  sort  of  membrane. 

This  plant  certainly  belongs  to  the  Noatochicea,  and  seems  a  sort  of  connecting 
link  between  the  genera  Ilurmosiphon  of  Kiitzing  and  Nostoc, 

The  best  algologists  now  refuse  to  recognize  the  former  group  as  gcncrically 
distinct;  and  the  characters  presented  by  this  plant  seem  to  corroborate  that  view. 

Adherent  to,  and  often  more  or  less  imbedded  in,  the  fronds  of  the  Nostoc,  were 
scattered  frustules  of  several  species  of  diatoms,  none  of  which  was  I  able  to  iden- 
tify. In  some  of  the  fronds  there  were  numerous  vmicellular  Algtc,  all  of  them 
representatives  of  a  single  species  belonging  to  the  genus  Chroococcus,  Niigeli. 
This  genus  contains  the  very  lowest  known  organisms — simple  cells  without  nuclei, 
multiplying,  as  far  as  known,  only  by  cell-division.  These  cells  are  found  single  or 
associated  in  small  families ;  and  in  certain  species  these  families  arc  united  to  form 
a  sort  of  indeterminate  gelatinous  stratum.  In  these  species  the  families  are  com- 
posed of  but  very  few  cells,  surrounded  by  a  very  large,  more  or  less  globular  or 
elliptical  mass  of  transparent,  firm  jelly.  The  species  is  very  closely  allied  to 
Chroococcus  hirgidus^yax.  thermalis,  Ilabenh.,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  outer 
jelly  not  being  lamellated. 

The  technical  description  of  this  plant  will  be  found  in  the  proper  place. 

Fig.  2  a,  pi,  2,  represents  the  most  mature  and  largest  filament ;  Fig.  2  i,  a  small 
filament  from  the  same  frond,  each  magnified  800  diameters.  Fig.  2  c,  represents 
portions  of  the  upper  surfaces  of  fronds. 

IV.  comminutiim,  Ktz. 

N.  thallo  indcGnite  expanse,  gclatinoso,  natontc,  modo  viride,  plcramquo  sordidc  forrnginco; 
tricbomatibua  flcxuosis,  plerumquc  Bubdcnse  intricatis;  nrticiilis  globosis  (ante  divisioncm 
factam  aubcyliiidricis),  subti'iter  granulatis,  interdiim  licte  viridibns,  plerumquc  ferrugineia 
aut  lutco-rusccsceutibua  aut  fuscis;  ccllulis  pcrdurautibus  glubosia,  urticuloruni  diametro 
duplo  majoribus,  interjcctis  aut  tcrminalibus. 

Diam. — Artie.  jjjVtj";  cell,  pcrduv.  jb'bzj"- 

Syn — N.  comminutum,  Ktz.     RABENHoasT,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  II.  p.  179. 

Hab. — In  fossis  natantc,  prope  Philadelphia. 

Thallns  indefinitely  expanded,  gelatinous,  floating,  mostly  sordidly  ferniginous,  sometimes 
greenish;  trichomata  flexuous,  mostly  snbdcnsely  intricote;  joints  gloljoso  (before  division 
subcylindrical),  minutely  gronulatc,  sometimes  bright  green,  sometimes  ferruginous,  yellow- 
ish-fuscous, or  fuscous;  heterocysts  globose,  about  twice  as  long  as  ordinary  joints,  both 
interspersed  and  terminal. 

Remarl-8. — This  species  is  to  be  found  floating  on  the  surface  of  the  ditches 
below  the  city  in  the  latter  part  of  August  and  September,  forming  a  repulsive, 
ferruginous,  slimy  scum.    The  periderm  is  not  very  apparent,  and  indeed  the  sepa- 


PRESn-WATER  ALQM  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


37 


rnte  fronds  arc  not  distinct.  Tlu;  filaments  nro  very  lonf^,  mostly  closely  intricate, 
very  nuic.'i  curved;  in  some  places  they  are  more  sparse.  Their  color  is  mostly  a 
sort  of  yellowish  ferruginoiis-jfreen,  sometimes  they  are,  decidedly,  almost  purely 
f(?rruginous,  more  rarely  a  bright  green.  Tiiis  plant  agrees  pretty  well  with  the 
descriptions  of  the  European  NohIuc  vumiiiiiuttnin,  and  I  believe  is  the  same 
species;  if,  however,  N.  lacuMre  of  Kutzing  is  distinct  from  iV.  cotiiuiiiivtiuii,  this 
is  also ;  but  I  incline  to  the  opinion  that  they  arc  all  different  forms  of  one  plant. 
Fig.  3,  pi.  2,  represents  a  single  filament  magnified  800  diameters. 

IV.  commune,  Valch. 

N.  terrustre,  tliallo  irrcgularitcr  expanse,  (lilTormi,  uiidulato-plicnto,  troniuio,  intun  aquosp  gcla- 
tinoso,  tctatc  provecta  picruiiiquu  c.vcuvuto,  pfridcriiiato  subeorincuo  linno,  olivuceo,  liiteo- 
fusccsecnto  vcl  luteo-fuHCo  cincto  ;  trichoiiiatiljus  (iexuoso-curvatis,  pallide  rcru)?iii('is,  laxo 
iiiiplicatia,  Kqtmlibus  vol  sul>iL>(|iiulil)us,  liiiud  rnro  a  haul  ad  uivdium  UHcpie  rvlluliH  liiscriuUa 
cunipositis;  articulis  spliacriciH  vol  c  iiiutua  pressioiic  siibqiiadranKuIaribua,  laxc  cuniicxis, 
paHsini  distaiitibuH,  puiicto  ceiitruli  tiirbato  prucditis;  cclluli.s  purduraiitibus  glubusis,  articu- 
lorum  diamctro  dupio  majoribus,  intcrstialibus  tcrmiimlibusipiu. 

Diam Coll.  vegetal.  .00012"— .OOOIC"  ;  ceil,  perdurant.  .00025"— .00033". 

Syn. — N.  commune,  Vaucii.     Rabeniiorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  II.  p.  175. 

Uab. — In  terrestre,  Now  Jersey.    (Austin.)     "  Rio  Bravo.  Schott."    Uarvcy. 

Terrestrial ;  tballus  irregularly  expanded,  shapeless,  undulote-plieote,  tremi4louR,  wltliin  of  tho 
consistence  of  tliin  jelly,  in  advanced  age  mostly  hollow  ;  poridcriu  subcoriaccou;.,  firm,  oliva- 
ceous, yellowiBli-fuHcous ;  filaments  floxuously  curved,  pale  green,  laxly  implirate,  equal  or 
subcqual,  not  rarely  composed  of  a  double  series  of  cells  from  their  base  to  their  middle ; 
articles  spherical  or  subquadrangular  from  mutual  pressure,  loosely  connected,  here  and  Ihero 
distant,  furnished  with  a  central  spot ;  hetcrocysts  globose,  twice  as  large  as  the  vegetative 
articles,  interstitial  and  terminal. 

Remarks. — The  only  specimens  I  have  seen  of  this  species  are  very  old  ones, 
which  have  burst  and  discharged  their  central  portions.  I  have  consequently  pre- 
ferred to  copy  the  diagnosis  of  Prof.  Rabeniiorst.  My  specimens  agree  pretty 
closely  with  it.  The  filaments,  and  also  the  single  cells,  arc  closer  together  than 
his  words  would  seem  to  indicate.  My  measurements  of  the  hetcrocysts,  as  given 
above,  are  larger  than  those  of  Prof.  Rabenhorst.  They  agree,  however,  with  his 
text,  Avhich  his  own  measurements  do  not.  I  am  indebted  to  Prof.  Austin  for 
specimens  of  this  species,  which  he  collected  in  Northern  New  Jersey.  According 
to  Professor  Harvey  this  plant  was  collected  by  Dr.  Schott  along  the  Rio  Bravo, 
where  it  is  common  on  dry  fiats  after  rains. 

Subfamily  SPERMOSIRILE. 

Thallns  sine  peridcrmatc,  interdum  nullus.     Trichomata  sporis  instructa. 

Thallua  without  any  periderm,  sometimes  absent.     Filaments  furnished  with  spores. 


Genus  ANABiENA,  Bort. 

Trichomata  moniliformia,  cvaginata;  sporis  sphiericis,  anrcis  vel  aureo-fuseis,  plcruraque  singulis, 
cum  eellulis  vegctativis  vel  perdurantibus  conjunctis. 


'  '-'■'-■- 1    I  ^^ 


IH 


38 


FRESn-WATER  A  L  0  ^:   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Pilamcnta  nionilirorin,  wiilimil  sliciitlis ;  n|>nri'«  spherical,  yiOlnw  or  yellowiHli-fiiscouo,  mostly  sin- 
gle, varlouHly  pluci'd  us  to  ilio  lictiTocysta  and  orUiuury  eclls. 

Remark». — The  clinractcrs  which  I  have  given  arc  somewhat  different  and  less 
oxactinpf  than  tliose  of  Prof.  Itabenhorst,  otherwise  our  American  species  would 
hardly  be  covered  by  the  diagnosis.  Professor  Harvey  in  his  Phycologia  IJritan- 
nica  states  tliat  A.  Jussieu  had  preoccupied  tlic  name,  Anuhaua,  by  applying  it  to 
a  genus  of  Eiijiltorhiacnr.  Tlie  date  of  Hory's  name  is,  however,  18'23,  whilst  that 
of  Jussieu  is  1824,     Hence,  it  is  the  latter  which  must  be  changed. 

A.  gelatinoMa,  Wuon. 

A.  tlmllo  mucoso  pelatiiioso,  imlcfmite  cxpanso,  dilutissimo  brunnoo,  nonniliil  pellueido ;  tricho- 
niatibiis  Imud  vngiiiatl(<,  luviter  floxuoso-iMirvatis,  nonniliil  disfantiljus,  liaud  intricalis,  aut 
dilute  auroi.s  aut  dilute  eosruleo-viridihua  ;  arliculis  plolioais,  lioniogonpis  ;  eollulis  pcrdw- 
rantihus  artifulornm  diumctro  fere  ajqualibus,  globosis,  vel  rare  obloiigis;  sporis  terininalibus, 
singuli.s,  globosirt  (fusco-brunncis?). 

Si/n. — ,1.  gclaliiwsa,  Wood,  Prodromus,  Proc.  Ainer.  Pliilos.  Soc,  18C0,  12C. 

Hub. — Prope  I'liiladelpliia. 

Tliallua  gelatinous,  mucous,  indennitvly  expiindod,  soincwliat  pellucid,  with  a  brownish  tinge; 
lilamonts  not  vaginatc,  Homcwliat  curved,  ratlicr  distant,  not  intricate,  cither  a  light  golden- 
yellow  or  light  bluish-green;  joints  globose,  homogeneous;  heterocysts  about  equal  to  the 
Hlauicuts  in  diameter,  globose  or  rarely  oblong ;  spores  terminal,  globose. 

Remarks. — The  color  of  the  shapeless  mass  of  jelly  of  which  the  frond  is  com- 
posed is  a  light.brown  with,  in  jjlaces,  a  decided  reddisli  or  flesh-colored  tint.  The 
heterocysts  are  either  interstitial  or  terminal,  no  hairs  were  detected  on  them; 
they  are  mostly  globose  and  jnly  occasionally  are  they  oblong. 

Fig.  4,  pi.  2,  represents  a  filament  of  this  species  magnified  750  diameters;  the 
color  of  the  endochromc  of  the  large  spore  was  possibly  due  to  its  being  dead. 

A.  flos  aqua;,  (LvNan.)  Ktz. 

A  libera  natana,  submembranacea,  asruginca;  trichomatibus  plus  minus  eurvatis,  stcpius  circi- 
natis;  nrticulis  sphierieis  vel  c  mutua  pressione  modo  ellipticis  modo  oblongo-quadratis ;  cel- 
lulis  pcrdurantibus  ellipticis  singulis  vol  geminis;  cytioplasmatu  pallide  a;rngineo  granulato 
turbato  ;  sporis  exacto  globosis  aurco-fulvis  lucidis,  singulis  interjcctis,  articulorum  diamotro 
subdupio  majoribus.     U.  Species  mihi  ignota. 

Diam.— Artie.  O.OOOlt"— 0,00025";  diara.  long  cell.  perd.  0.00048"— 0.0005.}";  spor. 
0.000;j2"— 0.0004". 

Hyn. — A.  JloK  aqusp,  (LvNiin.)  Ktz.     Uahenhorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  II.  p.  182. 

Ilah. — "Hound  Pond,  West  Point,  New  York."  Prof.  Bailey.  Silliman's  Journal,  N.  !3.,  vol. 
iii.  18 

Swimming  free,  snbmembranaceons,  ffirnginons;  filaments  more  or  loss  curved,  very  often  cir- 
cinnate;  articles  spherical,  or,  from  mutual  pressure,  elliptical  or  oblong  quadrate;  heterocysts 
elliptical,  single  or  geminate  ;  eytioplasm  pale  a-ruginous,  granulate  ;  spores  exactly  globular, 
golden-fulvous,  bright,  singly  interspersed,  nearly  twice  the  diameter  of  the  joints. 

A.  gigantea,  Wood. 

A.  thallo  nuUo,  trichomatibua  sir  Talis  et  numeroso-consociatis,  natantihus,  rcclis,  in  ictate 
juveni  spiraliter  convclutis  ;  arliculis  plerumque  subglobosis,  arete  connexis,  granulosis  ;  eel- 


FUESlI-WATEll  ALUvK  OF   THK    UNITED   STATES. 


39 


lulls  perdiiruiitibiiB  intorjootis,  arlieulis  vcgctutiviH  Bubajqualibus,  utroqne  polo  panctiforme 
incrasHatig,  BubH|)liu!rici8;  sporis  8ubti|)iiieriei8. 

Sijn. — A.  giyunlea,  Wood,  Prodromus,  Troc.  Amcr.  PbiloB.  See,  18C9,  146. 

Uab. — In  Btugiiiu  iiutaiitu,  propo  riiiiadclpliiu. 

Diam — Artie,  vcgutut.  mux.  J^\\„.  Ilutcrocysts  a^'o,  -  ,0005.  Spor.  lat.  ,g>o'ffo  -  Long' 
,  Au  -  001. 

Tliiiilus  wanting  j  filamonts  occurring  floating  singly  on  water  or  in  great  numbers,  straigbt, 
but  in  the  young  stiito  oflon  spirally  convolute  ;  unifies  mostly  subglobosc,  closely  connected, 
granular,  hetcrocysts  subspberical,  interstitiul,  a  very  little  larger  tLan  the  vegetative  cells, 
thickened  at  each  end  in  a  punctirorm  manner;  spore  Bubsphcricul. 

Remarks.— This  plant  was  found  by  myself,  late  in  the  summer,  floating  upon  a 
brick-pond  below  the  city,  forming  a  part  of  a  thick,  dirty-green,  "pea-soup 
colored,"  almost  pulverulent  scum.  The  filaments,  though  occasionally  in  great 
numbers,  were  never,  that  I  saw,  joined  togetlier  by  any  jelly  so  as  to  form  a  frond, 

i'ig-  5,  pi.  3,  represents  a  short  filament  of  this  species  magnified  750  diameters. 

Genus  CYLINDROSPEIIMUM,  Ktz. 

SporoB  ante  cellulam  tcrminalcm  ortas. 

Sporo  developing  from  the  next  to  the  terminal  cell. 

C.  luinutum,  Wood. 

C.  trichomatibus  dilute  ajrugineis,  picrumque  flexuoso-curvatis  et  intricatis,  intcrdum  subrcctis ; 
articulia  cylindricis,  ad  gcnicula  plus  minus  constrictis,  liomogeiieis  vel  granulatis;  cellulia 
pcrdurantibus  terminalibus,  hirsutis,  globosis;  sporis  ellipticis,  dianictro  2—3  plo  longioribus, 
subtilissimc  granulatis. 

Syn.—C.  minutim,  Wood,  Prodromus,  Proc.  Amor.  Philos.  8oc.,  18C9,  126. 

Diam.—XrWc.  bbVtt";  spor.  long,  f,',,";  trnnsv.  ^g's,". 

Hab. — In  stngnia  propo  Philadelphia. 

Filaments  light  airuginous-grcen,  generally  curved  and  intricate,  sometimes  struightish ;  articles 
cylindrical,  more  or  leas  constricted  at  the  joints,  homogeneous  or  granulate  ;  hrteroeysts 
terminal,  hirsute,  globose ;  spores  elliptical,  2 — 3  times  longer  than  broad,  very  minutely 
granulate. 

Remarks.— 'This  species  was  found  by  myself  at  Spring  Garden,  New  Jersey, 
With  a  number  of  other  alga;  it  formed  a  ferruginous-brown  gelatinous  mass, 
growing  in  a  deep,  shaded,  very  stagnant  pool.  In  most  instances  the  filaments 
were  closely  interwoven,  and  sometimes  lormed  minute  greenish  balls,  just  large 
enough  to  be  visible  to  the  unassisted  eye.  In  other  instances  they  were  mixed 
up  with  various  algec  in  little  indefinite  masses.  There  is  apparently  a  stage  in 
the  life  of  the  plant,  when  it  consists  of  a  single  filament  enclosed  in  a  little  cap- 
sule, for  mixed  in  with  the  rest  of  the  gelatinous  scum  were  little  microscopic,  sub- 
globose  masses,  with  a  firm  outer  periderm  and  a  single  filament  coiled  up  in  the 
centre.  The  color  of  the  filaments  was  generally  a  faint  bluish-green,  sometimes, 
however,  with  a  yellowish  tint.     The  spores  were  decidedly  yellowish. 

Fig.  6,  pi.  2,  represents  a  fragment  of  a  filament  with  the  spore  magnified  800 
diameters. 


40 


FRE8U-VVATKU  ALUJi  OF  TUE   UNITED   STATK8. 


1 


M 


C  aeiuomiin,  (An.)  iudrnh. 

C.  atrato  golutiiiuxi),  unturato  virldo,  iiKlcllnitu  cxpansu;  tridiomntibiiM  icquolilxia,  pnllido  vcl 
8aturato  uu'niU'o-viridilms,  pIcriiiiKiii))  vulilo  tlcxuoHU  ut  intricutin,  mi'piiix  tiri'liintiiii  vvl 
fusi'iutiiii  coiivdliiliH,  iiitt'riltiui  xubi'i'c'lU,  I't  fusciutiiii  coiiti'XtiN;  urticuliH  oltluiiKix,  nil  pelli- 
cula pliiii  iiiiiiiin  coiitrui'tlH,  lioiiiof^ciici!!  vcl  Kriiiiiilulii*,  ilUlliictlH ;  cclliiliH  pcriliiraiitiliiiH 
turmiiiulibiiH,  hiiIikIoIiuhIm,  ruru  liirHiitiM,  iioiiiiiuHpiuiii  li>  'ricliuiiiulis  utru«|Uo  Uuu ;  Hpurig 
oblungo-c^lludrlcis,  dianictru  S — 3  plu  luiigluribiis,  dint   .etc  gruiiulutid. 

7)iam.— Spor.  ^, J, ,"■■  .000410"  ;  cell,  veget.  ,o>b,"  —  .000100". 

Syn. — C.  JlcxHonum,  (Ao.)     ItAiiENiKintiT,  Floru  Kurop.  Algiiriim,  Sect.  II.  p.  188. 

Ilab III  locirt  IrrorullM,  propi;  riiiludclplila. 

Striitiiiii  gcliitliiDiiK,  deep  green,  iiidcruiltcly  expan<lcd ;  riliiiiicnt)i  eipial,  pnl»  or  deep  bliili«h- 
green,  mostly  very  (le.xiioiis  iind  interwoven,  ol'teii  circiniiutcly  or  I'lisciutcly  coiivolnle  ;  Hoiiie- 
tiine8  ittraigiitiHli  mid  in  bundles  ;  uriicle.s  oblong,  nioru  or  Icsit  coiitriictcd  itl  llio  jolntii,  lioiiio- 
goncoiiH  or  graiiulute,  dJHtlnct ;  lictcrocyHta  terminal,  HubgloboHo,  rurcly  liirKUtu,  minictiiiioa 
at  botli  ends  of  tlic  tilament ;  sporcH  obloiig-cylindricui,  2  or  J  tinicH  longer  tliuu  broiid,  dis- 
tinctly griiiiuliitc. 

liemarkn. — Tho  color  of  the  filaments  in  young  specimens  is  deeper  tlinn  in  the 
older,  which,  however,  grew  in  a  much  darker  locality.  The  young  sjiores  are  a 
yellowish-green,  afterwards  tliey  are  of  a  sort  of  yellowish  reddish-brown.  In  one 
instance  two  spores  were  seen  closely  conjoined  together  at  the  end  of  a  filament. 
In  some  filaments  one  or  more  heterocysts  occur  intcrstitially.  Often  one  or  more 
filaments  will  be  seen  coiled  together  like  a  rope.  On  the  banks  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill Kiver  I  have  found  this  species  in  two  localities  in  the  latter  part  of  Sej)- 
tember.  In  the  one  instance  it  grew  along  the  Reading  Railroad,  just  above  the 
Flat  Rock  tunnel,  in  a  dark  little  grotto,  formed  by  shelving  rocks.  In  the  other 
case,  it  was  on  wet  ground  by  a  horse-trongh  very  near  the  west  end  of  the  upper 
bridge  at  Mauayunk. 

Fig.  Irt,  pi.  3,  represents  a  filament,  magnified  450  diameters. 

Fig.  16,  a  portion  of  u  filament,  magnified  bOO  diameters. 

C  niacroiiperiniiin,  Ktz. 

C.  tricliomatibus  curvatis  vcl  Bubrcdtis,  pallidc  (cnigincis;  articulis  cylindricis  vel  subcylin- 
dricis  (in  forma  Europica  "globosis  vcl  ellipticis"),  ad  gcnicula  plus  minaa  constrictis, 
passim  conflucntibuH ;  ccllulis  terminalibus  plcruni(|iic  cllipticis  vol  ovatis,  diametro  paulo 
vel  subdupio  longioribus;  sporis  elllptico-oblongis  vcl  oblongo-cylindraccis,  viridlbus  (in 
formam  Europiuain  inaturam  *•'  saturate  fuscis"),  subtilitcr  granulosis,  dinmetro  dupio  loa- 
gioribus. 

Diam—Trkh.  cell,  transv.  j^'jo"  =c  .00003";  spor.  .00046"— .00054". 

Syn. — C.  macrospermujii,  Ktz.     Rabeniiorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  II.  p.  186. 

Bab. — In  rivulis,  South  Carolina.     (Prof.  Ravcnel.) 

Filaments  curved  or  straiglitish,  pnle  wrnginons ;  articles  cylindrical  or  snbcylindricnl  (in 
European  species  "  globose  or  elliptical"),  more  or  less  constricted  at  the  joints,  here  and 
there  confluent ;  terminal  cells  mostly  elliptical  or  ovate,  a  little  longer  or  about  twice  as 
long  as  brood;  spores  elliptical-oblong  or  oblong  cylindrical,  greenish  (in  mature  European 
specimens  deep  fuscous),  flncly  granular,  about  twice  as  long  as  broad. 

liemarl-s. — I  have  received  this  species  from  Professor  Ravcnel,  who  collected 
it  near  Aiken,  South  Carolina,  in  the  month  of  September ;  with  it  was  the  follow- 


r  1 


-4 


FRESU-WATKIl   ALU^   OF  T II K    UNITED  8TATK8. 


41 


■1 


ing  noto:  "In  bottom  of  sliullow,  slowly  rminiiig  stronms,  ndlicring  to  ground  or 
fulloii  leuves,  &c.,  gcliitiiioiis  green."  The  upeciniens  ugreo  well  with  the  descriii- 
tion  of  the  Kuropeun  form,  except  thut  1  liuve  never  seen  the  joints  globose  or  elli|>- 
ticul,  but  alwai/8  cylindrical,  iis  they  are  said  t(j  bo  nomdinica  in  the  typical  speci- 
mens. The  color  of  the  spores  also  is  not  "  fuscous,"  but  tliut  probably  depcndi 
upon  their  not  being  fully  mature. 

Fig.  7,  pi.  2,  represents  the  spore  of  this  species  with  the  neighboring  hctcro- 
cyst,  mngniiied  750  diameters. 

C.  COmntllin,  Wood  (Hp.  imv.) 

V.  terrcHlri',  Htratiiin  golutinoHUin  a>riiKiiicuin  iiiti'rdum  brunrifu  tiiictum,  furmuiiH;  trii'liomnti- 
bus  floxuoHii),  iiilrii'utiM,  huuU  iipirulibuH,  tL'(|Uulibu>t;  urticulin  bruvii  oyliiidrucviH,  dianit'tro 
ui(|uulibu8  ad  plus  dupio  luiigioribux,  pleruni(|uu  HijuiictiH,  pullidu  lurugiiivis,  ubticuru  grniiii- 
lutiit ;  ci'll':!i.4  t<  riiiinulibuH  Hubglubusia  ;  sporix  ubluiixo-cyliiidrk'iK,  diumutru  fvrc  dupluluiigi* 
uribus,  gi^mulutiti,  lutco-bruniiuig ;  mcmbruna  ituhsu,  diHtinuto  grniiulata. 

Viani Spor.  trnnsv.  uSon"  -  .00042".     Long.  ijVoo"  =  .00002".     Artie.  .0001". 

JIab. — lu  tvrra  udu;  Niagara,  Canada. 

Growing  on  the  ground,  forming  a  gelatinous  Htratum  of  an  tcruginons  color,  Ronictimca  tinged 
on  edges  with  brown;  tilunienls  flcxuouH,  ecpial,  intrieatc,  not  spiral;  jointH  shortly  cylin- 
drical, equal  to  or  more  than  twice  as  long  as  thu  diameter,  mostly  separated,  palo  oiruginouH, 
obRcurely  granulate,  terminal  cells  subgloboso  ;  spores  oblong-cylindrical,  about  twice  aa 
long  as  broud,  granulate,  yuUowiuh-brown  ;  mcmbrano  thick,  distinctly  granulate, 

liemarJcfi. — I  found  this  CyJbuhospermum  growing  upon  the  ground  in  tlie 
marshes  which  border  the  Niagara  llivcr  just  above  the  Canadian  Falls.  It  formed 
a  bright,  a'ruginous,  gelatinous,  but  firmish,  almost  membranous,  stratum. 

The  filaments  arc  often  quite  long,  and  are  composed  of  short,  cylindrical  cells, 
mostly  placed  rather  l  r  apart.  The  terminal  cells  are  remarkable  for  being  abun- 
dantly provided  witli  long,  flexible,  hair-like  proccs-scs,  upon  the  ends  of  which  arc 
minute  lobular  bodies  (cells?).  Those  appendages  are  so  minute  as  to  make  it  diffi- 
cult to  determine  their  structure,  and  although  I  have  studied  them  with  a  B'jth 
immersion  lens,  giving  a  power  of  nearly  2500  diameters,  there  arc  some  points 
about  them  still  undotorminod.  I  do  not  know  whether  they  or  the  little  globules 
are  hollow  or  not.  I  do  feel  pretty  certain,  however,  that  the  little  globules  arc 
distinct  bodies,  and  that  they  finally  drop  off,  leaving  the  naked  hair  behind.  Is 
it  possible  that  they  have  any  sexual  significance  \  The  spore-wall  is  thick,  and 
under  a  high  power  is  seen  to  bo  distinctly  granulate.  The  granules  arc  of  course 
small,  but  in  the  perfected  spore  can  plainly  be  soon  with  an  eighth  objective  pro- 
jecting out  from  the  margin. 

Fig.  8,  pi.  2,  represents  the  spore-end  of  a  filament,  magnified  1375  diameters. 


Genus  DOLICIIOSPEIIMUM,  Thwaites. 

Sporas  ellipticie,  oblongtc  vcl  cylindracesD,  inter  ccllulos  vegcfativos  ortna,  sJBpo  in  sericbus  con- 
ncxo!,  a  cclluiia  pcrdurantibus  dlsjunctte. 

Spores  elliptical,  oblong,  or  cylindrical,  occurring  amidst  the  vegetotive  cells,  often  connected  in 
scries,  separated  from  the  hcterocysts. 

6       April,  1873. 


42  FRESII-WATIIU    Al.d.K   OF   TUK    UNITKD   STATES. 

Syn. — SphirriKiiijn,  (\\'vTonr.»,  partiin.) 

Volii-hosinriuiim,  Thwaitk's  MSS.      Mr.  J.  l{A-„r8  on  the  Nomtochiner,  Ann.  Mng. 
Nut.  Hist.  ISiiO,  p.  ;!3o. 

Itnnar/iK. — Tliis  f,^!!!!.^  iliHVrs  from  Si>fi(rro:i/ija  in  tliat  the  siMirrs  Imvo  no  vclii- 
tion,  in  ri'giinl  to  position,  with  tlio  luti'iocvsts.  I'lof't'ssor  Uabfiihoist,  in  liis 
Flora,  does  not  acknowlnlfjo  it ;  but  it  is  vi>ry  t-viiU-nt  that  hv  has  ncitlit-r  seen 
the  orifjinal  paprr  ot"  Mr.  Halt's,  nor  tlic  spccios  npon  which  th«>  gt-nns  was  I'onndfil, 
for  lir  nirntions  luino  of  tht-  latter,  citht-r  as  gooil  sptri«'s  or  synonyms,  and  tlu> 
nu'moir  itself  is  not  inchuh-il  in  his  bililiof^niiihical  list.  'I'he  jjcnerie  rharaetcrs 
given  by  myself  a  .•  essentially  tho.se  of  the  orijjinal  description,  with  the  excej)- 
tion  that  the  tilaments  in  tiie  latter  are  said  to  be  a<,'<;regated  into  u  stratnni,  which 
is  not  true  of  the  American  forms  heroin  described. 

D.  MiibriKiiliiiii,  W»op. 

iS.  nittiiii:<;  lrioli(>n\i>liliiii;  siiifiulis,  roctisi  nut  sulirootis,  niininiis.  diluto  viriililms-  nrtictilis 
('vliiitlrncris  nut  .suligloliosis,  diiitinotis ;  sporis  ojlinilnici-is,  in  meilin  frnuliitiin  iioiiiiiliil 
I'lHi.xtrii'lis,  sinpiilis  i\nt  tluiilicis,  sine  ci'llnlis  j)oriliiriviitiliu.>i  inter  ro  ;  cfUulis  iioniuniiitihus 
bri'vo  nlinilriu'oi,-*,  singulis,  (ii.illin'tis. 

Syn. — Sphirrosiga  gubrujiihim,  Wnoii,  Proilronuis,  Proc.  Amor.  Pliilos.  Soc,  ISOO,  p.  \'2',\. 
Viam. —Cvn.  vcp.  trims.  j,,'„n"  =  ■*'">) If/';  spor.   Iraiisv.  ,,\t„"_„Vo"  -  OOOl';!"  — .OOO'.'d"; 

lonjr.  is'oo"  =   ^'"*"'''''";  I'''"    P>'''>1   inuisv.  ,,'„(,"=• -HOO^-i". 
IJiib. — In  stiignis  propo  Pliiltulclpliin. 

S.  Flvintinp;  lilnnicntR  sinfjlc,  strnifrht  or  iitrniglitisli,  vory  sniull.  Ii);lit  Rrron;  nrtic!i\<  rylin- 
drionl  t<r  sulijjli'l'osp,  tli.'*lim'l;  sporos  sintrlo  or  donblo,  in  llu>  niiilcllc  prndnully  a  littU' oon- 
strlotod,  not  linvinK  n  lictonuyst  Wtwocn  tluni  ;  lictcrocysta  Siliortly  nlindriciil,  single, 
tlistinot. 

luiiKtrkn. — I  have  found  this  species  growing  in  the  scnm  floating  ujHm  the 
ditches  below  the  city.  The  tilaments  are  always,  as  1  have  seen  them,  scattered. 
'I'hey  seem  always  to  be  nearly  straight,  or  etitirely  so,  and  indeed  preserve  their 
straightness  so  constantly  as  to  suggest  the  name  given  the  species.  The  sjM)res  are 
V'^ry  distinct,  ami  all  that  1  have  s(>en  were  greenish,  cylindrical,  and  constricted  in 
the  middle,  so  that  their  sides  are  concave.  Their  position  does  not  seem  to  be 
uniform,  any  further  than  that  they  are  amongst  the  ordittary  cells.  The  heferocysts 
are  large,  almost  eqmilliug  tht>  spores  in  diameter ;  I  have  never  detected  hairs  on 
them.  This  species  appears  to  be  most  ne;irly  allieil  to  D.  T/iirnilrsii  of  Ualfs,  from 
which  it  difi'ers  in  not  forming  a  stratum,  ami  in  the  great  proportionate  dianu'ter 
of  the  heterocysts.      1  have  never  seen  any  measurements  of  1>.  Thicuik^ii. 

Fig.  '2,  pi.  'ti,  is  a  tilament,  nuignitied  97.")  diamoters, 

P.  poljNprrnin,  (Kn.) 

S.  trii'lionintilius  pli'minipic  Rulisoliliiriis,  sod  iiitordiiin  cnnsorintls  ct  intn'oiitis,  dihito  rii-rulpo- 
viridihus,  .siilMVctis  nut  varic  {-urviitis  el  lloxnosis;  iirlirulis  nut  .vulisplm-rii  !.•<  nut  breve  eylin- 
drieis;  eellulis  perdurnntibn.s  globosis  nut  Intissiine  elliplieis,  nrtieulorutu  dinnietro  pnula 
vol  dnplo  i.injorilius ;  .Kporis  phis  minus  elonirntis,  eyliudrneeis — in  n-lnte  inunuturn,  npnrso 
grnnulrttis,  tli'ule  eieruleo-viridibn.-*,  et  euni  uieinbrniin  iuuid  distiucta, — in  ivtnte  u\utura  do'Se 
grauuiatis  et  euiu  inembrnun  subcrasaa. 


»3 

If 


PUESU  WATER  Al-U.E  OF   T II K   UNITED  STATES. 


43 


Z>iom.— Artiiv  ,„'„„"-   0001 C."  ;  spor.  ,,«„„"— ,5 Jgj"  -  .0002(V_.000;l!r. 

Syii. iS.  lUirmicliulii,  IIauvky,  I'liyfol.  Hritliiiiicu,  T.  cxiii. 

iS.  fMili/siHTiiiii,  (Kt/..)     Uaukniioucit,  Fluru  Eun^).  Alguruiu,  Sout.  II.  p.  lO'J. 

Uah. — III  stiigiiis,  Now  JiTsoy. 

S.  niniiiuiiUi  moNlly  Hul)8olitary,  liut  Hoiiit>timi<8  OBHOcintMl  and  iiitrrwovcu  together,  light  bhiixh- 
grooii,  8tr«ighli,sh,  or  vnrioii.sW  riirvnl  iiiiii  lli-xiimiH  ;  a^tJcK's  oitlicr  siibsphoriciil  or  shurtly 
cyliiidricul ;  hi'loi'iii'y,sts  glolHwo  or  very  bronilly  olliplio,  n  lilllo  hirgor  t<i  twii'o  iis  lurgo  in 
ilinnioter  iis  ilio  unlimiry  j(iint.><  ;  PiiorcK  iimro  or  less  t'longtilo,  oylindrii-iil,  in  the  iincortniii 
condition  spiir.si-ly  griinnliito,  light  hlui.xli-groi'u,  with  tho  iiiombriuio  not  ditstinot,  ill  tho 
inttlnrc  atiito  dvimt'Iy  grniuihito,  nnd  with  a  thiukish  uivmbrano. 

liimarliH. — I  found  this  spiuics  fjrowiiig  in  11  bvowni.sh  jelly,  with  vavit)iis  otlior 
nl{jiv,  in  II  pool  cast  of  (."aiiulcii,  Nt'w  Joiscy.  'i'hr  lilainnit.s  woit-  mostly  siattt-ri'd, 
l)tit  in  sonu"  jil'icts  imiiibi-is  of  tliciu  wcio  colli'cttHl  in  little  nia.sses.  In  some  hhi- 
nuMits  almost  all  ihe  cells  were  tlevi'loped  into  spores,  so  lliat  ii  sinj^le  tiiread  con- 
tained t(>n  or  even  more  spores.  In  hy  far  the  lar<jer  immliev  of  such  cases  th(>rc 
was  between  eac'i  pair  of  spores  a  iieterocyst;  sometimes,  however,  the  latter  was 
wantiiif;,  and  the  spores  wonUl  be  attached  to  one  another. 

My  specimens  tliiler  somewhat  from  the  Kiiropean  form,  but  are  too  close  to 
separate  from  tiiem.  They  ciinally  re.semblc,  iiowever,  .V.  (\uinirfiivlii.  Indeed,  I 
cannot  st>e  any  snhicient  reason  for  separating  the  species.  S.  ('(iniiir/uvlii  is,  to 
be  sure,  a  salt-water  jilant.  1  have,  howt>ver,  received  specimens  collected  by  Dr. 
licwis,  near  Stonington,  which  1  believe  j;iew  in  salt  water,  and  wliich  agree  in 
every  respect  with  my  frcsli-water  specimens. 

Fig.  3,  pi.  y,  represents  a  portion  of  a  lilament,  magnitied  150  diunicters. 

Fa.mii.yU1VIILAH1ACKv1*]. 

ThiilhiH  gclntinoBUs,  mollis  vol  iiidiiriitns,  vid  frnstacnis,  intcrdum  onlco  itnplctna,  tiubglobosuc 
vcl  uniorphii.><.  Tricbonuitu  iid  oscilliirinni  niorom  iirticiiliilii,  viiginitta,  himI  interduin  letuto  provoi'la 
cum  vaginis  in  gclatinam  nuitricaliMii  coiilliicnlilMis  ct  hand  visil>ilibns,  sinipliciii  vol  pHoiidoraniosa, 
Bupcrnc  alti'iiniita,  sa'pins  in  apiiTin  pllirorni<'ni  longc  prodiicla,  parallcia  vcl  radiatini  disposita, 
ccllula  basilic  livalina  globosa  ct  intcrdiini  ci'llnlis  intcrhlialibii.s  iiiMlr'ictn.  Sponc  (iiiiiiiiihrid,  Kr/..), 
singula'  picniimpio  inter  ccllulain  pcrdnranteui  basilarcin  ct  cdlnliis  vegetutivas  posiliB,  swpo  por- 
inagine,  cvlindrica-,  pli-riinKiiic  pacliyderinaticie. 

Vcgctalio  tcrniiiialis.      I'nipogalio  nporis  trantpiillis. 

Thallns  gcliilinon»,  «ofl,  or  indurated,  or  ernslaccons,  sonielinicH  filled  with  lime,  Hubglobose  or 
nmorphons.  Trichomata.  arlii'iihilcd  like  an  oscillaloria,  vaginate,  but  soinctiiiicH,  when  old,  with 
the  t«healhs  coiillucnt  in  the  inalernul  jolly  and  not  visililc,  Hiiiiple  or  pwoudorainose,  allcnuated 
above,  oi'loii  willi  Ihe  npcx  prolonged  into  a  long  hair,  parallel  or  radialcly  ilispoKcd,  furnished  with 
globose  hyaline,  thiok-walled  liasal  colls,  and  soinetiinoH  with  inlerstilial  cells.  Spores  cylindrical, 
gfiiorally  placed  between  the  basal  and  vegelative  cells,  often  very  largo,  moatly  with  thick  coatu. 

Vegetation  tranipiil.     rropngalion  by  means  of  tranipiil  spores. 

JiVwiirh. — Tn  the  h'irnliuliiniv  tlie  thallns  is  always  small;  but  is  most  peiu>- 
rally  in  the  various  species  somewhat  d«>tinite  in  form  and  size.  Its  consistency  in 
onr  North  American  forms  varies  from  that  of  an  cxceetlingiy  soft,  forndt'ss  jelly 
to  that  of  a  gristly  mass.  The  maternal  jtdly  is  tisnally  colorless,  soim^times  brown- 
ish or  yellowisli.     There  is  never  any  condensation  of  tho  outer  portion  of  tho 


i 


ip 


.r 


44 


FRESH -WATER   ALQM   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


ii  '.i 


frond  into  a  periderm.  The  filaments  commonly  radiate  from  the  centre  to  the 
circumference ;  sometimes,  especially  in  the  softer  fronds,  tliey  arc  simply  parallel 
with  one  another.  The  slieaths  vary  in  thoir  hreadth,  firmness,  and  distinctness. 
The--o  little  plants  grow  chiefly  in  the  water;  some  species  are  said  to  live  in 
the  ..ir  in  exceedingly  damp  places,  but  I  have  not  as  yet  met  with  any  such. 
They  appear  to  prefer  cold  climates,  although  I  have  received  specimens  from 
South  Carolina.  With  us,  I  have  only  found  them  in  the  late  autumn  and  winter 
months.  As  to  their  lifc-liistory  very  little  appears,  to  be  known ;  I  have  not  been 
able  to  make  any  observations  myself  upon  this  point,  nor  to  obtain  iioctss  to  the 
papers'  by  De  Bary,  almost  the  only  sources  of  such  information,  and  therefore 
pass  by  the  subject. 

Genus  NOSTOCIIOPSTS,  Wood. 

Trii.ho;nata  ramosa  cum  collulis  pcrdiiraiitibus  aut  in  latcribus  scssilibus  aut  in  ramulorum  brevissi- 
inoruin  apioibus  dispositis.     Yagiiite  nulla!.     Thallus  dclinitus. 

Syn. — Kustochopsig,  Wood,  Prodromus,  Proc.  Amcr.  Philos.  Soc,  1809. 

Tliallus  dcflnite ;  filament  branched  ;  lioterocysts  sessile  upon  tie  sides  of  the  filaments,  or  raised 
upon  the  apices  of  short  branches ;  sheaths  none. 

Remarks. — The  curious  plfint  upon  which  this  genus  is  founded  has  the  habit 
of  a  nostoc.  The  outer  portion  of  the  frond  is  condensed,  so  as  to  give  the  appear- 
ance of  a  periderm ;  but  there  is,  in  reality,  no  true  periderm.  The  consistence 
of  the  thallus  is  that  of  a  firm,  gelatinous  mass.  The  trichomata  or  filaments 
radiate  from  the  inner  part  of  the  frond  towards  the  outer  surface,  but  many  of 
them  take  their  origin  in  the  outer  portions  of  the  thallus.  In  most  places  they 
are  distinctly  articulated,  and,  indeed,  the  joints  being  swollen  and  moniliform,  in 
some  parts  they  almost  seem  to  be  composed  of  globular  cells,  resembling  some- 
what the  filaments  of  a  nostoc ;  on  the  other  hand,  in  certain  portions  they  are  not 
at  all  articulated,  and  this  for  long  distances.  No  sheaths  are  anywhere  visible. 
The  heterocysts  are,  strangely  enough,  never  placed  in  the  continuity  of  the  fila- 
ments. Sometimes  they  are  sessile  immediately  upon  the  latter,  sometimes  they 
are  raised  upon  very  short  branches.  Tiiey  are  globose,  with  rather  thick  walls. 
Possibly,  however,  I  am  mistaken  in  believing  these  bodies  to  be  heterocysts,  for 
they  may  be  rather  of  the  nature  of  spores,  as  is  somewhat  indicated  by  their 
thick  walls,  and  often  apparently  dense  contents.  Their  round  shape,  and  the 
absence  of  anything  else  representing  heterocysts,  has  induced  me,  however,  so  to 
consider  them.  In  my  Prodromus  I  placed  this  plant  provisionally  amongst  the 
nostocs ;  but  the  radiation  of  the  filaments  from  within  outwards,  and  especially 
their  being  branched,  on  second  thought  seem  to  me  to  indicate  a  closer  relation 
with  the  Riculariacea.  The  genus  appears  to  be  a  sort  of  connecting  link  be- 
tween the  two  families. 

»  "Flora,"  18C3. 


1' 


FRESHWATER   AhQjH  OP   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


45 


• 


]¥.  lobatiiR,  WuoD. 

N.  tlinllo  vivide  viride  aut  luteo-viridc,  cavo,  enormitcr  lobato,  natnnte,  raodice  mngno,  firmo, 
gelatinoso  ;  triclioinatibus  plorumque  loiigis,  noxuosis,  dilute  viridibus,  plurumque  articulatis, 
partial  iiiarticulatis,  cyliiidricis  aut  sub-moniliforiuibus,  sparse  grnnulatii>. 

Diavi.—'Vrkl-.om.  T5J55"  -  .00000"— 7 s'^j"  =  .00013"  ;  cell   pcrdum.  j^'j/  =  .00026". 

Syn. — N.  lobatus,  Wood,  Prodromus,  Proc.  Aracr.  Pbilos.  Soc,  1869. 

Ilah. — In  Schuylkill  Flamine,  prope  Pliiladclpliia. 

Tliallus  bright  green  or  yellowish-green,  hollow,  irregularly  lobed,  floating,  moderately  large, 
Arm,  gelatinous  ;  filaments  n  istly  long,  flexuous,  dilute  green,  mostly  articulate,  partly  inar- 
ticulate, cylindrical  or  somewhat  moniliform,  sparsely  granulate. 

Remarks.— I  found  this  plant  floating  upon  the  Schuylkill  Elver  just  above 
Mauayunk.  The  hollow  frond  was  buoyed  up  by  a  bubble  ot  gas  contained  within 
it.  It  was  an  irregular,  flattened,  somewliat  globose  mass,  of  a  bright  green  color 
and  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  It  seems  very  probable  that  in  its  earlier 
condition,  it  was  a  solid  attached  frond.  The  long  slender  filaments  are  often  very 
tortuous,  but  run  a  pretty  direct  general  course  *;owards  the  outer  surface. 

Fig.  G  a,  pi.  3,  represents  a  section  of  the  frond  slightly  magnified ;  a,  b,  c,  por- 
tions of  filaments  magnif  ed  80(J  diameters. 

Genus  GLOIOTRICHIA,  J.  Ac.  (1842.) 

Trichomata  c  planitie  orta  psendoramosa,  distinete  vaginata ;  vaginm  aniploB,  basi  plernmquc 
fiaccata;,  transverse  undulato-plicatic,  plus  minus  constrictai,  apice  apertae,  non  laciniatie.  Sporie 
magna:  cylindrica:. 

Filaments  springing  from  a  plane,  pseudoramose,  distinctly  vaginate ;  sheath  ample,  mostly 
saccate  at  the  base,  transversely  undulately  plicate,  more  or  less  constricted,  open  at  the  apex, 
not  laciniato.     Spores  large,  cylindrical. 

Remarks. — This  genus  was,  I  believe,  first  indicated  by  Professor  Agardh  in 
his  Alga;  Maris  Med'Uerranei  et  Adriatici,  a  work  to  which  I  have  not  access. 
On  account  of  this,  and  also  because  I  have  not  seen  any  of  the  typical  species 
of  the  genus,  I  have  preferred  simply  copying  the  generic  characters  given 
by  Professor  Rabenhorst.  If  my  understanding  of  "e  planitie  orta"  is  cor- 
rect, I  do  not  think  it  true.  Professor  Ilabenhorst's  own  figure  of  Rivularia 
shows  that  the  filaments  do  not  all  arise  on  one  plane ;  although  he  asserts  the 
character  equally  for  tli  t  genus.  In  our  American  species  the  filaments  do  not 
all  arise  on  one  plane,  nor  can  they  be  spoken  of  as  '•'■  psendoramosa." 

G.  incrustata,  Wood. 

G.  globosa  vel  subovalis,  lirma,  solida,  ad  pisi  minimi  mognitudincm,  dilnte  viridis,  crystallo- 
phora;  trichomatibus  rectis  aut  leviter  curvatis,  in  piluni  productis,  viridibus  aut  flavescen- 
tibus,  sa;pe  infra  Isete  viridibus  sed  supra  flavescentibua,  baud  ordinatim  articulatis ;  articulia 
inferioribus  in  trichomatibus  maturis  brevibus,  plcruniqne  eoniprcssis  ;  pilo  apicale  recto  aut 
leviter  eurvato,  plerumquo  indistinote  articulato,  siepe  intcrrupto;  vaginis  amplis,  achrois, 
saccatis,  interdum  valdc  constricti.« ;  sporis  cylindriciu,  stepe  curvatis.  diamctro  ad  9  plo  lon- 
gioribus  ;  ccUulis  pcrdurantibus  sphocricis. 


/ 


46  FRESH-WATER   \LQM   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 

Z)jani.— Trieliom.  cum  vag.  tsoo"— i/oa";  spons  niax.  li'so'—rioa";  ^11.  pcrd.  tkXoo"- 

Syn. — O.  incrustata,  Wood,  Prodronius,  I'roc.  Amer.  I'bilus.  Soc,  1809,  p.  128. 

Hub. — Schuylkill  River,  plautas  aquaticas  adLairciis. 

Frond  globose  or  suboval,  firm,  solid,  about  the  size  of  a  very  small  pea,  light  green,  crystal 
bearing  ;  filaments  straight  or  slightly  curved,  produced  into  long  hairs,  green  or  yellowish, 
sometimes  bright  green  in  their  proximal  portions  but  yellowish  above,  not  regularly  articu- 
late; lower  articles  in  the  mature  filament  short,  and  generally  compressed;  apical  seta 
straight  or  slightly  curved,  mostly  indistinctly  articulate,  frequently  interrupted;  sheath 
ample,  transparent,  saccate,  sometimes  strongly  constricted ;  spores  cylindrical,  frequently 
curved,  about  9  times  as  long  as  broad. 


■J    i 

if  I 


Remarks. — I  found  this  species  growing  attached  to  some  little  plants,  either  in 
the  Schuylkill  near  Spring  Mills,  or  else  in  the  spring  itself,  I  do  not  know  which. 
The  roundish  fronds  varied  in  size  from  a  mustard-seed  to  that  of  a  half-grown 
pea.     They  were  of  a  decided  green  color,  hut  appeared  grayish  from  the  amount 
of  carbonate  of  lime  in  and  upon  them.     The  larger  balls,  when  cut  in  two,  were 
distinctly  separable  into  a  central  and  cortical  part.     The  former  was  more  gela- 
tinous and  contained  fewer  of  the  filaments  than  the  latter.     The  filaments  mostly 
arose  in  sets  together,  i.  e.  there  were  one  or  mdte  zones  or  planes  in  which  the 
bases  of  the  filaments  were  placed  together.     This,  however,  was  not  strictly  the 
case,  as  there  were  almost  always  some  scattered  trichomata.     The  matured  fila- 
ments are  very  distinct.     Their  sheaths  are  very  large,  and  often  saccate,  with 
wavy,  loose-looking  margins ;  sometimes  they  are  suddenly  transversely  constricted, 
once  or  more  in  their  length ;  sometimes  they  look  as  if  a  tight  spiral  band  were 
wound  around ;  sometimes  they  are  entirely  free  from  any  constrictions.     These 
sheaths  are  open  above,  appearing  as  though  they  had  been  melted  away.     The 
spore  is  long  and  cylindrical,  and  is  highly  granular.     The  endochrome  is  gene- 
rally articulated  below,  the  joints  are  often  so  nearly  globular  in  the  lower  portions 
as  to  give  a  moniliform  appearance ;  sometimes  the  articles  are  compressed.     The 
upper  portion  of  the  trichoma  is  frequently  interrupted,  and  if  at  all  articulated 
is  very  irregularly  and  indistinctly  so.     The  younger  filaments  have  their  endo- 
chrome variously  and  irregularly  interrupted.     The  basal  cells  are  globular.     I 
believe  the  formation  of  new  filaments  and  the  consequent  growth  of  the  frond 
take  place  by  distal  portions  of  the  projecting  endochrome  separating  from  the 
parent  filament,  then  forming  a  basal  cell,  and  lastly  a  sheath.     (See  Plate  00.) 
The  carbonate  of  lime  docs  not  exist  as  a  definite  incrustation,  but  in  the  form  of 
scmi-crystalliuc  masses  scattered  through  the  frond.     This  species  seems  to  come 
closer  to  G.  horyana  than  any  described  species,  from  the  description  of  which  it 
differs,  in  the  color  of  thallus,  in  the  latter  being  always  solid  (at  least  so  I  have 
found  it  late  in  the  fall,  wlicn  the  spores  were  fully  perfected),  in  its  habit  of  in- 
closing crystals  of  carbonate  of  lime,  in  the  curved  spores;  and,  doubtless,  a  com- 
parison of  the  specimens  would  show  still  more  important  differences. 

Fig.  4  a,  pi.  3,  represents  a  section  of  a  frond  moderately  magnified ;  fig.  4  h, 
the  basal  end  of  a  filament  magnified  460  diameters ;  fig.  8  c,  filaments  magnified 
260  diameters. 


i 


FRESU-'^'ATEU  ALG.E   OF   TUE    UiNlTED   STATES.  47 

G.  anvnlosa,  (Roth.)  J.  Aoh. 

O.  globoso-ongulosa,  cava,  viridi-fuBcescens,  ad  cerasi  magnitadinem ;  trichomatibns  strictis, 
torulosis,  saponie  leviter  flcxuosis,  passim  interruptis ;  articuiis  infcrioribus  plus  minus 
compressis,  diamctro  duplo  tripiovo  longioribus ;  vagiuis  amplis,  aclirols  hie  illic  leviter  con- 
Btrictis;  sporis  plus  minus  clongetis,  oblougo-ovatis  vel  cllipsoidoo-cylindricis,  diametro  3-6- 
10  plo  longioribus,  lerugineo-fuseescentibus,  nonnunquam  leviter  curvatis,  cytioplasmate  sub- 
tiliter  granuloso,  tnrbato.  (R.)    Species  mihi  ignola. 

2)iam.— Cell.  perd.  0.00036"— 0.0005".     Spor.  max.  0.00059".     (II.) 

Syn — a.  angulosa,  (Rotu.),  J.  Aqardu.,  Rabenjiorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  II.  p.  201. 

Hab. — Iludson  River  prope  West  Point,  (Bailey.) 

Globose  angular,  hollow,  greenish-fuscous,  attaining  the  size  of  a  cherry ;  filaments  strict,  tom- 
lose,  above  somewhat  flcxuose,  here  and  there  interrupted;  inferior  joints  more  or  less  com- 
pressed, 2-3  times  longer  than  their  diameter;  sheath  ample,  colorless,  here  and  there  slightly 
constricted;  spores  more  or  less  elongate,  oblong-ovate  or  ellipsoidal-cylindrical,  3-6-10 
times  longer  than  the  diameter,  oeruginous-fuscous,  sometimes  slightly  curved,  cytioplasm 
very  minutely  granulate. 

Genus  RIVUL  ART  A,  (Roth.)  Agh. 

Thallus  et  trichomata  eadcm  quic  Gloiotrieha,  sed  vagina;  arctissimoB,  soepe  in  gelatinam  matri- 
calem  confluentes,  quasi  nullee. 

Thallus  and  filaments  similar  to  those  of  Gloiotrieha,  but  the  sheaths  very  close,  often  confluent 
in  the  gelatinous  matrix  and  apparently  wanting. 

Re7nark8.— The  characters   given   above   are   those  of  Professor  Rabenhorst. 
Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  II.  p.  206 

B.  cartilaffinea,  Wood. 

R.  subglobosa,  parva,  cartilaginca,  saturate  brunnea  vrl  subatra,  solitoria  in  plantis  aquaticis  :_ 
trichomatibus  maturis-sterilibus,  rectis  out  subrectia,  cylindricis,  clongatis,  baud  articniatis ; 
cytioplasmate  siEpe  interrupto;  vaginis  arctis  et  distinctis;  cellulis  perdurantibus  globosis] 
diametro  subajqualibus :— trichomatibus  fertilibus— rectis  aut  subreetis,  supra  spora  cellulis  8-9 
instructis;  sporis  elongatis,  rectis,  cylindricis;  vaginis  nonnihil  crassis,  arctis :— trichomatibus 
immaturis  breve  articulatis ;  vaginis  subamplis. 

Dtom.— Trich.  cum  vag.  „Vb";  spor  35^/- 

8yn.—R  cartilaginca,  Wood,  Proc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc,  1869,  p.  128. 

Hah.— .In  palude.  Northern  Michigan.  • 

Frond  subglobosc,  small,  cartilaginous,  deep  brown  or  blackish,  solitary  upon  aquatic  plants ; 
mature  sterile  filaments,  cylindrical,  elongated,  not  articulated,  their  cytioplasm  frequently 
interrupted,  their  sheaths  close  and  distinct,  their  heterocysts  globose  and  about  equal  to 
them  in  diameter;  fertile  filaments  straight  or  nearly  so,  above  the  spores  furnished  with  8  or 
9  cells;  spores  niongate,  stroight,  cylindrical;  sheaths  rather  thick,  close;  immature  filaments 
shortly  articulate,  their  sheaths  rather  large. 

Remarha. — The  frgnd  of  this  species  grows  attached  to  the  leaves  of  water-plants, 
and  has  its  under  side  markedly  flattened  so  that  it  is  somewhat  semi-globose.  The 
filaments  which  compose  the  mass  of  the  very  firm  frond  are  elongated,  cylindrical, 
and  of  nearly  or  entirely  uniform  diameter  throughout.  The  sheaths  are  close, 
distinct,  rather  thin,  open  above,  and,  in  many  instances,  almost  or  even  entirely 
empty.  Scattered  amongst  such  filaments  are  the  fertile  ones.  These  have  at 
theit  base  an  elongated  cell,  in  which  is  the  long  cylindrical  spore,  which  varies 


48 


FRESU. WATER   ALGiE   OF   TUE  UNITED   STATES. 


very  greatly  in  length  in  the  various  filaments,  but  is  almost  always  shorter  than 
the  cell  containuig  it.  Just  beyond  the  spore  is  a  series  of  distinct,  variously 
shaped  cells,  about  seven  in  number,  which  arc,  as  I  have  seen  them,  empty.  In 
the  outer  portions  of  the  frond  occur  what  I  believe  to  be  young  filaments.  These 
are  distinguished  by  their  rapidly  decreasing  in  diameter  towards  their  distal  end, 
by  their  being  distinctly  articulated,  by  their  basal  cell  not  being  distinctly  sepa- 
rated as  in  the  older  filaments,  and  by  their  sheaths  being  more  ample. 

These  various  filaments  composing  the  fronds  do  not  arise  from  any  one  place, 
but  commence  at  very  different  distances  from  the  centre,  and  pursue  a  more  or 
less  straight  course  to  the  circumference  of  the  frond,  from  which  they  often  project. 

Fig.  9,  pi.  2,  represents  a  section  of  the  frond  moderately  magnified ;  fig.  9  h,  is 
a  drawing  of  the  basal  part  of  a  filament  magnified  800  diameters. 

Genus  ZONOTIIICIIA. 

Thatli  pulvinato-licniisplimrici,  sa?pe  coiiflucntcs,  calcc  procgnantcs,  plus  minus  indurati,  basi  plnnl 
affixa,  sBtatc  provectn  plerumquo  cxcnvati,  iiitiis  zoimti;  zonis  concciitriois,  varicgatis;  triclioniata 
pscudoramosa,  gracilia,  inoiquatia,  apice  liyalina  ct  plus  minus  longc  cuspiJata  vol  in  pilum  producta. 
Vagina;  firiniB,  liomogenea:  vcl  luugitudiualitcr  plicato-flbrilloso),  apico  intogro!  vol  diiatato;  ct  in 
fibrillas  solutaj.     Spora;  ignotiB. 

Thalli  pulvinately  hemispherical,  often  confluent,  impregnated  with  lime,  and  more  or  less  indu- 
rated, fixed  by  the  flattened  base,  in  advanced  age  mostly  excavated,  zoned  within  ;  zones  concentric 
variegated  ;  filaments  pseudoramo.sc,  Blender,  unequal,  their  apices  hyaline  and  more  or  less  cuspid- 
ate or  prolonged  into  a  hair  ;  sheaths  firm,  homogeneous,  or  longitudinally  plicately  fibrillose,  their 
apices  entire  or  dilated  and  dissolved  in  fibrillo!.     Spores  unknown. 


HI 


]''  • 


■ 


11 


Z.  mollis,  Wood  (sp.  nov.) 

Z.  intcrdum  subhtcmisphcrica  scd  gr'<garia  et  in  stratum  nonnihil  mammillosum  confluens, 
submollis,  cinerea  vcl  griseo-carnea,  parcczonata ;  trichomatibus  longissimis,  angustis, 
flexuosis;  vaginis  arctis,  dccoloratis,  no '  fibrosis,  flrmis ;  trichomatibus  internis  artieulatis, 
sxpe  intcrruptis;  articulis  disjunctis,  diumetro  oiqualibus  ad  4  plo  longioribus ;  ccliulis 
perdurantibus  singulis  globosis. 

Diam.— Trich.  c.  v.  xjCijis"  =.000n".     Sine  va,.-  T1J55"  =  .000084". 

Hab. — In  saxis  irroratis,  "Cave  of  the  Winds,"  Ji.'agara,  Wood. 

Z.  sometimes  subsemispherical  but  gregarious  and  ctnflucnt  into  a  somewhat  mammillatc,  rather 
soft  stratum,  ashy  or  groyish  flesh-colored,  sparsv'ly  distinctly  zoned ;  filaments  very  long, 
narrow,  flexuous;  sheaths  close,  colorless,  not  fibrllose,  firm;  internal  filament  articulated, 
often  interrupted  ;  joints  separated,  equal  to  4  timos  longer  than  the  diameter ;  heterocysts 
single  globose. 

Bcmarks. — Every  American  tourist  is  familiar  .vith  that  most  wonderful  spot,  the 
so-called  "  Cave  of  the  "Winds,"  at  Niagara.  It  is  simply  a  place  where  it  is  possible 
to  go  underneath  a  portion  of  the  great  cataract,  a  ad  then  round  upon  the  rocky 
debris  outside  of  it.  Growing  upon  these  rocks,  et(  rnally  wet  and  glistening  with 
foam  and  spray,  I  found  this  and  the  following  species.  The  present  form  was 
much  the  most  abundant,  making  a  slippery,  grayisl.,  or  grayisli  flesh-colored  coat- 
ing to  many  of  the  rocks,  dotted  here  and  there  with  the  rigid,  blackish  fronds  of 


I 


FRESHWATER  ALaJ3  OF  TUE  UNITED  STATES. 


49 


its  fellow.  This  coatinp;  was  not  at  all  uniform,  but  was  covcroil  with  nnmmillatcd 
nujsses,  and  conscfiueutly  varied  from  two  to  six  lines  in  thickness.  Internallj',  it 
was  striated  or  radiated,  but  not  so  evidently  as  the  following  species,  and  presented 
several  distinct  variegated  zones.  It  was  quite  soft  to  the  touch,  as  well  is  readily 
broken  or  crushed,  and  under  the  microscope  was  seen  to  contain  very  little  lime 
salt.  When  dried  it  has  a  pronounced  sebaceous  appearance.  The  filamcits  com- 
posing it  arc  remarkable  for  their  great  length,  often  apparently  running  f.om  the 
bottom  to  the  top  of  the  frond.  They  arc  rarely  if  ever  branched,  and  appear 
never  to  be  furnished  with  any  hcterocysts  save  at  their  enlarged  base.  .1  have 
never  seen  any  distinct  hairs  terminating  them,  their  ends  always  appearing  b/okcn 
and  open.  They  arc  often  quite  flcxuous  or  even  tortuous.  The  internal  filament 
is  remarkable  for  having  its  articles  so  distinctly  separated.  It  is  often  very  much 
interrupted,  and  in  specimens  preserved  iu  carbolic-acid  water  is  of  an  orunge-Lrown 
color. 

Fig.  3,  pi.  4,  represents  a  single  filament  magnified  260  diameters. 

X.  parcezonata,  Wood,  (sp.  nov.) 

Z.  nigro-viridis,  cnonniter  semiovalis,  ad  G"  longri,  dura,  lubrica,  non  fragilis,  calce  praegnnns, 
iiitus  a  basi  distinctc  radiata,  parcc  ct  socpc  ubsulutc  zonata ;  triclioniatibus  inudice  luugis, 
siibrcctis ;  triclioniatibus  iiiteriiis  cylindricis  iiiarticulatis  vcl  articulatis,  ct  intcrdutn  moiiili- 
fonnibus;  artieuiis  loiipis  ct  cylindricis  vel  brevibus  ct  globosis ;  vaginis  amplis,  libriliosis; 
ccllulis  perdurantibus  basalibus  ct  iatci^jcctis,  his  obloiigis  vel  cylindricis,  illis  globusis  et 
BiBpe  gemiuis. 

Diam.—CcW.  pcrd.  basal.  noVij"=-000n";  tricbom.  cum  vng.  ,g'j,5"—j5"(,5"=. 00025" — 00037". 
Sine  vag.  .00006"— .00008". 

Hab. — In  sa.\is  irroratis.     "  Cave  of  the  Winds,"  Niagara. 

Var. — Z.  cincrea. 

Blackish  green,  irregularly  semioval,  to  6  lines  long,  hard,  slippery,  not  fragile,  impregnated  with 
linio,  internally  di.stinctly  radiate,  sparsely  and  often  ob.sok'tciy  zoned ;  filaments  moderately 
long,  straightish  ;  internal  filament  cylindrical,  not  articulated  or  artieulv'ed,  sometimes  nionili- 
forin ;  joints  long  and  cylindrical,  or  short  and  subglobo.se ;  sheath  ample,  fibriilosc ;  hcterocysts 
basal  and  interposed  in  the  body  of  the  filament ;  the  former  globose,  often  geminate ;  tho 
latter  oblong  or  cylindrical. 

Var. — Cineritious  in  color. 

Rcmarhs. — I  found  this  plant  growing  on  rocks  as  glossy,  blackish,  very  hard  and 
slippery  fronds  or  masses,  which  varied  in  size  from  that  of  very  small  shot  to 
nearly  half  an  inch  in  length.  The  larger  ones  were  not  nearly  so  high  as  long, 
and  presented  irregidar,  almost  bossellatcd  upper  surfaces.  The  filaments  are 
often  very  evidently  and  frequently  pscudoramose.  The  external  surface  of  the 
broad  sheath  is  covered  with  numerous  fibrilltc,  which  envelop  and  seem  sometimes 
to  wrap  it  round  and  round.  The  color  of  the  frond  internally,  when  broken,  is 
mostly  a  dark  chocolate,  and  the  surface  presents  a  radiated  appearance,  with  but 
two  or  three  zones  at  most,  and,  in  the  very  dark  specimens,  even  these  are  not 
evident.  No  signs  of  spores  have  been  found.  Certain  specimens  whicli  I  ob- 
tained growing  with  the  others,  instead  of  being  blackish  in  color,  are  grayish,  but 

7         April,  1873. 


j' 


I 


It'-ian 


50 


FllESIT-WATEU   ALQ^I    OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


1 1 ' 


ngrcc  in  all  other  respects  with  their  fellows.  This  gray  color  depends,  I  believe, 
upon  the  deposit  of  an  inuiicnsc  quantity  of  lime  salts,  which  in  such  specinieiis 
constitute  by  fur  the  larger  portion  of  the  frond. 

Fig.  4,  pi.  4,  represents  a  section  of  frond,  slightly  magnified. 

It  is  either  thia,  or  the  preceding  species,  which  is  referred  to  by  I'rofessor 
Bailey  in  Silliman's  Journal,  vol.  iii,  under  tlie  name  of  liivtilaria  calvarea,  Sm. 
The  present  form  may  possibly  be  that  plant,  but  not  having  been  able  to  find  any 
description  sufficiently  well  made  out  to  make  identification  possible,  I  have  de- 
scribed both  species  as  new. 

Z  iiiiniitiila,  Woop,  (sp.  nov.) 

Z.  niinutissima,  niKi'o-viri<lis,  subglubosa,  baud  distincto  zonata,  nonnihil  mollis,  rauscicola,  calce 
noil  pricgiiansf  tricliomatibus  interniH,  breve  articulatis,  distinclissiiuo  foHciculutim  pseudora- 
mosis ;  vaginia  cras.sis,  aniplis,  siupo  dilute  aurautiaoo-brmiiieis,  apice  plcrumquo  coloria 
cxpcrtibua  (issis  ct  apertis;  ccllulis  perduranfibus  ovato-globosis. 

Diam.—Trich.  intern.  .00012"— .00021" ;  cell.  pcrd.  .00025." 

Jlab. — In  lacu,  "  Clear  Pond,"  mnscis  aflixa,  Adirondack  Mountains. 

Very  small,  blackisli-grecn,  subglobosc,  not  distinctly  zoned,  ratlicr  soft,  growing  on  mosses,  not 
impregnated  witb  lime  ;  internal  lilamcnts  shortly  articulate,  very  distinctly  fasciculately  pseu- 
doramose;  sheaths  thick,  ample,  often  pale  oraugc-brown,  witb  their  apices  mostly  colorless, 
torn  and  open  ;  heterocysts  ovately  globose. 

Remark  . — The  locality  in  wliich  I  foimd  this  pkni  is  in  the  heart  pf  the  Adi- 
rondack wilderness.  The  little  frond  in  none  r'l  my  specimens  is  larger  than  a 
mustard-seed,  and  is  not  distinctly  zoned.  The  plants  were  collected  in  the  begin- 
ning of  July,  and  very  possibly  are  not  fully  grown,  as  the  season  of  general  growth 
opens  very  late  in  its  parent  lake.  Very  possibly,  later  in  the  year,  it  may  be  found 
larger  and  distinctly  zoned.  The  general  appearance  of  the  ])lant,  the  character 
of  its  sheath,  and  the  marked  branching  habit  of  the  filaments  have  caused  me  to 
place  it  in  this  genus. 


m 


Genus  DASYACTIS,  Ktz. 

Thallus   gelatinosus,  mollis,  non   zonatus.     Trichomata  matura  sa;pe  hauj    vaginata.     Sporffl 
nulla;. 

Thallus  gelatinous,  soft,  homogeneous,  not  zoned.     Mature  filaments  often  not  vaginatc.    Spores 
absent. 

D  mollis,  Wood. 

D.  parva,  ad  magnitudincm  pisi  minimi,  cnormitcr  snbglobosa,  mollis,  gclatino.qa,  dilute  virldis; 
trichomatibus  plernnK|ue  subrectis,  partim  distincte,  partim  indi.stincto  nrticulatis;  vaginis, 
in  trichomatibus  niaturis  baud  vi.sibilibus,  in  trichomatibus  juvcnibus  .supra  subnmplis;  cel- 
lulis  perdurantibus  sub-globo.sis,  globosis,  vel  ellipticis,  diamctro  duplo  majoribus,  plcrumque 
singulis  sed  intcrdum  bi  vel  triseriatis. 


1    ' 


— 555(7";  cc'l-  per*'-  tbVit"- 


Diam. — Trich. 

Si/n. — D.  moUin,  Wood,  Prodromus,  Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  1869,  p.  128. 

Ilab. — lu  paludc  plantas  aquaticas  adhxrcns.  Northern  Michigan. 


> 


PRE8U-WATER  ALQiE  OP  TUE   UNITED   STATES. 


61 


Frond  small,  alioiit  the  size  of  a  small  pea,  irregularly  subglobose,  soft,  gclotinous,  Ilglit  green, 
Ulumeuts  geuerully  struiglitish,  j.nrtly  distinelly,  purtly  liidiBtinctly  artieulate  j  blicullis  in  tlic 
mature  (ilaiuent  not  pereeptibie  ;  in  the  young  liliinients  rather  large  hi  the  upper  portion  ; 
heteroeyHts  suhglobose  or  globose  or  elliptic,  twice  us  large  tts  the  Ulament,  generally  single 
but  Bume  times  bi  or  tri-iiuriulu. 

Remarks.— 1  found  this  species  growing  attached  to  the  little  leaves  of  various 
minute  cryptogamic  and  phaneerogamic  water-plants,  in  a  small  bog,  near  the 
mouth  of  Carp  lliver,  in  Northern  Michigan.  The  frond  is  somewhat  translucent, 
with  a  slightly  greenish  tint,  and  has  a  soft,  gelatinous  consistency.  The  matured 
trichoma  or  filaments  are  more  or  less  radiating,  very  long,  generally  nearly  straight 
and  parallel.  Their  joints  or  articles  are  long,  mostly  not  very  distinctly  separated, 
and  often  arc  entirely  wanting.  The  sheaths  are  entirely  lost,  no  traces  o^  them 
being  perceptible.  They  seem  to  be  altogether  melted  down  into  the  homoge- 
neous jelly,  in  which  the  filaments  are  imbedded.  The  basal  cell  is  large,  mostly 
globular,  and  very  prominent.  On  the  edges  of  the  frond  may  frequently  be  seen 
small,  evidently  immature  filaments,  which  have  no  distinct  basal  cell.  Aroiuul 
the  basal  portion  of  these  young  trichoma  there  is  a  well-marked  close  sheath, 
which  near  the  apex  is  wanting.  In  their  immature  filaments  the  joints  are  mostly 
very  short,  rather  distinctly  separated,  almost  globular. 

Fig.  5,  pi.  4. 

Genus  MASTIGOKTilMA,  Schwabe. 

Triehomata  articulata,  sursum  flagelliformia  vel  subulata,  simplicia  vcl  pseudoraniosa  (nonnunqnam 
fascicnlatim  psendornmosa),  prdcunibentia  vel  erecta,  in  thallo  indistineto  ca;spitoso-uggregata; 
vagina}  arotio  et  homogencu!  vel  omplas  et  plus  minus  distiiicte  lamellosa;,  apicc  plerumque  apertse! 
interdum  laeiniato;. 

Filamenta  articulate,  superiorly  flagclliform  or  subulate,  simple,  or  falsely  branched,  sometimes 
faaeiculately  so,  procumbent  or  erect,  caispitosely  aggregated  into  a  sort  of  thallus ;  sheaths  close 
and  homogeneous  or  ample,  aad  more  or  leas  distiuctly  lamellate,  the  apex  for  the  most  part  open 
sometimes  laciuiate.  ' 

in.  fbrlile,  Wood,  (sp.  nov.) 

M.  cnispitosum,  cum  algis  altcria  intormixtnm;  trichomatibns  simplicibus,  elongatis,  flexuoso- 
curvatis,  apice  truncatis;  triehomatibus  internis  viridibus,  sajpo  interruptis,  interdum  dis- 
tincte  articulatis  interdum  inarticulatis ;  articulis  diametro  3-5  plo  longioribus ;  vaginis  modice 
arctis,  firmis,  achrois,  crassis,  coloris  cxpertibus,  apice  truncatis  et  apertis  ;  sporis  cylindricis, 
sparsis,  in  fdamcnto  unico  sajpe  pluribus,  in  cellulis  inclusis;  cellulis  perdurantibus  globosis] 
interdum  compressis  trichomatis  diametro  fere  ojqualibus. 

i?tom.— Filam.  j^'gir"  -  -00033"  ;  spor.  55V11"  =  .0001G6". 

flo6.— In  stagnis.     Alleghany  Mountains,  Centre  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Caispitosc,  intermixed  with  other  algoe;  filaments  simple,  elongate,  flcxuously  curved,  trun- 
cate at  tho  apex ;  internal  filament  green,  often  interrupted,  sometimes  articulated,'  some- 
times  not  articulate ;  joints  2-3  times  longer  than  their  diameter ;  sheath  moderately  close, 
thick,  firm,  transparent,  end  colorless,  truncate  and  open  at  the  apex ;  spores  cylindrical^ 
scattered,  each  contained  in  a  cell,  frequently  several  in  a  filament;  hcterocysts  globose] 
Bometimos  ..'ompressed,  about  equal  iu  diameter  to  the  filament. 


V  R  K  S  H  -  W  A  T  V.  II   A  1. 0  .K   0  V  T  II  V.    V  N  I  T  H  I>   S  T  A  T  K  S. 


ii  I 


r  3 

i^ 


ii    if 


Riiiiarh.  —  1  found  this  iilaiit  in  a  stiif,Miaiit  jmol  in  "  Hrar  Mcadtn  ,"  forming;  n 
filanirntous,  tVlty  mass  witli  (l'ili)ijiiiiiiiiii  x/iIikiIiiiii  and  titiicr  al^^ir.  'I'lic  xarionsly 
curved  and  interlaced  lle\il)le  tilanients  arc  always  simple  and  of  unit'orm,  or 
nearly  uuit'orni,  diameter  tlirouf,'h  their  wlude  length ;  excepting  that  in  some 
instances  there  are  small,  local,  bulluuis  enlargements  of  tlu-  sheath.  Tiiough  the 
cuds  of  the  tihuucnts  in  all  the  specimens  1  have  seen  are  abruptly  truncate,  it  is 
very  possil)Ic  that  in  the  young  triciionui  the  iipcx  is  prolonged  into  a  long  hair  sis 
in  most  of  the  J/ks^V/owo/ki.  The  inner  filament  is  sometimes  very  distinctly  arti- 
culated, often,  liowever,  it  is  not  at  all  so.  'i'he  siieaths  are  firm,  not  at  all  lamel- 
late, and  generally  project  beyond  the  inner  trichoma.  The  spotcs  are  cylindrical, 
yellowish,  with  a  pretty  distinct,  although  very  close  coat.  They  arc  always  in- 
closed in  distinct  cells,  aud  uro  mostly  several  in  a  iihuneut,  placed  at  intervals  in 
its  length. 

This  is  the  first  instance,  at  least  that  I  know  of,  in  which  a  species  of  this 
genus  has  been  found  in  fruit,  and  it  is  interesting  to  note  the  resemblance  of  the 
spores  to  those  of  the  nu)re  connnonly  fruiting  rivularias.  At  the  same  time  the  . 
peculiar  arrangement  of  the  spores  is  remarkable,  and  if  the  other  species  of  JAm- 
tigonema  shoidd  be  found  to  have  the  more  conunon  exclusively  basal  arrangement 
of  spores,  1  think  it  would  afford  good  gromul  for  considering  ilA.  y) /7//c  as  the  type 
of  a  new  geiuis.  Moreover,  the  filaments  an;  not  united  into  a  distinct  thallus,  ami 
also  want  the  apical  hair  of  Mitiiti<jothrSx,  so  that  it  is  very  probable  that  tiicy  represent 
an  liUdcscribed  genus'.  Until,  however,  the  fructification  of  the  European  species 
is  elucidated.  It  seems  best  to  forbear  nudtiplying  nanu-s. 

Fig.  1,  pi.  4,  rei)rescuts  a  single  til.unent  of  this  species. 

in.  Iinloa,  Wood,  (sp.  nov.) 

M.  fii'spitiilis ;  Iricliotmitibus  siniiilicibiis,  in  irlntc  mntiira  viiMc  cloiigntis  et  cum  vn<?ini!(  tmii- 
crttis  I't  iipcrti.s, — ill  ivliili"  iiiimnliini  iiiodico  l)rovil)us  ct  in  sctiini  iiioilicc  Idiipim  aihroiini 
linnluctis;  trlclKinialilms  inlcrnis  lirevo  nrtiruliilis,  Kiililililcr  (rniimlalis  coMtiniiis  vcl  viiric 
iiiti'miplis ;  viifjinis  lirriiis,  niodicc  crussis,  BOipo  distiutlc  lumcllosis,  culoiis  fxpcrUbiit* ;  tcl- 
luli.s  iiuriiiinintibus  siibgjobusitr 

Z>jam.— Sine  vag.=  .0003"  ;  cum  vag.=  .0005". 

Ihb. — In  ncstuario,  Stonington,  Cnnn.  (Dr.  V.  Li'wis.) 

In  little  tufts;  tilanients  sinipK-,  in  mature  state  preiitly  elongate,  and  with  the  sheath  trnneate 
and  open, — in  the  young  eondilion  shorter  and  often  ending  in  a  rather  shorl  seta;  ii.'t'i'iial 
lilaiuent  shortly  articulate,  ininutely  granular,  continuous  or  variously  interrupted;  sheath 
liriii,  rather  thick,  often  distiiully  lamellated,  colorless;  heteroeystrf  subglobose. 


i 


R(iniirl->^. — This  species  is  an  iiditdiitant  of  salt,  or  at  least  brackish  water,  having 
b(>en  collected  in  Stonington  Inlet  by  Dr.  Frank  I,cwis.  The  filaments  are  very 
long  and  always  simple;  forming  apparent  exceptions  to  this,  1  have  s(>en  once  or 
twice  a  number  of  yomig  filaments  so  united  as  to  give  the  appcamnce  of  having 
been  produced  from  oiu"  old  one,  and  in  other  cases  young  filiunents  growing  from 
the  sid(>  of  an  old  one ;  but  I  believe  those  are  always  si^t  free  so  soon  as  they 
attain  a  certain  size.  In  one  instance  there  wert^  large,  globulttr  cells,  with  very 
thick  walls,  produced,  and  lying  free,  in  the  sheath.     Are  these  spores?    They  are 


I 


I- 

1 1 


FllKSlI-WATKIl   ALCK   OK   Til  K    U  N  1  T  F;  I)    S  T  A  T  K  S  r,3 

wi'll  sliowu  ill  tigiiic  i  />,  J)!.  ;>.  Associatcil  with  tliciii  wvw  ii  nuinlicr  of  siinilnr  cells 
wliicli  hiul  not  ohtaiiu'd  iis  yet  the  outer  thick  wall.  Tlie  cohir  of  tlie  tilaiiieiits  is 
ill  my  s|)eciiiiens  of  a  rich  yoldeii  brown ;  but,  as  tiiey  iiave  been  iireserved  in  car- 
bolic ucid  water,  1  cannot  speak  positively  as  to  the  ori^'inul  tint.  'I  he  heterocysts 
are  8ubf,'lobose,  .soiiietiines  compressed,  sometimes  somewhat  triangular.  They 
about  eciual  in  diameter  the  internal  filament. 

Fig.  2,  pi.  5,  represents  u  small  duster  of  youngish  filaments  of  this  species. 

in.  M>.jlllirf  Hill,  Whop,  (sp.  iiov.) 

Al.  tliiillc)  cifsiiitulo,  mollc,  imrimitico;  tricliomivtilniB  nimplii'ihns,  i.lrrmnini.'  irmiiiciilfttiH,  Hcd, 
iiiliTiliiiii  lircvr,  iiilcrdum  lonp',  iirticiilalis,  coiiliiiiiis,  riiriiis  ihl.'nii|ilis,  iiiiicc  nllniUHlin, 
(liiVd-iiIiviicciH  mil  viriililms,  spursi'  uramiliilis  ;  viitiinis  plcniim|ii.'  nmplis  rt  (lit^l'iicli.s,  liyii- 
liiii.f,  Hii'piiis  viildiMiiKluliilis,  iipi«T  pl.'riiiiic|iif  valdf  iiinplilii'atiH  ct  in  lihrillas  s.diitis;  i-HIiiIIh 
pcnliiranlibii.s  diaiiu'tro  siil)a'i|iialil)iirt  ;  sjinriH  luilliH. 

/;„„„. _Tnt.|,om  o„'„o"  ■=■  OOOIC";  cum  viijf,  ,„",,^"  =  noo.V'. 

Ifiih. — III  plaiilarimi  ai|iinticariiiii  ftdiiH,  ("arp  Itivrr,  .Micljij^'aii. 

TlialliiM   sdincwlial    ca'spiloso,  sofl,  ].araHitic  ;  (ilamonts  Niinpli>,  mostly  iiiarliciilatc,  Iml  soinc- 
liiiMs  sliorlly  siiiurlimcM  long  arlii'iilal.',  coiitiiitKius  op  nioiv  rarely "iiilcmiplcd,  allcniialc  at 
llic  apex,  yollowiHh-olivo  or  (greenish,  sparsely  ^'ramilate;  slirall.s  inostlv  ample  and  dislinet 
liyallne,  often  slron^rly  nndnlale,  the  apex  mostly  mnel.  aniplilie.l  ami  d'issolved  into  lihrilhe  ; 
lieleroeysts  about  e(iuul  to  tliu  lilameut  in  diameter;  spores  wanting. 

Rrmarh.  —  'nun  species  was  found  in  tlie  Carp  River  bog,  growing  on  the  cd<'es 
of  minute  leaves,  so  as  to  form  little  prominences  or  thickenings  of  the  mar<Hii. 
The  trichomata  are  quite  distinct  from  one  another,  and  can  scarcely  be  said  1(^11.- 
united  into  a  frond,  although  they  all  appear  to  radiate  f.om  the  base,  where  they 
are  consolidated  into  a  dense  mass.  The  slieaths  are  generally  (piite  distinct,  much 
broader  than  the  cytioplasm,  and  are  not  sensibly  dilated  below.  In  most  speci- 
nuMis  they  arc  very  distinctly  alternately  dilated  and  contracted,  or  ii,  other  words, 
undulated.  This  is  especially  the  cast;  when  the  sheatlis  are  (piite  wid(<.  A'bove, 
they  are  rapidly  and  widely  dilated,  are  distinctly  filirillosi-,  and  appear  to  grac'ii- 
ally  melt  away.  The  cytioplasm  is  rarely  articulated,  and,  wIkmi  it  is  so,  the  joints 
are  scarcely  longer  than  broad,  and  are  most  generally  confined  to  th(>  distal  end  of 
the  filament.  Tiu;  species  appears  to  be  most  nearly  allied  to  M.  limurlainun, 
UuuN.,  from  wliich,  however,  it  is  (piite  distinct. 

Fig.  2  (f,  pi.  4,  represents  this  species  magnified  250  diameters ;  fig.  2  h,  a  single 
filament  magnified  800  diameters. 

in.  cloiij(nliiiii,  Wooi>. 

M.  initio  subfrloliosum,  poston  sa^po  nonnihil  fusinum,  nipro-viride,  lnl)rienm.  firiiio  ;  trielioma- 
tilius  aMMi-?ineis,  valde  elonpatis,  flatrelliforniilins,  interduin  inarlieidalis  sed  sa'piiis  Ineve 
artieulatis,  inlerdiim  a.i  penieuln  valdn  eonstrietis,  apieo  inlerdnni  Inmealis  sed  plernnitpio 
in  pilum,  lonpum.  neliroum,  flexuosuni,  prodnetis;  vairinis  aehrois,  arelis,  sa-pe  apieo  truu- 
cntis;  eellnlis  penlurantibus  globosis  7cl  .subglobosis. 


-7fi''oa"=00(li'(l. 


Diam 

Hiin.—M.  elougalum,  Woon,  Proilromns,  I'roc  Amer.  I'liilos.  Soc,  lS(i9,  p.  1-28. 
Htd). — III  nqimrio. 


54 


PllKSII-WATKR   Ar.(}^':   OF   T  H  K    UNITED   STATES. 


TlmlliH  lit  firMl  »ii1ik1()1)o«c,  nftcrwanU  fri'(|iu'iitlj'  fiiHifiinn,  bliukihli-Krccii,  ulippcry,  linn  ;  fila- 
iiii'titH  iiTU);iiiiiiis,  very  clongulc,  DuiiiutiiiicH  iiut  uiliciilatcd,  bill  iiioro  ((ci»'nill,v  Kliortly  urti- 
riiliiti'(l,  scinii'iiiiirM  i4ti'iiii);ly  ('iintrut'lcil  itl  llii-  joiiils;  ujiit'cH  HiniK'iitiii'.i  triiiit'iiti'  Imt  iri'iirriilly 
|iriiilu('(!il  iiilo  a  loiif^,  llcxiiDtiH,  traiiHliici'iil  liair;  hIu'iiIIi  truiis|iui-eul,  cIuhv,  ri'vi|UL'Ully  triiii- 
cato  at  tlio  opux  ;  liuloruoyHln  glulK>so  ur  Hubglubutio. 

Rimarlcs, — This  species  grew  in  my  aqunrium  on  some  brook-moss,  which  I 
obtained  from  a  sprinj^  above;  Manaynnk.  It  forms  litth'  nodules  of  the  size  of  a 
pin's  Iiead  upon  tlie  wire-like  stems,  or  sometimes  hjUfjer  fusiform  nuisses,  whicli  are 
apparently  produced  by  the  coalescence  of  a  nuiul)er  of  the  little  {globes.  The  color 
of  these  fronds,  wliieh  arc  very  firm,  is  a  blackisii-<j;reen.  The  filaments  radiate  from 
the  base  in  all  din  ctions,  and  at  the  apex  an;  tipped  with  a  very  long  luiir-like  flexu- 
ous  point,  or  tliey  arc  truncate,  ai)parently  from  the  breaking  off  of  this  terminal 
seta.  The  endochromc  is  not  unfrecpiently  interrupted  within  the  sheath.  When 
it  is  articulated,  tlu'  joints  are  usually  about  as  long  as  broad,  and  fre(pu;ntly  arc 
distinctly  separated  from  one  anotlier.  The  sheath  is  sometimes  <piite  apparent 
and  distinctly  truncate  and  open  above,  but  in  otluT  instances  is  with  difficulty 
perceived  anywhere,  and  above  is  lost  in  the  long  hyaline  point.  At  the  points 
of  attachment  of  the  frond  the  filaments  are  so  densely  crowded  as  almost  to 
appear  to  be  coalescent,  thougii  I  beli(>vc  they  are  never  really  so;  yet  it  is  often 
almost  impossible  to  separate  them  one  from  another  by  pressure  on  the  glass  cover, 
without  entirely  mashing  and  distorting  the  filaments. 

Fig.  1  «,  pi.  5,  represents  a  section  of  a  frond  of  this  species  slightly  magnified; 
fig.  1  i,  a  single  filament  magnified  460  diameters. 

Genus  MASTIGOTIIlllX,  Ktz. 

Trichomftta  siiipuln,  plcrumqiio  Rpnrsn,  parasiticn  intra  Uiiillum  Climtopliorarnm  aliariimqiie 
nifrarum,  fta^rcllifnrniia,  in  npiccm  ])ilir>>rmem  aclironm  liyalinum  ciispidata,  distincto  articuluta, 
arctu  vagiiiata,  basi  ceiliila  perdurantc  instriicta.     (11.) 

Filament  single,  mostly  scattered,  pnraaitic  within  tlin  tliallns  of  riiiBtopJiora  or  other  algm, 
flagcUiform,  with  thu  apex  produced  in  a.  hyaliuo  hair,  distinctly  vaginatc,  furnished  with  a  basal 
heterocyst. 

ItemnrJcH. — 1  have  simply  copied  the  generic  description  of  Prof.  Rabenhorst, 
although  it  seems  to  uk;  more  than  doubtful  wliether  the  ])lace  of  growth  is  any 
generic  character  whatever.  I  have  replied  more  on  the  long  hyaline  apical  hair, 
although  our  American  form  does  grow  in  a  gelatinous  palmella  like  jelly. 

in.  flbrosa,  Wood. 

M.  dilute  vel  eicriileo-viridis,  vcl  olivaeeo-viridis,  vol  siib-irrnjiinea,  infra  hand  artienlata, 
siirsum  smpo  breve  artienlata,  apiee  ill  trielioinata  iniitiira  in  .retain  hynliiiam,  di.stiiieto 
articiilatani,  loiigam,  prodiicta;  vaginis  aehroois — in  liluinciito  iiiunaturo,  supra  diatinetis, 
lati.s,  hyaliiiis,  infra  modiee  erassis,  aretis, — in  trieliomata  :;-ntnra  infra  nrctis,  iiulistinetis, 
supra  in  fibrillis  dissolutis,  apice  absentibu.s ;  eellulid  jicrdurantibus  globusis,  iutcrdum 
gcminis. 

Diam.— Triehone  jj'sb";  cell,  pordnr.  uJoo"— T^oiiii"- 

Syn. — M.  fdiroxa,  Wood,  Prodronius,  Proo.  Anicr.  rhilos,  Soc,  1800,  p.  121). 

Jlab. — Prope  Philadelphia. 


FUKSU-WATEU   ALQJi   Of  T  U  K    U  N  IT  K  D   STATES. 


00 


Light  l)IuiHli-grcon,  or  nliraccnn8-);rccn,  npcx  in  tlin  mature  fllamuiit  proloiigcd  intn  a  long, 
dJHtinetly  artioulutcd  liyuliiio  hiHu  ;  Kliviktli  trunHpari'iit — in  tlio  iniiiiiitiiro  rilitiiii-iit  iliMtully, 
l)ri)a(l,  unil  iliHtiiict  ultliciiigli  iiynliiio,  Ix'lnw  rittlxT  tliiclc  utid  i'Idhi' ;  in  tliv  nuitiirit  liliuiiciit 
Ix'luw  cluiio,  iiidiHtiiict,  uliuvo  diHuulvvd  iu  Ubrilliu  uud  wuuting  at  tlio  apex;  hutvrovyHtH 
glubusc,  8oni«timu8  gviuinuto. 

lirmarhs. — This  plant  was  found  growin(»  with  other  low  nlgic  in  a  thick  jelly, 
which  clothed  some  wet,  drip  ing  rocks  near  Manr^unk.  Tn  the  young  tiiunients 
the  sheath  is  produced  above  into  a  broad,  thick,  gelatinous-looking  portion,  the 
cavity  of  which  is  often  scarcely  apparent.  The  cytioplasm  in  such  lilaiiients  is 
mostly  of  a  light  bluisli-green  color,  is  granular  and  not  very  apparent.  In  older 
filaments,  the  trichoma  I'bove  is  prolonged  into  a  long,  curved  liyaline  point,  and  the 
sheath  just  below  the  base  of  tliis  is  split  into  a  number  of  fil)rillie.  No  spores 
were  perceived.  The  increase  of  the  species  appears  to  take  place  in  the  follow- 
ing manner:  Near  the  middle  of  the  filament  a  tumid  swelling  forms,  in  the 
centre  of  which  appears  after  awhile  a  constriction,  and  tliis  increases  until  at  last 
there  are  shaped  out  the  bases  of  two  filaments.  Tlien  the  heterocysts  appear,  and 
finally  the  two  halves  of  the  original  trichoma  separate — each  n  perfect  filament. 
(Fig.  3,  pi.  .'>.)  Sometimes,  instead  of  a  pair  of  filaments  being  thus  formed,  but 
a  single  base  is  shaped  out  at  the  place  of  swelling,  and  the  original  filaments  split, 
as  it  were,  tlius  giving  origin  to  a  second  trichoma,  which  for  awhile  appears  as  a 
branch  of  the  former,  but  is  soon  detached  from  it.  In  some  specimens  there  arc 
two  heterocysts,  unless  the  proximal  of  these,  which  is  a  light  orange-clay  color, 
represents  a  spore. 

rig.  3,  pi.  5,  represents  different  forms  of  this  species. 

Family  SCYTONEMACEiE. 

Tricliomata  articulata,  8n;po  moniliformia  vcl  submoniliformia,  vaginata,  pscndornmosa,  ccllulis 
limatuiKMH,  ud  psuudurainuloruiu  basin,  vcl  Intcrstitialibus,  pioruinqnu  ])ucLydvrinatii'ia  instructa. 
Voginiu  e  olratis  pluribus  (ctsi  non  8cni])cr  distinctiH)  forniitiv,  Buperfitie  Iievcs,  corrugiitii'  vcl 
oxasprratic,  crustatiu,  uouninqiiam  stratia  cxtcriuribus  in  fibrillus  diHceduntibus,  baud  raro  passim 
intumosccntca  vcl  ocroata). 

Vcgotatio  non  tcrniinalis;  ccllularum  vcgotativarum  diviRio  ad  iinara  diroctioncm,  initio  in  triciio- 
inatibus  medio,  postca  in  utroquc  Gae  stcpc  altcrnaus.  Cclluiu)  limilanuu;  ad  utruniquo  polum  locullo 
luc'ido  instructiB. 

I'ropagatio  gonidiis  picrumquc  oxuUima  gcncratione  ortis.  Qonidia  plcrumquc  numcrosa  scriata 
e  vagina  so  oxaerunt  tum()uc  iu  singula  scccdunt.  (II.) 

Filaments  equal,  articulate,  olYen  moniliform  or  snbmoniliform,  vaginatc,  pscudoramoso,  fnrnislu'd 
witli  heterocysts  which  are  cither  interstitial  or  at  the  base  of  the  branches,  and  are  mostly  tliick- 
wallud.  Sheaths  formed  of  numerous  strata  (not  always  distinct),  their  surface  smooth,  corrugate, 
or  roughened,  the  exterior  stratum  sometimes  breaking  up  iuto  fibrillic,  uot  rarely  intumcscent  or 
ochreate. 

Vegetation  not  terminal;  division  of  the  cells  occurring  in  one  direction,  in  the  beginning  in  the 
middle  of  the  trichoma,  afterwards  often  alternately  at  each  cud.  Heterocysts  furnished  with  a  trans- 
lucent spot  at  each  end. 

Propagation  mostly  by  gonidia  arising  from  the  last  generation  Oonidia  mostly  numerously 
seriate,  passing  out  of  the  sheaths  and  then  separating  one  from  the  other. 


56 


!••  K  i:  s  II  -  w  A  1  i:  i;  a  i.  c  .1;  o  r  t  in-:  i  n  i  r  k  i>  ^^  r  a  r  k  s. 


It  murks. — 'I'lu'  ^(7/^);)<»/(»(V(r  aiv  sinipli'  or  hiaiiclu'tl  tilanu-nttms  jilants,  wliicli 
grow  ill  water,  »>r  in  tlu'  air.  uiu>u  tn-c-tnmks,  roiks,  ffiu'cs,  iS;i'.,  in  moist  localitios. 
A  numbor  of  iiulividuals  of  oiu-  or  inoro  spt'cios  art>  almost  always  associatti!  to 
form  on  fill"  i;rounil  littlo  mats,  or  in  tlu>  water  attachotl  or  tloatinij  masses  of  vary- 
inj;  eoloi-  and  eliaraeters  aeeonlinij  to  the  speeies.  'I'lie  iiulividiial  tilanunits  a  ' 
eomjiosed  of  two  distinct  parts,  the  inner  tlu-  iirotojilasmie  matter,  the  (niter  (lie 
eellnlose  sheath.  Tin"  former  of  these  is  a  hnij;  eylindrieal  mass,  which  is  occa- 
sionally intinrnjifed  hy  a  distinct  thick-walled  cell,  spoken  of  in  this  memoir  as 
the  futrnH'i/sf,  or  '•rdliilis  jtirtitimntlhic."  The  imu-r  tilament  is  composed  of 
eolortnl  ])rotoplasm,  which  is  sennetimes  homo<j;eniv)ns.  bnt  in  otiier  ( ases  is  tlis- 
tinctly  i^rannlar.  It  is  most  i^enerally  articidated  after  tlu-  manner  of  an  osfllln- 
toriti,  bnt  occasionally  it  is  contintums  for  a  i;reat  portion  of  its  Icniitli,  and  in  one 
sp(-cit>s.  whicli  is  hert-  described,  althongh  vi-ry  possibly  not  belini<jinj^  in  the  family, 
there  are,  at  rci^nlar  intervals.  partiti(Uis  rnnninjj;  across  from  oi;;>  side  to  the  othi>rof 
the  slu  ath.  so  that  the  iinier  tilament  may  be  said  to  be  nnide  np  of  a  Timnbcr  of  cells. 

The  lu'terocysts  are  of  various  shapes,  «;hd)nlar,  compressed,  cylindrical,  obloni;, 
i*s:c.  ^;c.  They  are  mostly  pnnidedwith  a  brijjht  colorless  spot  at  each  end.  Tlu'ir 
nnndier  varies  accindinjj:  to  the  species.  Sonu'times  they  are  sintrle.  in  other  casi-s 
there  ari>  several  of  them  arranj^ed  in  si'ries.  'I'liey  are  placi'd  (-ither  at  tlu-  (nii:in 
of  the  bramlu's,  or  are  scattered  apparently  without  detinitt-  arranij;i"ment  in  thi- 
li-niyth  of  the  tihunent.  In  the  one  case,  tlu-y  are  known  as  '•/kiso!,"  in  the  otlu-r 
as  "  iiittrfiti/idl."  In  any  species,  either  of  these  nu-thods,  or  both  of  them,  may 
prevail;  bnt  a  certain  ainonnt  of  spt-eitic  vahu>  attaches  to  tlu-  situation  of  the 
heterocysts.  T!u-ir  fnnclion  is  totally  unknown,  althon!.!;h  sonu-  have  imai;in(-d 
tlu-iu  to  ha\(-  a  sexual  siL,niitiiMnc(-  and  even  to  be  spi-rmato/oids,  be.t  tlu-re  is 
no  proof  what(-vt-r  o(  tin-  truth  of  such  suppositions,  ami  it  is,  1  think,  \(-ry  i  ertaiu 
that  these  hcti-rocysts  are  not  of  the  naturt-  of  spores. 

The  sheatli  o(  tlu-  Sci/loiu  iim  is  composed  of  one  or  mon*  strata,  which  are 
ofti'ii  very  distinct  trom  one  another,  bn'.  .ire  more  ofti-n  pi-rhaps,  not  so.  It  is 
opaipie  or  translucent,  and  has  its  onti-r  surface  smooth,  e.  tubercular,  tibrillate  or 
voni;hened  in  sonu-  way. 

The  spi-citic  characti-rs  in  this  family  can  bi-st  be  comtm-nted  upon  under  two 
heads — n-unely,  those  which  are  disc(-verable  witli  the  unaided  t-yt-.  an.,  those 
which  the  microsoopi-  alo.ie  can  n-veal.  The  pi.ints  to  bt-  o\iscrv(-d  under  the  first 
of  these  are  as  follows:  The  plact-  of  growth  of  the  plant,  whetlu-r  ii  tin-  air  ov  in 
the  wati-r.  and,  if  it  Hm-  in  the  air,  to  what  it  is  attached — ^^  hetlu-r  to  stom-s.  dead 
winid,  or  living  tre(-s,  and  it  is  possible  that  in  some  eas(-s  it  nniy  be  found  that 
certain  pecies  of  Sci/fdinnni  inhabit  only  c(-rtain  sp(-i'ii-s  of  irces.  If  tlu-  plant 
be  ''1  wat(-r.  it  must  ix-  noted  whi-tlu-r  i'  bt-  attached  or  float ing.  Then  the  habit 
of  growth  must  lu-  looketl  at.  including  in  this  the  si/e  :^nd  thickness  of  tl.i-  masses 
of  filaments,  whetlier  tlu-y  be  Hocculent,  turfy,  crustaci-ims.  mcnbranons-gelatinons, 
&c.,  tiieir  softness  or  rigidity,  th.-ir  color,  as  well  as  the  avrangement  in  them  of 
the  tilaments.  To  discoier  the  latter,  it  will  g(-ni-rally  be  r.cci-ssarv  to  use  a  low 
power  of  tlu-  microscoi)e,  and  at  the  sanu-  tinn-  tin-  mode  and  profusion  of  branch- 
ing of  the  inilividnal  plant  should  Ix-  studied. 


t 


V  u  !•:  s  II  -  w  A  r  v.  u  a  i.  u  .v.  o  [■    v  ii  !•:  i;  n  i  r  v.  p  s  r  a  t  k s. 


67 


'l'\w  sc"f«»)ul  <"lass  of  chaviU'tjTs  iii(>  thuso  disrovoriiblc  only  with  tlic  hiiilur  powrrs. 
'I'll!  y  iuv  (livisiliK-  iu'o  twosi-ts;  tliost-  airoriU-il  by  tlio  iiiiu'r  tilamrut  ami  tliosc 
il(  riv*>il  Iroiu  tlu<  shnitlis.  lu  tlir  liist  of  tlu'se  tlic  points  to  bi>  noted  aro,  tlio 
ilianiclcr  of  tho  liiun\cnt ;  its  color,  wlu-tlu-r  it  lu>  or  lu-  not  articnlatrd,  and  if  it. 
bi-  till'  U'n};th  of  thr  joints;  whi-thrr  it  is  uniform  or  inoniliforiu ;  wlu'tiii-r  it  bi- 
honiogrnoous  or  grannlatr ;  tln>n  tho  hrti-roiysts  should  bi-  i-xaniini-d  as  to  tluir 
si/.o,  position,  arriin<,'i-nirnt,  shape,  number,  and  color. 

The  diameter  of  tlie  sheath,  its  honiojjeneousness,  its  color,  tirmness,  and  tho 
condition  of  its  outer  surface  are  to  be  included  in  the  specific  study. 

(JonusSCVrONKMA. 

'I'lMflmmiilii  rivsiiitiiso-('iini;n'j;iilii  vcl  lasciiiiliita,  plus  mimis  iisiMiilnnimosii,  ci'lliilis  iiitoi'stitiuliliuii 
iiisti-iula ;  vairiiur  gi'laliiuiso-im'inlnamu't'U'.  r  stralis  (iiilciiliini  olisulclis)  |iliiiilms  ('vlimhaci'is  I'lnii- 
|)i)>ila';  ct'lliilis  lurduianlilms  siiiirulis. 

I'ilaiiu'iits  (■ii'spitn.-i'lv-ciiiigri'jriilc  nr  faM-iculali",  mnii'  or  less  iisi'tuloruiiioM' ;  fiiriiislu'il  with  in- 
ti-rslitial  ct'lls  ;  slicallii  );>'lutiiiiiu.s-imnubrunucvou.s,  coiii|iosi'tl  of  iimii^' ('vlliidiii'al,  Mumoliiiu's  o\>- 
solfU',  slnuu;   lu'tcroivsls  sin(j;lo. 

(1.    'I't-nnilrfs  n7  (iijiinlicar. 
II.    'I'lrrtslrial  i>r  iK/iKith: 

S.  »<ili:|>IU'(*,  Wood,  (sp.  imv.) 

S  ill  siriilo  iiioilioo  crnsso,  siil)toim'!itO!<o,  ni^ro  vir'ulo  ;  triclioinnliluis  vaKlo  i-liinjiatis,  (li-xiio.-jo- 
t'lirvHlis,  jmn'issiiiio  jisoiulmaiiuisis  vol  sii-po  siiii-  p.-iriuloraimilis;  psiiuliuaimilis  itcininis  vol 
singulis,  |)loriiiii(|iio  I'lungati.s  ;  triohoiiiatiluis  iiitornis  iiioilo  ilistiticlo  artieiilatis,  nitxio  iiiiir- 
tirtiiati.'i,  ii|>i('c  intiTiliiiii  bivvissitiio  artiiulatis,  );i'aiiiil(>sis,  palliilo  viriililms.  ml  gcniciila  sa'po 
lioiliisis  vol  ili.^iinifli.-i,  aiticiilis  ploniiiupn'  tlianii'li'i)  u'liualiliiis  ml  7  pl»  ImigiDiilm.-i;  vagiiiis 
pU'iiiiiupio  suprii  trum'atis  tl  iipcrtis,  pt'lliii'iilis,  !>u'|)i>  I'oloris  I'.vpiTtiliiis,  inlniliim  tlihili' 
uiii'co-l/iimifis ;  colliilis  ponUivuiilibus  cjliiultifis,  inlcrji'dis,  iliiimi'tro  2-5  plo  loiiiridribtii. 

i)i(im.— Trioli.  fum  \ag  ss'oo"— iioo"  =  .0004"— .OOOC.C."  ;  siiio  vug.  yjoo"— tAo"  -  -00013" 
—.00020". 

lliih. — III  lijfiiis  irrorntis,  South  Ciiroliim.   (Ilavoiu'l.) 

S.  ill  a  inoili'rati'ly  tliii'k,  sonu'wlmt  tomoiitoiso,  lilacklsli-preoii  sinitiini ;  trlflioiimtii  very  clonirato, 
llcxiiouslv  luiviil.  vfiv  spar.si'ly  braiicluMl  or  frt'ipu'iilly  willioul  liraiii'lios  ;  liraiu'lics  irnniiialo 
or  siiiglo,  iiioslly  oloiiirato;  inloriial  lilamoiit  partly  ilistiiiclly  artiriilalo.  partly  iiianinilati-, 
grntiiilar,  paU'-gn'onisli.  in  its  api  ;  soiiioliiiu's  very  .tliortly  arlaMilati-,  Kpar.si'ly  grumilar, 
oflon  noiloso  or  ilisjoiiii'tl  nt  tho  joints;  artii'li's  mostly  from  oqiml  to  to  1  liiiu'.s  longrr  tliaii 
the  iliniaolor;  sluMiths  thick,  tniiispurcnl,  oflcn  I'olorlt-ss,  soniotiincs  palo  yt'Ilowisli-lirowii, 
mostly  ;'i.ii'.  'uiil  Iruiu'iilo  iit  iipe.x  ;  lu'tcrocysts  cylimlricul,  intor.-^porsoil,  'J-  limes  longor 
than  their  (linnu'tcr. 


Brniarls. — 1  am  indebted  to  Professor  Riivenel  for  specimens  of  this  species. 
They  are  preserved  in  solution  of  acetnte  of  alumina  and  accompaui(>d  by  the  fol- 
lowinj;  lab(<l:  '•  Adherini^  to  the  wet  sides  of  a  wooden  u:ntter,  leadiiif;  wafer  from 
a  sprinjr,  September  »M),  IStii):  .\iken.  South  Carolina."  The  lilanuMits  are 
remarkable  for  tho  fewness  of  their  branches.     Ciencrally,  indeed,  there  are  no 

8       Mcy.  laTS. 


68 


FIIKSII-WATKU  ALGvK  OF  TU  K   UMTKD   STATES. 


I! ) 


I 

III 


briinclios  wliatcivcr,  ami  I  have  novt-r  sren  more  tlian  a  sin^'lo  piiir,  or,  at  most, 
tlircu  branches  to  u  filament.  Tlie  mass  of  filaments  is  blackish-green,  somewhat 
tomentose  and  quite  shiny  in  appearance.  The  articles  are  often  very  long,  and 
the  internal  filament  is  frequently  in  such  cases  enlarged  into  a  sort  of  globular 
node  at  the  joint.  Not  at  all  rarely  there  is  a  very  decided  break  in  the  endo- 
chromc  at  the  joints. 

This  species  is  very  close  to  S.  Aiiatinli,  from  which,  however,  I  think  it  suffi- 
ciently distinct.  Tlu>  points  of  difference  are  in  the  much  firmer,  much  more 
colored  and  opacpie,  and  rougher  slieath  of  that  species;  in  the  swollen  ends  of 
the  internal  filauunit  of  S.  Aiisfliill,  and  its  shorter  articles,  with  the  absence  of 
nodes  or  distinct  internq)tion  of  the  eiulochromc  at  the  joints.  The  heterocysts 
are  also  (piite  different  in  the  two  forms,  whilst  the  filaments  of  S.  shiiplicc  are 
much  the  longer. 

S.  Aiisliiiii,  AVcion,  (sp.  nov.) 

S.  rupic'olii,  striito  tomciitoso,  ciespitoso,  erasso,  fnsco-nipro;  trioliomatibiis  ndscciidcntibus, 
("iirvatis,  ])lcrinn(|uc  siiiiiilit'ihus ;  tn'tliormililitis  iiitcriiis  ivrupincis  vel  fiisecsuciitibus,  nrticii- 
latis  vol  iiinrticiilatis,  fine  .'^ii'iie  vakle  iiicrassati.s ;  articuli.s  diauu'tro  plonnmiue  iiiulti)  bre- 
vioribiis,  interdnm  loiif^ioribus  ;  vapjiiiis  riibido-  vcl  auroo-fusccsccntibiis,  KU'po  i5ul)-i)i)aiis, 
Qniiis,  indistiiicte  lamellosis,  in  apieo  plcrum<|uu  achrois  et  coloris  fere  cxpcrtibus,  Riipcrlicio 
subrugosa  ct  hirta;  ccllulis  pedruraiUibus  brevitor  eyiiiidricis,  vel  subquadratis  vol  subglo- 
bosis,  iiiterdum  valde  couipressis  et  diaiiietro  iiiiilto  brevioribus. 

Diam.—V\\.  cMim.  vag.  .0000"— .0008" ;   sine  vag.  .OOOIG"— .0004". 
Hab. — III  rupibiis,  "Little  Falls,  New  Jer.sey."'   (Austin.) 

S.  growing  on  roeks,  stratum  tomentose,  and  somewhat  turfy,  brownish-black;  trieliomal; 
n.scending,  ino.-^tly  siaiple,  curved  ;  interna!  iilaraent  a^ruginou.s  or  fnse<PU!i,  articulate  or  inar- 
ticulate, often  very  much  thickened  at  the  ends;  articles  much  shorter  to  lor.ger  than  tlicir 
diameter;  sheaths  reddish  or  yelluwi.sh-fuscous,  at  the  opc.\  colorless  and  transparent,  linn, 
indistinctly  lamellate  ;  surface  rough  ;  heterocysts  shortly  cylindrical,  sulxiiiadrate  or  snli- 
globosc,  sometimes  strongly  compressed  and  much  shorter  than  broad. 


lieiiKtrJxs. — This  plant  occurs  as  a  blackish  stratum  of  one  or  two  lines  in  Ihick- 
ness,  forming  a  sort  of  miniature  turfy  cushion  upon  the  rock,  ^^'heu  extimint^d 
with  the  hand-glass,  this  layer  is  seen  to  be  composed  of  a  great  number  of  ascend- 
ing curved  filaments  "whose  color,  in  some  specimens,  is  a  reddish-brown ;  in 
others,  apparently  younger,  yellowish-brown.  Under  the  compouiul  micvoscope 
the  sheaths  in  the  older  filaments  arc  seen  to  be  much  roughened  externally  luid 
irregular  in  outline.  The  young  sheaths  are  smooth.  The  filaments  are  mostly 
simple,  since  I  hiivo  not  seen  more  than  a  half  dozen  having  even  a  siiigh^  brancii. 

The  heterocyfits  axo  scatteied  at  irr^  gultir  intervals,  and  are  remarkably  irregular 
in  form — sometimes  much  shorter  than  broad,  sometimes  several  times  as  long. 
As  the  ends  of  the  filaments  are  approached  the  interiud  filament  suddenly  swells 
out  and  increases  sometimes  to  twice  the  diameter  it  litis  in  the  central  ptirt  of  the 
filament.  In  the  filament  jjroper  it  rtirely  attains  a  diameter  of  more  than  .flOOIJ", 
iind  is  commonly  tibout  .OOO'i.)",  whereas  at  the  ends  it  very  generally  approaches 
the  maximum  .(K)()4'..'". 


PRESII-WATER  ALG^  OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


59 


S.  immersiiin,  Wood,  (sp.  nov.) 

S.  immersuiu  tiim  nlgi.s  nllrns  intcrmixtiim  et  plantas  aquaticas  adlia;rens ;  triehoniatilius 
cloiigatis;  iisfuduruiiiulis  plus  iiiiiuis  di.staiilibu.s,  ploiumquo  giiiuiuis,  et  e  basi  divtrgeiiUr 
adscoiidealibus,  bruvibus  uut  eluiigutisj  trichomatibus  iiitcfuis  liuto  ceiugiiieis,  iutciuum  dis- 
tincte  articulutis,  iuturdum  iuarticulalis,  apice  obtuse  rotuiidato,  a>rugiiieo;  articulis  diamctro 
Bubicqualibus  vcl  brovioribus  ;  vagiriis  ainplis,  hyalinis,  eoloris  expcrtibus ;  collulis  pcrdu- 
rantibus  distiuctis,  singulis,  intcrjectis,  subcyliudritis,  diametro  iutcrdum  fere  duplo  breviori- 
bus,  iutcrdum  duplo  lougioribua. 

Dwrn.— Sin.  vag.  ^jj^j,"  =  .000415".     Cum  vag.  fegsff"  =  .OOOtS". 

Hab. — 111  aquis  quietis,  Cumberland  County,  New  Jersey. 

S.  immersed,  intermi.xed  with  other  alga;  and  adhering  to  aquatic  plauts  ;  filaments  elongate; 
branches  mostly  geminate,  more  or  less  distant,  short  or  elongate ;  internal  filuments  bright 
ajruginous,  sometimes  distinctly  articulate,  at  others  not  so,  ajiex  obtusely  rounded  a;rugin()us; 
joints  about  equal  to  the  diameter  or  shorter;  sheath  ample  hyaline,  colorless;  heterocysts 
distinct,  single,  interjected,  subcylindrical,  sometimes  about  half  as  long  as  broad,  sometimes 
nearly  twice  as  long. 

Remarks.— I  found  this  plant  in  September,  1869,  in  Shepherd's  Mill  Tond,  near 
Grecnwicli,  Cumberland  County,  New  Jersey,  forming,  with  other  alga?,  a  floccu- 
lent,  greenish-black,  slimy  coating  to  the  stems  and  finely  dissected  leaves  of 
liaimuculus  aquatilis.  The  branches  are  very  few  in  number  in  most  specimcMis, 
and  when  tliey  are  more  plentiful  are  apt  to  be  short  and  abortive.  Their  apices 
do  not  differ  materially  from  their  other  portions. 

Fig.  9,  pi.  2  a,  represents  a  portion  of  a  filament  of  this  specimen  magnified  750 
diameters ;  fig.  2  i  a  whole  filament  magnified  2G0  diameters. 

8.  nrwgelii,  Ktz.  (?) 

S.  cajsptoso-floccosum,  bryophilum,  nigro-viridc;  triclioniatibus,  plerumquc  sparse  pseudora- 
mosis,  psoudoramulisque  elongatis  et  intricatis;  trichomatibus  internis  breviterarticulatis,  sa;pe 
■■•terruptis,  soipe  nonnihil  moniliformibus,  viridibus  aut  in  a!tate  provecta  brunneis;  articulis 
sa^pc  sejunctis,  diametro  plerumquc  brevioribus,  subtilitcrgrannlatis;  pseudoramulis  plerumquo 
singulis  ;  vaginis  modicc  arctis,  iutcrdum  subaniplis,  hand  distincte  lamellosis,  modicc  crassis, 
hyalinis,  colnris  expcrtibus  aut  in  a;tato  provecta  dilute  fu.sco-brunneis;  cellulis  perduranti- 
bus  nonnihil  reniformibus,  plerumquc  nullis,  basilaribus. 

Diam.—¥U.  cum  vag.  plerumquc  Ts'-ff/— max.  j^^j/  ;  sine  vag.  TjSffTr",  cell,  pcrdurant.  lab. 

Syn.—S.NicgeUi  (Ktz.),  RAnENiioRST,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  II.  p.  252. 

Hab.— la  fontc,  prope  Helvidere,  Centre  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Growing  in  small,  blackish-grecn  woolly  mats  atta(  .led  to  mosses ;  filaments  mostly  sparsely 
branched,  with  the  branches  elongate  and  intricate  ;  internal  filament  shortly  articulate, 
often  somewhat  moniliform,  often  interrupted,  green,  or,  in  mature  state,  brownish ;  joints 
oft'  n  disjoined,  mostly  shorter  than  the  diameter,  finely  granulate;  branches  mostly  single; 
8hc!iths  moderately  close,  sometimes  ample,  not  distinctly  lamellate,  rather  thick,  hyaline, 
colorless,  or,  in  old  age,  light  fuscous  brown  ;  heterocysts  mostly  wanting. 


lirmarl-x.—T  found  this  plant  in  the  large  spring  that  supplies  Bellefonte  with 
water,  growing  attached  to  mosses,  so  as  to  form  little  dark-green  mats  around 


m 


60 


FRESII-WATKIl   A  L  Q  .E   OF   T  II  K   UNITED   STATES. 


their  stems  and  branclus.  These  mats  never  exceeded  an  inch  in  length  in  any 
specimens  that  came  under  my  notice.  The  fihiments  themselves  are  apparently 
not  much  branched  and  arc  densely  interwoven.  The  sheaths  are  close,  rather 
thick,  not  lamellate,  of  uniform  diam'jter,  except  in  that  they  are  occasionally 
locally  swollen,  and  arc  truncate  and  open  at  the  end.  The  internal  filaments  are 
frequently  much  interrupted,  and  in  the  younger  plants  arc  of  a  deep  green.  The 
joints  are  in  many  instances  much  separated,  and  in  most  cases  very  distinct. 
The  filaments,  indeed  show  a  remarkable  tendency  to  break  up  at  the  joints,  so  as 
to  form  a  series  of  disli-like  gonidia,  so  that  the  articles,  or  endochromc  masses, 
may  bo  generally  described  as  strongly  compressed  spheres.  In  all  the  specimens 
that  I  have  examined,  I  have  seen  but  a  single  hetcrocyst.  This  was  at  the  base 
of  a  branch,  was  somewhat  reniform,  and  about  three-fifths  as  long  as  broad.  I 
have  referred  this  species,  doubtfully,  to  S.  NaegcUi,  Ktz.,  the  only  account  of 
which  that  I  have  met  with,  or  know  of,  is  a  brief  diagnosis  in  llabenhorst's  Flora, 
in  which  many  of  the  essential  characters  tire  omitted. 

Fig.  6,  pi.  8,  represents  a  portion  of  a  filament  of  this  species. 

S.  thcrmale,  Ktz. 

S.  strnto  teniic,  niffrcsooiitc ;  trichomatilms  flcxuoso-curvatis,  intricatis,  parco  psoudoraraosis, 
intcniis  pnllide  ffirugineis,  sa-po  coloris  fore  expcrtilms,  passim  iiitcrniptirt,  |ili'rum(|ue  iiiur- 
ticulatis  soil  tiajpc  indistincto  et  iiitordum  distiiicto  articulatis,  granulosis;  articujis  diaiuctro 
brevioribiis  vol  sul)a'(iiialibus  ;  pscudoraniuiis  plcniiuqao  brcvibus,  gi'Uiiuis,  in  diarni'tro  tri- 
choniatibus  ffi(iualibiis  vol  subietiualibiis  ct  iutcrdum  usque  ad  iiiodiuin  conjuiictis,  basi  coa- 
litis,  sffipe  e  basi  divergoiitibus ;  vaginis  cras.sis,  iiidislincto  lamcllosis,  vol  lutco-fu.seia  vcl 
fusfis,  scd  passim  fere  coloris  c.xpcrtibus,  pleruuique  vi.\  pellueiduiis,  in  ramulurum  apico 
sajpe  hyaliiiis  et  coloris  fere  e.xpcrlibus;  eellulis  perdurantibus,  subquadratis  vel  cyliudricis, 
singulis,  interjectis. 

Diam.—'iv.   cum  vag.   ^3»5j"_^53(,g"  =  .00042"— .00058  ;    sine   vag.   j^'^,"  =  .0001Cn"— 


^a'o(5"= -00025. 


Syn. — S  thcrmale,  Ktz,,  IIabenhorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect  II.  p.  250. 

Bab. — In  terra  argilloroa,  South  Carolina.    (Ravenel.) 

Stratum  thin,  blackish;  filaments  flcxuously  curved,  intricate,  sparingly  branched;  internal 
filament  pale-greenish,  often  almost  colorles.s,  here  and  there  interrupted,  mostly  inarticulate, 
but  often  indistinctly  and  sometimes  distinctly  articulate,  granular;  joints  shorter  or  about  as 
long  as  broad  ;  branches  geminate,  mostly  short,  e<iual  or  subequal  to  the  fdament  in  diameter, 
coalescent  at  the  bases,  rarely  so  even  to  their  middle,  mostly  di. fluent  from  the  base  ;  .sheiilli 
thick,  indistinctly  lamellate,  vellowish-fuscous,  and  scarcely  seraitransparent,  but  here  and 
there  nearly  colorless  and  pellucid,  generally  so  in  the  apices  of  the  brauchua;  heterocysts 
subquadrate  or  cylindrical,  single,  intcr.spersed. 

Remarks. — I  {\m  ind(>bted  to  Professor  Ravenel  for  specimetis  of  this  species  pre- 
served hi  solution  of  acetate  of  alumina.  The  lid)el  reads,  "Damp  surface  of  hard 
clay,  Sept.  'ii?,  1S69."  The  sheaths  are  quite  thick  and  scarcely  transhicent,  so  that 
the  color  of  the  inner  filament  seen  through  them  is  that  of  theiaselves.  Curiously 
enough,  one  of  those  dark  sheaths  will  for  a  space  lose  its  color  and  be  very  trans- 
parent, in  such  places  and  in  the  apices  of  the  branches,  the  inn^r  filament  is  often 
a  decided  pale-green  ;  at  other  times  it  is  almost  colorless.  The  end  of  the  sheaths 
are  mostly  closed,  but  I  have  seen  them  open,  with  the  inner  filament  projects 


PRESII-WATER   ALGvE   OP   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


61 


ing.  The  branches  arc  nearly  always  short,  and  divergent  from  their  united  bases. 
Tlio  lioterocysts  have  frequently  one  of  their  ends  rounded;  and  are  quite 
numerous.  This  species  corresponds  too  closely  to  lliibenhorst's  description  of 
Scytonema  thermale  to  be  separated,  but  it  is  possible  a  comparison  of  specimens 
might  show  decided  differences-thc  description  of  the  European  form  is  not  very 
full.  The  American  plants  seem  to  approximate  most  closely  the  Var.  inkxtum. 
I  have  seen  a  single  branch  given  off  only  in  one  instance. 

Fig.  1,  pi.  6,  represents  a  filament  of  tliis  species  magnilied  260  diameters;  fig. 
1  h,  the  outline  of  a  heterocyst  magnified  750  diameters. 


i$.  Myocliroiis,  Ao. 

S.  strato  tciiui,  pannoso-tomp-.toso,  obscuro  fusco  (noiiniinqimm  Riiliscricco) ;  trielioiiidtibiia 
validissiiiiis,  fiiscis,  lucidi.s,  I-.'iiit.T  eurvatis,  adsccMidenlilius,  intiTiiis  ici-ugineis,  apioe  (articul. 
term.  6-(i)  riibullia,  distincto  arliculatis;  psoudorainulia  ploruniqiie  gciiiinia,  sa'pu  longissiniis 
flaccido-CR'ctis,  tricliomatc  diinidio  circitcr  temioribus;  trichomalis  vaginis  crassis,  distincto 
lamollosis,  lirmis,  pulchre  lutco-liiHcis,  siiporfido  loivissimis,  ramuloriim  sonipcr  paliidioribus 
(luteis,  rariu-s  aclirois),  apioe  sa<po  aclirois,  clausis  ct  obtuso-rotiiiidatis;  cellulis  pordii- 
runtibiia  oblongia  vol  subcyiii.drifis,  acbrois,  trichomatis  iiitcrni  diametro  8uba;(iiialibii3. 
(H.)  Strato  obscuro  ollvaceo,  tricboinatibim  parco  psoiidoramosis,  ad  ,V"  crassis  ;  pspiido- 
raiimilis  singulis,  vaginis  acbrois  vul  lutcolis;  vug.  trieb.  lutco-fuscis.  (K.)  Species  mibi 
ignota. 

7>inm.—Tridiom  0.0011"— 0.0014";  rainiiiorum  ad  0.000C8".  (R.) 

Sijn.—S.  Mi/Ofhroun,  Aoardh  ;  A'ur.  Cuntexlum,  Caumiciiael.  Rabenhokst,  Flora  Eurnp. 
Algaruui,  Sect.  If.  p.  254. 

Hub.—"  Foot  of  Crow's-nest,  West  Point."  Bailey.     Sillinian's  Journal,  X.  S.  vol.  iii. 

Strato  tbin,  pannoscly  tomentosc,  obscurely  fuscous  (sometimes  somewhat  silky) ;  (ilamcnts  very 
strong,  fu.scous,  bright,  slightly  curved,  nscending  ;  the  internal  ajruginou.s"  distinctly  arlicu- 
late  with  the  npcK  (terminal  ,5-fi  joints)  reddish;  branches  mostly  geminate,  often  vc'ry  lung, 
flaccidly  erect,  about  ono-half  thinner  than  the  fdament;  sheath  of  the  fdament  thick,  dis- 
tinctly lamellate,  firm,  beautifully  yellowish-fuscous,  surface  very  smooth  ;  sheath  of  the 
branches  always  paler  (luteous  or  rarely  colorless)  with  the  ape.x  colorless,  short  and  obtusely 
rounded;  heterocysts  about  equal  in  diameter  to  the  internal  hliiment.  Stratum  ob.scnrcly 
olivaceous,  filaments  sparsely  branched,  about  ^y"  thick  ;  branches  single,  with  the  sheaths 
tran.spareut  or  yellowish  ;  sheath  of  the  trichoma  lutco-fuscous. 

S.  calolriclioides.  Ki;'TziNG(|). 

S.  ciespitosuni,  mucosnin,  plcruinquo  cum  algig  variis  intcrmi.xtum;  trichomatibns  plus  minus 
curvatis;  pseudoranmlis  plcrumquo  geminis,  varie  curvatis,  simplieibus,  clongatis;  trieho- 
matibus  internis  modo  distincto  nrticulatis,  modo  inartieulatis,  interdum  moniliformibus, 
luteo-viridibus  vel  Bjruginpia,  granulosis  ;  articulis  plcrumquo  diametro  brevioribus  sed  in- 
terdum iiermulto  loigioribus,  baud  rare  vel  subglobosis  vel  vahle  compressis  ;  cellulis  per- 
diirantibus  singulis,  subcylindricis;  vaginis  plcrumquo  pellucidulis,  di.stincte  lamollosis,  in 
trichomatibus  plerumque  rubido-vel  luteo  brunneis  sed  interdum  coloris  expertibus,  in  ns'eu- 
doraniulis  hyalinis,  colons  expertibus  vel  dilutissime  luteis  vel  dilute  luteo-bninneis. 

/)/a»i.— Cumvag.inax.  ^^\„" =.00010";  plerumque  „V' =00045";  sincvag.  jzW —  a^oi"; 
pscuilorani.  ^j'^j"  =  .0005". 

N'/H.— S.  valolrkhoiih'i',  Ktz.     Rabenuorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  II.  p.  252. 
Huh. — South  Parolina.     (Ravencl.) 


62  FRESII-WATKIl   ALO.K    OK    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Ctcijiitosp,  mucous,  mostly  intiTiiiixnl  witli  vnridiis  nlfta;;  filnmciita  mnro  or  1cm  ciirvod; 
brniR'lu's  mostly  in  piiirs,  olongiitc,  siiuplo,  variously  ourvinl ;  iiitcrmil  filiment  partly  dis- 
tiiully  arliciiliili',  partly  not  artinilalc,  soiiu'liiiics  iiKiiillirorm,  yt'llowisli-jcfii'ii  or  I'ruginou.s, 
praiiiilur  ;  jdiiits  iiioslly  shorter  tliuii  the  liiunii'ti'r,  soinctiiiics  iinicli  loiigc  •,  soiiietiiiics  sub- 
globose  or  siroiifily  eomprossi'il;  licterocysts  siiifrle,  subcyliiidrical ;  slicatlis  ilistinotly  lumel- 
late,  mostly  redtlisli  or  yi'llowisli-browii,  but  somftiuics  colorless,  iu  bruuclica  hyaline,  color- 
less, or  with  ii  very  faint  yellowish  tint,  or  sometimes  browuish. 

Remarlcs. — Tlic  specimens,  from  which  the  above  description  was  drawn  up, 
were  sent  mo  by  Professor  lluveiiol  from  Soutlt  Carolina.  The  cxtvemitics  of  the 
sheaths  are  cither  ch)S('d,  or  open.  Tiie  branches  are  ahnost  always  in  pairs,  and 
sometimes  three  or  four  are  given  off  togctiier,  bnt  this  is  not  connnon.  Tliey 
arc  often  nearly  or  quite  colorless;  the  main  filament  is  generally  a  sort  of 
brown  —  sometimes  qnito  bright  from  the  pnulominance  of  the  yellow  hue. 
Altiioiigh  my  specimens  do  not  precisely  agree  with  the  descriptions  of  the 
European  S.  cahlrlchoidcx,  yet  tiie  disagreement  docs  not  seem  sufficient  or 
suffici(>niy  constant  to  separate  specifically  the  two  forms;  the  most  important  of 
tlie  dift'(>rcnccs  is  in  the  coloration  of  the  sheaths  and  heterocysts,  which  in  the 
American  plant  are  commonly,  but  not  universally,  respectively  brownish  and 
greenish. 

Tiie  label,  which  Profes'Xji  liavenel  has  attached  to  some  of  the  specimens, 
reads,  "  In  wet,  boggy  places,  on  rotten  pine  boards,  Sept.  2.5,  18()i)." 

Fig.  2,  pi.  G,  represents  "i  filament  of  tiiis  plant  magnified  2o0  diameters, 

S.  cataracta,  Wood. 

S.  rui)icoln,  cajspitosum,  fusco-atrnm,  longo  ct  late  cxpansnm;  trichomatibus  flexuosia,  floxili- 
bus,  fere  0.25"  longibus,  vafre  pseudoramosissimis,  snperlieie  la'vibus;  pseudoraniis  elongatis, 
singulis,  rarissime  geminis,  liberis,  interdum  I'useis,  sa'pius  hyalinis,  apiec  plerumqnt'  Iruncatis 
ct  rare  nonnihil  attcnuatis  ot  snspc  barbais  sed  hand  rubellis  ;  trichomatibus  intcrnis  icrngi- 
neis,  tenuissiniis,  i)lerum(iuo  distinctc  articulatis;  articulis  dianictro  plernm(|ue  breviorlbns, 
sed  intcnlum  longiorlbus,  sa>pe  sejunctis,  si«pe  subglobosis  ;  vnglnis  crassis  et  lirniis;  Cellulis 
perdnrantibus  et  ba.silaribus  et  iiiterjoctis,  singulis,  rarissinu^  geminis. 

Diam. — Trich.  cum  vng.  pleruniqne. 00045"  ;  max.  .0011";  sine  vng.  max.  .00013". 

Sijn. — H.  cataracta,  Wood,  Prodromus,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.,  p.  129,  18G9. 

llab. — Iu  flumiuc  Niagara  prope  cataractam. 

S.  forming  on  rocks  an  extended  turf-like  stratum  of  a  brownish-black  color;  fdaments  flexnous, 
flexible,  almost  0.25"  long,  irregularly  branched,  their  surface  smooth;  branches  elongate, 
single,  riircly  in  jiairs,  free,  sometimes  fuscous,  frc(pieiitly  hyaline,  their  a])iccs  generally 
truncate,  rarely  somewhat  attenuate,  frequently  provided  with  cidargements,  never  reddish  ; 
cytioplasni  reruginoua,  very  thin,  generally  distinctly  articulate;  articles  mostly  shorter  than 
broad,  but  sometimes  longer,  frequently  di.'joiued,  often  siibglobose ;  sheaths  thick  and  firm; 
heterocysts  both  basal  and  interjected,  single,  extrenudy  rarely  geminate. 

Remnrht. — This  species  grows  abundantly  in  th(>  Niiignra  llivcT,  on  the  rocks 
below  tiie  great  cataract.  It  is  really  in  little  tufts,  but  these  are  in  many  cases 
jilaced  so  closely  as  to  form  a  broad  turf-like  coating  to  the  stones.  Often,  howiner, 
tlio  tufts  are  in  smaller  patches,  and  are  of  sufficient  length  to  wave  with  llie 
eddies  and   currents  in   tlie  water.     The   branches  are  almost  always  given  off 


FllKSlI-WATKll   ALO.E   OF   T II K   UNITED   STATES. 


C3 


singly  since  I  have  examined  some  hunilretls  of  ppcciiuciis,  and  have  only  in  one 
instuace  detected  them  in  pairs.  The  apices  of  tiie  branches,  and  indeed  of 
the  main  fihimcnts,  are  beautifnlly  colorless  and  hyaline,  and  not  unfrequcntly  a 
branch  will  have  this  hyaline  sheath  for  a  long  distance.  The  extreme  ends  arc 
mostly  trnncate  and  open,  and,  often  near  them,  the  sheaths  will  have  marked 
swellings  ;  a  condition  which,  for  want  of  a  better  term,  I  have  spoken  of  as  being 
harhute.  Sometimes  near  the  end  of  the  filament  the  diameter  of  the  sheath  will 
be  suddenly  lessened.  The  large  cells  are  both  interstitial  and  placed  at  the  bases 
of  the  branches ;  they  arc  more  or  less  oblong  or  qmidrangular,  sometimes  being 
scarcely  longer  than  broad,  but  in  other  cases  several  times  longer.  At  their  posi- 
tion there  is  very  generally  a  sort  of  globular  enlargement  of  the  filament.  The 
sheath  is  sometimes  very  obscurely  lamellate.  The  color  of  the  'older  filaments  is 
a  dark,  almost  chocolate-brown.  This  is  apparently  the  species  referred  to  by 
Professor  Bailey  as  being  Sci/tonnva  ociUatinn  of  Harvey,  in  Silliman's  Journal,  vol. 
iii.  N.  S.,  altliongh  that  plant,  according  to  Professor  llabenhorst,  belongs  to  the 
genus  Sironlphon. 

Fig.  1  a,  pi.  7,  represents  a  portion  of  a  filament,  magnified  280  diameters ;  fig. 
1  Z»,  a  whole  filament  slightly  magnified. 


S.  dllbilini,  Wood  (sp.  nov.) 

S.  inimcrsum,  in  flocois  luucoso-tompntosis  olivaoco-iiigris  plantas  nquaticas  ndliocrcns,  vol  in 
strnto  raucoso  ct  nomiiliil  toineiitoso  dispositiim;  triciioiiitttlbus  viildo  oloiigatis  et  art'tc  in- 
tricatis,  vario  curvatis,  plcrumque  sparse  psi'udorauiosis;  psoudorunmlis  pleruiiKiiii;  siiigulis, 
ctplus  miiiua  distantibas  ct  modice  brevibua,  vcl  intordiini  brevissiiiiis  et  abortivit*  et  iioiiiiiliil 
coiifcrtis;  trieliomatibtis  iiiternis  snipe  in  pseiidocellulis  distinetis  contentis,  interdiim  con- 
tinuis  et  iiidistincte  articalatis  vol  inarticuiatis,  plenmique  dilute  eiertdeo-viridibiis  sed  intor- 
diini Iretc  icrugineis,  subtiliter  graniilatis ;  vaginis  aretis  iileriini((ii()  uiodiee  cnis.sis  et  lii'iniH, 
liyalinis,  eoloris  expcrtibus;  cellulis  perdurantibus  cylindrieis,  diamctro  2-6  plo  lungioribus. 

Piam.— Cam  vag.  T53ff5"—T5Sffo"=  .00025"— .0004". 

rittb. — III  a(juia  quietis,  Cumberland  County,  New  Jersey. 

Imnior.^cd,  adhering  to  water  plants  in  olive-blaek  tonientosc  flocculent  ma.fses,  or  arranged 
in  a  nineous  and  somewhat  tomentose  stratum  ;  triehomata  very  long  and  elosely  interwoven, 
variously  curved,  mostly  sparsely  branched  ;  branches  generally  niiigle,  more  or  less  distant, 
and  moderately  short,  sometimes  very  short,  abortive,  and  Komcwhat  crowded  ;  internal  fila- 
ment often  contained  in  distinct  cell-like  apartments,  somi'times  continuous  and  imlistinclly 
articulate,  or  not  at  all  articulate,  finely  granulate,  mostly  a  pale  bluish-green,  sometimes  a 
bright  njruginous  color;  sheath  close,  mostly  rather  thick  and  firm,  hyaliuu  colorless;  hetero- 
cysts  cylindrical,  2-G  times  longer  than  broad. 

Ecmarl-s. — T  found  this  plant,  September,  ISGf),  in  Shepherd's  ISIill  Pond,  near 
Greenwich,  Cumberland  County,  New  Jersey.  It  formed  dark,  ugly,  somewhat 
slimy,  tomentose  flocculi  adhering  to,  and  binding  together,  the  finely-dissected 
leaves  of  Ranunculus  aqnatUh.  The  filaments  arc  very  long,  slender,  and  sjiarsely 
branched.  The  branches  are  given  off  at  right  angles,  or  nearly  so,  but  are  fre- 
quently sharply  bent  just  above  their  origin.  They  are  often,  but  not  always, 
rather  short.  The  most  remarkable  character  that  the  j)lant  possesses  is  that  in 
many  filaments  there   are  very  distinct  r(>gular  partitions  stretching  across  from 


n^ 


!     I 


]     \ 
1     ) 


64 


FllKSII-WATKU   ALO.E   OF   THK   U  N  IT  K  I)   STATES. 


side  to  side,  so  that  the  interior  is  divided,  ns  it  were,  into  snecessivc  cell-like 
cliainlArs,  in  whicli  tlie  eolored  protoijhisni  is  contained.  This  character  seems 
almost  to  separate  the  plant  from  tiie  genus  iSfi/lonoiia,  but  I  Iiave  deeuu-d  it 
insufficient  grounds  for  indicating  a  new  genus.  Since  writing  the  preceding 
remarks,  I  have  received  specimens  of  tliis  species  from  Professor  llavenel,  who 
collected  them  in  South  Carolina,  near  the  town  of  Aiken.  Tiiey  agree  in  all 
respects,  except  that  they  form  a  dark,  mucous,  somewhat  tomentosc  coating  to 
pieces  of  wood. 

Fig.  ;j  a  represents  the  outline  of  a  series  of  the  cells  alluchul  to,  magnified  750 
diameters,  and  figs.  3  b  and  3  c,  portions  of  filaments  magnified  IGO  diameters. 

I).  Arlmricolce. 

b.   Growin(j  on  trees. 

8.  cortex,  Wood. 

S.  miiiutissiinum,  stratum  tcnue  subinenibranaceum  formante;  tripliomatilius  sparso  pscudoramu- 
losis,  psciuloraimilisque  ri'pciitilms  ot  plus  minus  concrctis,  viridilms  uut  ililutu  fuseis,  viirio 
curvatis,  liaud  rigldis;  cytioplasumtc  viri<k",  urtii^uliito,  rate  di.sliiicio  (^ranuloso;  urticulis 
diamelro  longioribus  aut  lirovioribus;  vaninis  arctis,  noiinihil  tfiiuilms,  |il('i'um(|Uo  eoloris 
expcrtibus,  scd  iiitcrdum  dilute  fuscis;  culiulis  pcrduraiitibus  et  singulis  cl  gcuiinis,  et  Imsa- 
libus  et  iuterjeotis,  globosis  vel  subglobosis. 

2>i'om.— Tridi.  cum  vag.  tbV— ts'uk"' 

tiyn. — Hcylunema  corlex,  Wood,  I'rodromua,  Proc.  Am.  Pliilog.  See,  1809,  p.  130. 

27a&.— South  Carolina. 

S.  very  minute,  forming  a  tliin,  submcmbranaccons  stratum  ;  fdamcnts  sparsely  branched,  toge- 
ther with  the  branches,  creeping  and  more  or  less  concreted  together  by  their  sides,  green  or 
light  brown,  variously  curved,  not  rigid;  cytioplasm  (internal  filament)  articulate,  rarely 
distinctly  granulate;  joints  longer  or  .shorter  tluui  broad;  sheaths  close,  rather  thin,  trans- 
parent, generally  colorless  but  sometimes  light  brown  ;  lietcroeysts  globular  or  subglobuliir, 
single  or  in  pairs,  basal  or  otherwise. 

Remarks. — I  have  specimens  of  this  species  collected  in  South  Carolina  by  Pro- 
fessor Ravcnel,  who  found  it  growing  on  the  bark  of  Plalanus  ocr.hlcntaUs.  The 
thin,  almost  membranous  stratum  which  it  forms,  is  of  a  dark  olive-black,  and  has 
to  the  eye  a  sort  of  minutely  warty  appearance.  The  filaments  are  so  involved 
and  so  adherent,  one  to  the  other,  that  I  have  not  been  able  to  separate  any  length 
of  them,  nor  are  the  branches  distinguishable  from  the  main  filaments.  The  sheaths 
are  rather  thin,  and  often  not  very  apparent. 

Fig.  4,  pi.  6,  represents  this  species. 

8.  RaTenelii,  Wood. 

S.  lignicola,  breve  ca;spitosum,  virido-nigrum ;  trichoniatibus  plernmqnc  repcntibus,  vel  fu.seo- 
olivaccis  vel  aureo-fuscis,  modice  pseudoramosis ;  ramis  ascendentibua,  rigidis,  flexuosis  rare 
pseudoraraulosis,  vel  fusco-olivaceis  vel  aureo-fuscis,  rarissime  cum  apicibus  subachrois ;  tri- 
chomatibus  internis  eoloris  expertibus,  granulosis,  s:epc  vagina  erumpentibus,  plerumquo 
articulatis ;  articulis  diametro  longioribus  aut  brevioribus ;  vaginis  arctis,  crassibus,  fusco- 
olivaceis  vel  aureo-fuscis,  plerumque  supra  truucatis  et  apertis,  supcrfieie  nonnunquam  irregu- 
laribus;  ccUulis  perdurantibus  subiiuadratis  vel  subglobosis  singulis  aut  rare  geniinis,  inter- 
jectis  ;  in  stato  juvene  trichoniatibus  internis  rcrugineis,  vaginis  tenuil)us. 

Z),am.— Trich.  cum  vag.  tb'oo"— tAs";  '"»'»  cum  vog.  tAs"— tsW  i  trich,  si.io  vog.  j^'n^" 
—2.0005." 


FIIESII-WATER   A  L  G  ^-J   OF   TUR    UNITED   STATES. 


65 


Syii. — S.  Ilavendii.W oov,  Prodromus,  I'roc.  Am.  l*liilo«.  Soc,  1809,  p.  lao. 

JIab. — III  corlit'c,  South  Ciiroliiiu. 

S.  Forming  little  turfy  Hpots  of  a  greenish  color,  on  bark ;  filaments  mostly  creeping,  either 
brownish-olive  or  yellowish-brown,  moderately  branched  ;  brauehes  aseeiidiiig,  rigid,  flexii- 
ons,  very  rarely  provided  with  secondary  braiichlets,  either  browiiish-olivu  or  yellowish- 
brown,  rarely  Hubtrans|iureiit  ut  the  ape\  |  eyiioplusm  colorless,  granular,  often  extending  out 
beyond  the  sheaths,  generally  nrtieulale  ;  joints  longer  or  shorter  than  broad  ;  sheaths  close, 
thiik,  brownish-olive  or  yellowish-brown,  for  the  most  part  truncate  at  their  ends  and  open, 
their  surface  sometimes  irregular ;  heteroeysts  subquadrutc,  single,  interstitial. 

Remarlc/i. — I  am  indebtotl  to  Prof.  II.  W.  llavcnci  for  specimens  of  this  very 
distinct  species.  ISonie  of  these  are  labelled  as  having  grown  on  the  twigs  of  a 
celtis  in  South  Carolina,  other  specimens  are  on  the  bark  of  a  willow.  The  branches, 
wliich  arc  mostly  shortish,  simple,  and  variously  curved,  arc  sent  up  in  great 
numbers  by  the  creeping  stems,  and,  like  the  stems  themselves,  arc  mostly  free, 
but  not  unfrequently  are  closely  adiiercnt  by  their  edges. 

The  internal  trichoma  or  cytioplasm,  owing  to  the  great  thickness  of  the  sheaths, 
is  not  very  apparent  within  these  latter,  but  not  unfrequently  projects  for  a  dis- 
tance beyond  them,  when  it  is  seen  to  be  colorless,  very  granular,  and  mostly,  but 
not  always,  distinctly  articulated.  In  the  young  plant  the  filaments  are  bright- 
green,  often  not  more  lliun  j^Vir  of  i^n  mv\\  in  thickness,  and  have  the  sheath  very 
tiiin,  or  may  be  almost  imperceptible.  It  affords  mo  great  pleasure  to  dedicate 
this  species  to  Professor  llavenel,  not  as  an  acknowledgment  merely  of  his  aid  in 
my  studies  of  this  hitherto  neglected  brancli  of  the  North  American  Flora,  but 
rathtM*  of  the  great  services  he  has  rendered  science  in  some  of  its  kindred 
branclu's. 

Fig.  \,  pi.  5,  represents  the  end  of  a  filament  of  this  species  magnified  some  450 
diameters. 


Genus  TOLYPOTIIRIX,  Ktz. 

Trichoma  Bcytonemacea  cum  ccUulis  pcrdurantibus  seriatis. 

Filament  similar  to  that  of  scytoncma,  but  with  the  hctcrocysts  Bcriatc. 

T.  distorta,  (Miiller)  Kutz. 

T.  coispitoso-floccosn,  licte  ct  pnlchrc  viridis ;  trichomatibus  intertestis,  Ircte  viridibus,  modo 
distinctc  articulatis  modo  iiiarticulatis;  nrtieulis  diametro  brevioribus  .sa'pe  aut  snb-imllis 
aut  nullis  ;  pscudoraniulis  singulis;  viiginis  aretis,  homogeneis,  vitrcis  ;  cellulis  perdurnntibus 
basilaribus  et  interdum  interjectis,  paeliydcrmaticis,  plurnnu|UC  in  parallelogrammo:  cnormis 
forma,  plerumque  4-scriatis,  subachrois,  interdum  sparsissime  granulutis. 

Djani.— T^'off"— 3,'ff5". 

Syn. —  T.  dislorta,  (-Mijller)  Ktz.     Rabeniiorst,  Flora  Europ.,  Algarum,  Sect.  II.  p.  275. 

Ilah. — In  nqunrio,  Philadeljihia,  Wood.  Rhode  Island  (Olney)  TInvaites.  Warden's  Pond, 
Rhode  Island ;  Reservoir  Pond,  West  Point ;  Fourth  Luke,  Madison,  Wisconsin,  Bailey. 

Flocculont  crespitosc,  bright,  beautiful  green  ;  filaments  interwoven,  bright  green,  partly  dis- 
tinctly articulate,  partly  continuous  ;  articles  shorter  than  long,  often  very  indistinct,  some- 
times absent;  branches  single;  shealhs  close,  homogeneous,  glassy;  hctcrocysts  basilar, 
9       May.  1872. 


66  l'lli;sil-\V  ATK  K   A  1,0. 10    Ol'    TIIK    U  N  I  T  i;  I)   KTATKS. 

doiiicliini's  iiitcrspt'rscd,  tliii'k-walird,  mostly  irrogiilurly  parallelograinmatic,  niOHtly  4-8eriato, 
HL'inilniiisimiTiit,  Huiiit'limus  very  Kimirtuly  gniiiuluh'. 

Iltmarkf). — This  spocios  grow  spontaneously  in  tlio  aquarium  of  my  friend  J)r. 
Fricke,  to  whom  I  um  indibtv;(l  for  spiciniL'us  of  it,  forming  littli-,  brigiit-{,'re('n 
balls  adherent  to  the  various  aquatic  plants.  It  approaches  so  very  closely  the 
European  T.  dintniia,  that  I  have  considered  it  as  a  mere  variety  of  it,  althougii  it 
differs  in  having  the  hoteroeysts  mostly  arranged  in  fours,  and  also  apparently  in 
tluir  siiape —     'y  being  in  our  plant  mostly  jiarallelogrammatic. 

Fig.  1  <«,  p).  8,  represents  a  section  of  heterocysts  magnilied  800  diameters;  fig. 
1  I),  a  portion  of  filament  magnified  800  diameters. 


II 


1    ! 


Genus  PETALONEMA,  Uf.uk.  (1833.) 

Scytoncinutis  triclioninta  vaginis  crnRxissiiniH  o  Htrntis  iiiimcroBHisBimis  brcvioribuB,  iufuudibuli- 
furuii  dilatittiH,  iiiibricutis  et  ])luruiu(|uo  dilulissimu  uoluratis  couipusitis.    (II.) 

Syn. — Arthroniiihon,  Ktz.  (1845.) 

"Filnnionts  utrntifitMl,  di'cumbciit,  frco,  simple,  or  brnnclicd.  Tube  or  slicnth  very  wide,  flut- 
teiu'd,  lonjiitudinully  mid  transvt'rsfly  striato  and  creiiulato  at  tlio  edge;  ciulocliroinu  oliva- 
ceous uiiimlated,  liero  and  tlicre  interrupted  by  a  helerocyst.  Hranclies  is.siiing  in  pairs, 
formed  by  tlio  division  niid  jirotriLsion  of  the  endoehroino  of  tlio  original  lilaineiit. 

"  When  plaeetl  under  the  niieni.seope  the  filaments  present  the  appearance  of  a  rylindrieal  cen- 
tral column,  containing  annulaled,  olive-colorud  ondochroine,  and  a  wide  wing-like  border  at 
each  side  of  the  coluiiin.  This  border  or  sheath  is  obliquely  striate,  the  stria;  running  in  an 
arch  from  tlie  margin  toward  the  centre,  where  tliey  become  parallel,  and  are  then  eoiitinned 
longitudinally  downward  along  th;.  medullary  column,  till  lost  in  the  density.  The  margin 
of  the  wing  is  closely  erenulato  and  in  age  transversely  striate  at  the  crenatures  os  though 
jointed.  Such  is  the  apparent  structure ;  the  real  structure  seems  to  be,  that  an  aiiiiu- 
lated  central  filament  is  inclosed  within  a  number  nf  compressed,  trumpet-niouthcd  gelatino- 
menibranaccous  tubular  sheaths   one  nrisir  ■  wit!  le  other,  and  successively  developed  os 

the  growth  proceeds.  These  sheaths,  thus  concern ncally  arranged,  are  indicated  by  arching 
longitudinal  striie;  and  the  mouths  of  the  younger  sheaths,  projecting  slightly  beyond  those 
of  the  older,  form  the  crenatures  of  the  margin."   llAavEif. 

P.  alatuin,  Be»k 

A.  iiulvinato-erustaccus,  rupicola,  varic  coloratus;  trichomatibus  intcrnis  icrugineis,  nurvatis, 
parce  pscudoramosis,  modo  continuiF>,  modo  torulosis,  subnioniliforiuibus,  opiee  plerumquo 
pauluiu  iucrassatis,  smpu  roseolis,  rotundatis;  orticulis  distiiictis,  granulosis,  dioiuelro  suli- 
tcqualibus  vel  paulo  brcvioribus;  vaginis  stratis  intcrnis,  aureis  vel  aureo-fuscentibus, 
cxternis  aclirois,  vitreis ;  cellulis  perdnrantibus  interjectis  ct  pd  pseudoramiilorum  basin, 
plcrunuiue  solitariis,  subglobosis  vel  oblongis,  dilute  fuscis.    (R.)     Species  mUii  Ujnola. 

Z)(ajn. —Trich.  intern.  0.0001  G"—0.O00.'52"  ;  vng.  0.00377".  (R.) 

Sijn. — Arlhro»iphon  alaliis,  ((JiiKV.)  R.MiKNir.  Floro  Europ.  Alparum,  Sect.  II.  p.  2G5. 

Petalonemn  alatum,  Ukukei.ev.     IIarvey,  Nereis  Borcis  Americana,  part  iii.  p.  09, 
Smithsonian  Contributions,  \HM>. 

Hah. — "On  dripping  rocks  nnder  Riddle  Stairs,  Niagara  Falls."  (IIarvey.) 

"  This  forms  strata  of  a  dark  chestnut-brown  color  and  of  indefinite  extent  on  the  snrface  of 
rocks  or  soil  exposed  to  the  roiislnnt  drip  of  water.  The  filaments  are  decnnibent,  lying 
without  order  in  tlie  gelatinous  matrix  in  which  they  arc  developed,  and  which  forms  the 


FlUOiSll-W  ATi;U    ALOvE   OF   T II K    UNITED    STATKB. 


67 


griiiiiulwork  uf  tlio  ttlratiini.  Tbuy  appear  U>  \h'.  uiialluclii'il  to  tlio  hdM,  and  I'ucli  niiimrnt 
limy  lit'  itlxiut  liuir  uii  imli  in  Iciigtli;  lull  tlicy  aii'  iiiiiiiuonly  IuiiikI  limkrii  nil' at  liir  iiilVi'liir 
I'liij,  or  llio  liiwur  purl  iliciiyM  wliil«l  llio  upper  c'onliiiuitH  to  ifTovi.  'litvy  ui'f  r<li({lill)'  ciirvi'ii, 
ill  Hfrp»!iit-llk(i  luhliioii,  iifvcr  (juilu  slnilnlil  ;  ut  first  tlii'y  uro  HJiiiplc,  liut  now  iiiul  tlii'ii  ciiiit 
iatcriil  liruiii'lii'rt,  wiiicli  isHUu  at  LoiiHliiL'i'aliJu  aiigluH  ami  gviiurally  in  paii'H.  Wlieii  a  liliinit'iit 
is  abiiiit  to  iii'uiicii,  a  rupture  takes  place  in  tiiu  hIUu  uf  tliu  Hlioutli,  uiiil  the  cndoriiruiiie  insucH 
in  two  portiuDN,  one  coiiiu'ctcd  witli  tliu  upper,  tliu  otiier  with  tliv  loner  lialf  of  the  llhiinciit ; 
these  form  the  nuclei  or  inetiuliary  portion  of  two  new  Itrunthes  mid  Ijceome  duly  invested  with 
a  nu'inliriinouH  slienlli,  and  Kriidinilly  put  on  the  aspect  of'  the  adult  filuiiient.  The  eiidu- 
I'iiroiiie  is  frraiiular,  durk-lirowii,  and  niinnlaled  at  short  inlcrvnis,  the  transverse  rings  Indiig 
pinccil  very  close  logether  in  tlie  youiigi'sl  portions,  and  less  closely  in  the  older,  where  tliey 
arc  (lislanl  from  encli  otiier  about  twice  the  dinniclcr  of  liie  column.  This  unnuluted  cndo- 
chronie  is  interrnplcd  at  certiiin  fixed  places,  wliere  an  ellipsoidal  cell  iti  furnied,  sc|iarating 
tlio  endoehrouie  of  tlio  lower  from  that  of  the  upper  portions."  IIaiivkv. 

Ufwarl-K. — T  hnvo  novor  soon  ritlior  the  points  or  sporios,  nnd  thoroforc  nni 
forced  to  copy  the  descriptions  of  botli  from  llabenhorst  and  lliirvey. 


Fajhly  SIKOSIPUONACE^. 


ThalluB  ramnsnfl,  e  eellulis  paehydcrmaticifl  aut  uni  vel  phiri  Bcratis  et  in  vagina  ampla  inelusis 
foniiatus,  intcrdnin  oellulis  perdnrantilius  inslructUH.  Kaniifleatio  vera  fit  cellnlaruiu  vegclativaruiii 
(juaruiiilani  divisione  in  axis  longitudinalis  dircclioiiein,  (pia  ex  re  ccllulu3  diiie  sornriie  gignunliir; 
cellula  inferior  in  triclioniatis  eontiuuitate  permanet,  superior  divisiuno  euntiiiua  repotita  iu  eniideni 
dlreetioneni  se  nd  raniuni  explieat. 

rroi>a(jralio  adliuc  ignota. 

Frond  branched,  formed  of  thick-wallcd  cells  in  an  ample  slieolh,  Bometimes  furnislied  with  liele- 
rocyst.s.  Cell-i  uni-  or  inulti-scriale.  lirnnclies  formed  by  a  longituilinul  division  of  certain 
cells,  so  as  to  form  two  sister  cells;  the  inferior  of  which  rcuiuins  as  part  of  tiio  trichoma,  whilst 
the  other,  by  repeated  divisions,  grows  into  a  branch. 

Propagation  not  known. 

Remarhs. — Tlio  tSironlphonaccce  nrr  the  most  complex  in  tlieir  organization  of 
ill!  tlie  P/iijv(Khromo2>Jiy<xa',  ir  so  far  ixs  the  protoidasm  witliin  tlie  slteuths  is  every- 
where broken  up  into  a  number  of  distinct  cells,  each  of  which  is  provided  with 
a  thick  coat  or  wall  as  well  as  in  th<;  circumstance  of  the  frond  having  more  perfect 
branching.  The  so-called  pseudo-branches  in  the  other  ftimilies  are  more  truly 
comparable  to  distinct  fronds  or  thalli  remaining  attached  to  the  parent  thallus 
than  to  distinct  branches,  whilst  among  the  sirosiphons  the  branches  really  belong 
to  the  origintil  thallus.  The  heterocysts  are  much  more  frci^uently  absent  than 
present,  only  one  of  the  known  American  species  being  furnished  with  them. 
The  sheaths  arc  generally  not  so  distinctly  sheaths  as  among  the  oscillatoria,  &c., 
for,  instead  of  being  distinct  tubes,  they  appear  rather  in  most  cases  as  masses  of 
firm  jelly,  the  outer  portion  of  which  is  hardeiunl  almost  into  a  periderm,  and  in 
the  inner  part  of  which  the  cells  are  imbedded.  Their  color  viiries  from  the 
transparent  colorlessness  of  glass  to  a  dark  opaque-brown.  Their  stirface  is  per- 
haps most  frequently  smooth,  but  at  times  is  tuberculate  or  otherwise  roughened. 
I  have  never  seen  anything  like  spores  about  them. 


68 


FUESII-WATKU    ALdK    O  I'   T  II  K   U  X  ITK  D   STATICS. 


ThoHo  plants  (jrow  in  tli(>  mnjuiity  of  rnsrs  in  the  niv,  in  sndi  situation  ns  on 
th(!  t'lU'c  ()t°  di'ip[iiii^  rocivK,  on  llic  tniiiks  and  oi'iiui'iics  of  lici's,  on  l^()i^t  {ground, 
&c. ;  but  some  uf  tbo  «pi'cio8  art*  found  in  tlio  water,  oitlicr  attached  ur  Huatin^. 
Tlioy  j^cncralij  I'oriii  little  mats  of  indetinite  i-xtent,  but  occasionally  tiie  filaments 
are  united  more  closely  into  an  almost  nuwnbranaceous  stratum. 

The  species  are,  I  tliiuk,  in  most  instances  readily  distin<,'uislied,  the  characters 
being  partly  discoverable  with  the  uimided  eye  and  partly  microscopic.  Tlu- 
points  to  be  atteiuled  to  in  the  first  category  are  tiie  size,  color,  form,  and 
consistency  of  the  mats  of  fronds,  and  the  place  of  growth.  In  tlu"  secoiul  are 
included  the  general  shape  of  the  frond  and  its  si/e  and  method  of  branching; 
the  general  shape,  color,  and  size  of  tlu>  cells,  (he  tiiickiu-ss  of  their  walls  and  the 
method  of  tlieir  arraugenu'iit,  both  in  tiie  main  tliallus  and  tlie  branches,  also  the 
form,  &c.,  of  tiie  end  ceils  of  the  branches;  the  heterocysts,  their  absence,  or,  if 
present,  their  frequency,  size,  shape,  color,  and  position ;  the  sheaths,  their  color 
nnd  firnnu'ss,  tvnd  the  character  of  their  surface. 


;:i 


Genus  SlUOSIPIION,  Kiz. 

Trichoraata  torulosa,  Tn){iniitn,  |)1onin)i|UC  rnmossiBsimft  rt  niirro-  vcl  olivapco-fuscn,  o  cclliilis 
pncliyiloriimticiH  I-2-:J  vil  |)Iiiii-s4'riiilis  fciriiinia  ft  tt'lliilis  inlcrsliliiililiiis  (sii'iii-  luillis)  siili(rl'iliciHis 
vcl  ()l)li)M);is  cDliiriitis  iiiftnicta.  Vnniiia  iil(iiiiii(|iu'  crussissium,  liniia,  luilclii't!  uui'LU-fuscii,  liitca 
vol  olivucoa,  iu  apicvin  obtuHuni  [ilus  niiiius  utu-nuuta. 

J'iliuni'iit  lorulosc,  .sliciitlicd,  mostly  very  iiiiuli  bninclud,  ycllowisli,  or  olivnroous-fiiMcoiis,  furmccl 
of  tliick-wullud  1-2-3  or  many  seriate  cells  and  fiinii.-ilied  witli  iiiter.-ititial  cells  (often  wanting) 
wliieli  arc  globose  or  ubiong  nnd  colored.  Slienllis  mostly  very  Ibick,  firm,  beautiful  golden  fus- 
cous, clay-colored  or  olivaceous,  more  or  less  attenuate  at  tlio  obtuse  apex. 

o.  Ccllula  in  triihomcitiliKH  ])lcrum<]iic  in  grric  ximjilice  vclJiijilici  ordiiiata. 

a.  Cells  moflli/  arranyvd  in  a  gim}ile  or  double  eerieg  in  the  filament. 

S.  scytcnematoides,  Wooo. 

8.  strato  subinenibranacco,  nigro-viride,  sippe  iiilerrupli>,  cum  Ruperficie  iiiiP(|nale ;  (riclionm- 
tibus  ssppe  arete  intricatis,  flexuosis  aut  varie  curvatis,  liand  rij^iilis,  pIcruiiKpie  vix  ramosin ; 
ccllulis  uniseriatis,  interduni  interruptis,  nrctis,  irrefiularc  (piadraii(?iilis,  diamelni  subaMpia- 
libus  ant  l-.'i  plo  brevioribuiJ,  hand  disliliele  praiinliilis,  ciernlco-viridibns;  viiiriiiis  aniplis, 
band  distinete  lamellosis,  superlieie  enormiter  currugatis  et  birtis,  plerumiiue  coloris  experti- 
bus  scd  interduni  dilute  brunncis. 

Diam. — Sine  vag.  max.  t^'oo"  =  -OOOfifi";  cum  vag.  max.  ^JJ^"  =  .OOl.T'. 

Syn. — S.  srxjtenematoides,  Wood,  Prodromus,  Proc.  Amor.  Phiio.s.  Soc,  1809,  p.  134. 

Hah. — South  Carolina.     (Ravcncl.) 

S.  In  a  subniembranaccons,  blackish-grcen,  frequently  interrupted  stratum,  with  an  uneven 
surface;  lilaments  often  closely  intricate,  flexuou.s  or  variously  curved,  not  rijrid,  mostly 
Bparsely  branched;  cells  uni-.serinte,  sonietimos  interrupted,  close,  irregularly  (piadrnngular, 
about  "(pial  in  length  to  their  diameter,  or  about  l-.'i  times  shorter,  not  distinctly  granulate, 
blui.sh-grecn;  sheaths  aTn)>Ie,  not  distinctly  lamellate,  their  surface  rough  and  corrugate, 
transparent,  mo.stly  colorless,  sometimes  light-brown. 

Rcmarhft. — This  species  was  collected  in  South  Carolina  by  Prof.  Tlavnnel,  who 
found  it  in  the  month  of  February  growing  on  the  limbs  of  Mi/rim  ccrl/rra.     The 


F  R  K  S  II  ■  W  A  'P  K  II   A  I,  0  M   O  I'    T  II  lO    V  N  I  T  i;  I)    S  T  A  T  IIS. 


(>!) 


Mackisli-prorn  layer,  wliwh  it  iniikcs  upon  tlic  hark  is  very  pcrulinr,  being  almost 
inciiihraiiaccoiis,  and  esitccially  ill  tlic  (iricd  state,  preseiitinj^  a  r<>iif,'li,  suinewliat 
warty  surface.  Tlie  trielioinatu  liave  the  slieatii  more  distiiietly  in  tiie  form  of  a 
hollow  cylinder,  or,  in  other  wordx,  more  plainly  a  sheath,  than  nny  other  species 
1  have  seen  of  tlie  {^enns ;  the  cells  are  also  without  any  apparent  walls,  and  are 
jjlaied  very  closely  together,  so  that  the  whole  filament  looks  very  like  a  nri/tu- 
niUKt, 

Fig.  1,  pi.  i),  represents  n  portion  of  u  frond  magnified  2G()  diameters. 

S.  pelliicidiiliiM,  Wood. 

U.  iiiiinvi'HiiH;  trii'hiMiiiitilMH  rntnnHHiMsiiniM,  solilnriis  vt>1  Kiil)H<i!ilariis ;  riiiiiin  |ili'riiini|iio  iiiiiln- 
turuliliiiH,  riiiiiiil()>*is;  nuMulnriiiii  iipicilnis  lain  rotiinilittis,  liiiiiil  iitlciiimti.s;  ci'IIiiMh  hi  si'rie- 
liiix  Hiin|)li(.'il)iis  lii.HpciMitU,  In  tricliotniitihiis  noniiiliil  niliiiiiliiliM,  in  rniniiliH  sirpv  iiii);iiliiriliiii<, 
]ilt'riiin(|U(!  cuinpri'SHiti,  tliiinii'tro  ii'(|iiiilil)iiH — I  plo  brt'vidi'iliiis;  IrriniiiiililxiM  i^liiiiJi'iciH  el 
obsi'uru  iirtii'iiJiiliH ;  cclliiliH  intt'i'stitiulilius  iiiilliH ;  viiKiniii  urctiit,  liyuiiuis,  liiiud  luiiielluHis; 
cytioplaNiimto  lurugiiivo  vcl  bruiiiirn,  iniauto  grunulitto. 

Dmni.— Triih.  oiiiii  vii(f.  75"^^"  =  .OOIOC";  sine  vng.  -»  .0008". 

Syii. — S.  jicllucidiiluD,  Wool),  ProilroinuH,  rroi'.  Amor.  I'liilos.  Soc,  18G9,  p.  133. 

JJab. — III  Htagiii.s,  propo  lliberiiin,  Florida.   (M.  W.  Canity.) 

S.  linmcrHod  ;  niumcnts  very  miioh  brnnclicd,  Huiltary  or  subsolitary  ;  branohcR  moHtly  iinilntcrni, 
braiii'licd;  npiccs  of  tlio  branclicH  not  attenuate,  broadly  roiiiided  ;  ccil.s  dJHpoHcd  in  u  diiiipli) 
Kcric.'i,  in  till!  triclioina  Nonicwliat  ronndcd,  in  the  braiiclii's  ri'i'i|ii('nt.ly  aiifrnliir,  mostly  cuni- 
prcsscd,  from  imiiiuI  to  4  times  shorter  than  tln^  dianictcr  ;  terminal  <'ell  eyiindrieal,  obseiirely 
articulate;  interstitial  cells  none ;  slieutli  close,  hyaline,  not  lamullutu;  cytiojilasm  u'riigin- 
ous  or  brown,  minutely  granulate. 

Remnrlcn. — This  speries  was  collected  by  Mr.  William  Canby  in  a  little  marsh 
pool  near  Ililiernia,  Florida.  The  liraiiches  are  given  off  in  abundance,  mostly  in 
a  unilateral  manner,  nro  often  very  long,  and  about  equal  in  diameter  to  the  main 
filament,  and  give  origin  to  numerous  branchlets.  The  sheaths  are  very  traiis- 
j)arent  and  very  close.  I  have  never  seen  them  in  any  way  lainellati*  or  fibrous, 
or  of  any  color.  The  cells  do  not  have  very  apparent  walls.  In  the  main  fila- 
ment ami  branches  thi^y  arc  globose,  or,  more  commonly,  very  much  compressed, 
but  in  the  lu  wer  branches,  and  sometimes  in  the  older,  they  are  very  angular. 
The  few  cells  near  the  end  of  the  branches  arc  so  shaped  as  to  remind  one  of  the 
phalanges  of  the  fingers.  The  last  cell  is  cylindrical  and  has  a  number  of  cells 
indicated  in  it.  The  color  of  the  young  cells  varies  from  a  deep  bluish-green 
to  a  ferruginous-brown — that  of  the  older  from  a  light  bluish-green  to  ferruginous- 
brown. 

Fig.  2  a,  and  2  h,  pi.  8,  represent  portions  of  filaments  of  this  species. 


S.  coinpacliiN,  (Ad.)  Ktz. 

S.  strato  (;xpnn.so,  toinontoso,  fnsco-nigro ;  trichomatibiis  elongati.s  rainulis((no  adsccndcntibus, 
npicc  interdiim  panlliim  attcnnatis  sod  sicpo  clavatis,  obtiisis  ;  trieli(miatibns  iiiternis  e  celhi- 
larnra  Beric  sinipliei  formatis,  et  plerumqno  inoniliformibns ;  ccllnli.s  dinnietro  suba'cpialibus 
vel  brevioribns,  snbglobosi.s  vel  snbqnndrnti.i.  siepe  eonipressis  ;  eytiol>lnamate  dilute  ea-riileo- 
viride, subtiliter  granulatis ;  celliilis  apiealibnseylindrieid et  oscillariiiiii  inodo,  Kiepe  indistinctc. 


I  il 


'f 


70  P  R  E  S  II  -  W  A  T  E  R   A  L  C,  Ai   O  I"    T  11  i:    U  X  1  T  V  P   S  T  A  T  K  S. 

ttrticulntis  ;  vngiiiis  firtiiis,  niiivo-  vrl  rubiilo-fiiscis,  in  niiiuilis  sivpc  siiblulois,  liiuul  distim'te 
lameilosiH;  ei'llulis  iieiiluraiitihMs  iili'i'iiiiitiiie  iiiodico  iiiiiiivrosis,  singulis,  8ul)globosis,  f^ii-pu 
Vttklo  eoinprtssis,  dilute  lu-sfcutibus. 

iJi'om.— rierumquo  T^'o'aa"— TsVbo"'"  0008"~.001";  max.  30^00"  = -yt"^" ;  cell,  pcrdurniit. 
T5^(.ff"  = -00058". 

Si/n. — S.  i//()/i<'»iu  compartiim,  Aoaim>ii.  Sj-st.  p.  3S,  N.  3.     Harvey's  Mauunl,  p.  154. 
JlusiuHa  com/HwIa,  Massai.,  I'Vosh-wiitor  Algis,  ]•   'il3'2,  t.  Ixviii.  f.  3. 
Sirosiphoii  cr:);;  aclun,  (Ao.)  Ktz.  Kaue.Mioust,  Flora  Algarum,  Sect.  II.  p.  28T. 

Jiiib. — III  nipil)»>f  I'liloiiruis,  Xi'w  Jci'scy.   (Austin.)     Trope  Saloin,  Muss.   (Itussi'l.) 

Stnitum  t'.\|mii.l.  (I,  tmuoiitoso,  fuscous-lilack;  filiiiiu'iils  and  l)i'an<'ln's  nsconding,  wilh  tlii.'ir 
obtuse  ends  .'iiMut-limes  .-iliglitly  uttonuate  but  often  elavate;  internal  lilauients  eoinposed  of  a 
single  series  of  eells  mostly  luoiiiliform;  cells  shorter  than  or  nearly  as  long  ns  broad, 
subgloboso  or  subquailrate,  ot"ten  compressed;  iii)ieal  cell  cylindrical  and  articidate  somewhat 
like  an  osciilatoria;  cytioplasm  light  bluish-green,  linely  granulate;  sheath  firm,  reddish  or 
y.  Ilowish-brown,  yellowish  iu  the  brandies  auil  near  the  ends  ;  heterocysts  mostly  rather 
iiur.1  Tons,  single,  subglobose,  brownish. 

Riinnils. — Tlio  spccimoiis  frtiiu  which  tho  above  (l('scrii)tioii  was  drawn  up 
woro  received  frtMU  Messrs.  Austin  and  lltissell,  iiud  liave  been  considert-d  its 
identictil  with  the  Ijiropean  A',  coiiiimic/uh,  althono;li  not  in  absohite  agreement 
with  the  descri])tions  thereof.  The  most  im])ortant  of  the  differences  are  in  the 
matter  of  size,  the  measuremiMits  given  by  I'rof.  llabenliorst  not  cqnalling  tliosc 
u*  .lined  to  bj  the  Americtui  plant. 

The  differences,  however,  do  not  seem  sufficient  to  separate  the  forms,  iiTid, 
in  the  absence  of  Enro])eaii  sjieciinens,  the  two  liave  been  consith-riul  one  species. 
'file  sheaths  in  tlie  older  por*ion.<  of  the  filaments  are  ntvirly  opatp.u",  but  in  the 
brunches  and  yoimger  portions  they  arc  quite  translucent.  The  heterocysts  some- 
times an  truncate  at  one  end.  The  internal  c(>lls  ;ire  rarely  arranged  in  a  doni)le 
series,  su  h  arrangement  's,  ho^.-ever,  much  more  common  in  the  specimtMis  re- 
ceived from  near  c^alem,  than  in  those  found  in  Northern  "New  Jersey.  ISIr.  Utis- 
sell's  specimens  are  labelled  as  growing  on  shaded  and  moist  rocks  in  patches  two 
or  three  inches  wiee. 

Fig.  ;}  ((,  pi.  8,  represents  the  end  of  a  filament  of  this  magnified  I'A)  diameters; 
3  /),  u  u-agmeiit  magnified  250  diameters ;  3  e,  a  hetcrocyst  magnitied  800  dia- 
meters. 


S.  Cramcri,  liiiioo. 

^.  ca'spitibns,  tomentosis,  spntiosp  cxpnnsis,  fuseo-nigri.i ;  trielioinatibus  vage  rnmo"is;  minis 
,)leruni(pie  singidis,  siupe  elongatis,  su'pe  elavatis  ;  eellulis  intirnis  uniseriatis,  dianietro  sub- 
ic(iualibns  vel  lirevioribus,  interdum  .subglobosis,  siepe  sulxpiudratis,  in  a>tnto  provccta  so-po 
e  nressiono  mutua  valde  eonipressis  ct  transverse  oblongis,  aiireo-fulvis  vel  in  rctate  jnvenc 
interdum  leriigineis;  eelluH.s  terminalibus  iu  massa'u  subcylindrieani  coaleseentibns:  eelb.Iin 
perdurantibus  ni.llis;  vaginis  aureo-fuscis  in  a'late  proveeta  plus  minus  snbopaeis  et  distinelo 
lanieilosis,  in  wtate  juvene  plui;  iniiins  pellueidi;'  et  sa-pe  colori.s  e.xpcrtibus. 

Diam  —Trk'h.  oum  vag.  max  plerumquo  .002';  interdum  .00225";  ram.  .0015" — .0025";  trieh. 
sit  e  viig.  .00083". 

Sijn.—S.  Oinncri,  IJiunKi.     Rabeniiorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algar.,  Sect.  H.  p.  283. 


I  i 


FIIESII-WATEU   ALU.*;   OF   Til  K    UNITED   STATES. 


11 


Ilab. — In  rupibas  irrorntis  inter  muscis  luinutis.  Mount  Tnlinwiis  (vuljo  Mount  Marcy),'  iilt. 
5000  foct. 

Forniinf^  n  blackisli,  widely  cxpftnileii,  toniciitoso  turfy  covoriui?  to  rocks  ;  lilanR'iit  with  scnt- 
teroil  briiiu'lu's ;  bronclii's  mostly  siiiglo,  often  elongate  and  clivvute ;  cells  unisvriato,  ubont 
e(iuul,  or  ttliortor  than  long,  nonictimert  Hubglobosc,  often  suli(|nadratc  ;  in  advanced  age  often 
strongly  coiniiressed  and  transversely  oblong  from  mutiuil  pressure,  yellowish,  or  sometimes, 
when  young,  greenish  ;  the  apical  ccPs  coalescent.into  aii  irregularly  cylindrical  muss;  hcle- 
rocysts  wanting  ;  sheaths  yellowish-brown  ;  ut  maturity  more  or  less  suljopa<iue,  and  distinctly 
lamellate  ;  in  youth  more  or  lesa  transparent,  and  sometimes  colorless. 

lit'Diarlcs. — Near  tlio  top  of  Motmt  'riiluiwus,  in  the  Adiroiidark  Mountains, 
tlicrc  is,  at  an  altitude  of  about  five  thousand  feet,  a  steep  shipe  of  bar(>  vock, 
th(!  bed  of  fin  okl  hmdslide,  over  portions  of  which  Avater  is  eontiitiially  thij)- 
ping.  In  snch  phices  the  phmt  inider  consideration  lionrishes,  forming  with 
sonic  very  minute  mosses  a  bhickish,  ttirfy  coating  to  the  rock  of  many  fe(>t, 
or  even  yards,  in  extent.  The  specimens  agree  well  with  the  descriptions  of  tlie 
European  plant,  which  tilso  grows  at  iibont  the  same  altitude  as  the  American. 
They  have,  liowcver,  one  peculiarity  not  noted  in  description  of  the  Eiu'opeau 
form,  namely,  that  oftcMitimcs  the  sheath  of  a  branch  widcMis  out  until  it  is  actually 
much  largi'r  than  the  main  tilanuMit.  The  color  of  the  cells  in  the  European  form 
is  said  to  bo  leruginous ;  but  I  conceive  this  depends  somewhat  iqKHi  the  age  of 
the  sptM'imens  ami  is  scarcely  of  primary  value.  The  only  other  dift"(>rence  worth 
noticing  is  thtit  my  measurements  i  xeeed  somewhat  thos(>  given  of  tlu>  I'liropean 
j)l;int.  I  do  not  think,  however,  there  is  any  good  ground  for  separating  llie  forms 
as  distinct  sjiecies. 

Tlie  finding  of  tin  Al|>ine  plant  growing  on  a  mountain  half  way  across  the  world 
from  its  lirst  discovered  home,  tit  practictiUy  the  same  altitude,  is  a  matter  worth 
noting  as  a  fact  in  Botanical  (Jeography. 

S.  neg^lccf  iiM,  WooH. 

8.  immorsns;  trichoinatibua  Rubsolitniiis,  longis  uscpio  nd  liiu'ns  qnatuor,  cylindrieis,  raniossis- 
Rimis  ;  rumulis  singidi.s  ;  cytio[)lasiniite  interdum  u-rngineo,  plerum([UO  aureobrunneo;  cellulis 
uniserialis  rarissime  biseriatis,  subglobosis,  interdum  sejuiictis  sed  plernnH|iie  arete  ronMe<'tia 
<'l  moniliforniibus,  nnxlo  eimlluentibus,  hand  distiiiete  ))aehydermalicis  ;  cellulis  terminalibus 
cloiigulo-cylindrii'is,  sa<pe  nomdhil  oscilatoriuni  modo  articulatis ;  cellulis  interstitialibns  nullis  ; 
vaginis  interdum  brunneis,  plerumcpie  coloris  e.xpertiljus. 

Diem. — Trichom.  cnri  vng.  jj^"  =  .001','' ;  sine  vng.  ynVn"  =  .001". 

Si/ii. — S.  )irijlectHg,  \Vooi>,  Trodromus,  Proe.  Ainer.  I'hilos.  Soc,  ISiil),  p.  i;t.'5. 

Unb. — In  stagnis,  New  Jersey. 

S.  immors<'d,  8ul>8oIitary,  attaining  n  length  of  4  linc.t,  cylindrical,  very  nmcli  branched  ;  Iminches 
single;  cylioplasm  a-ruginons  mostly  yellowisli-brown  ;  cells  uniseriali-.  very  rui'vjy  biseiiale, 
snbglidiose,  sdUH'times  separate  but  more  fre(iuenlly  closely  uiiitcil  and  moniliform  ;  terminal 
(ell  an  eh)ngal<'d  cylinder,  often  arliciilate  somewhat  like  an  oscillatoria ;  interstitial  cells 
wanting ;  slieuths  transparent,  soinelimes  brown,  mostly  colorless. 


'  "  Tall n mi!',"  cloud  splitter.  The  Indian  names  of  the  American  mountains  onght  to  be  retained, 
in  spite  of  the  fact  that  some  vulgar  land  surveyr  iias  defded  (he  Adirondaeks  with  the  names  of 
politicians,  through  whose  inlluenee  he  Imped  fnr  patrimage. 


.u 

'A 

m 

III 


1.S 

I 


Wn 


T2 


PRESII-WATKil   ALG.E   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 


licmar/iS. — Tliis  plant  was  found  in  a  very  stan;nant  pool,  forming,  with  various 
otlior  species  of  algiv,  a  gelatinous,  leruginous-brown  stratum,  through  which  the 
single  plants  were  thickly  scattered,  without  anywhere  forming  the  major  ])Qrtiou 
of  the  mass.  The  plants  tliemselves  are  large  enough  to  be  distinguished  by  the 
uui'.idi'd  eye.  Under  the  microscope  the  sheaths  are  seen  to  be  exceedingly  trans- 
parekit  and  colorless,  except  in  the  older  part  of  the  filanu'ut,  where  they  are  often 
dark  brown  and  opacpie ;  but  even  in  such  case,  the  edges  are  translucent  and 
lighter  colored. 

The  internal  cells  or  globose  masses  rarely  have  distinct  coats,  and  even  when 
such  were  apparent,  as  in  the  older  portions  of  the  plants,  there  appeared  to  be  a 
conunuuication  between  the  cells.  The  original  nniiu  stem  is  rather  short,  shorter 
often  tium  nunu'rous  branches  into  whiih  it  breaks  up.  Very  often  tin-  apices  of 
the  branches  are  colorless  and  entirely  emi)ty,  consisting  simply  of  sheatii ;  often, 
however,  they  are  occupied  by  a  cyliudi-r  of  protoplasm,  which  is  sometimes  arti- 
culated more  or  less  distinctly  like  an  oscillatoria. 

I'ig.  4,  pi.  8,  represc'ts  ti  fragment  of  a  lilameut  with  a  small  branch. 

S.  lignirola,  Wood. 

S.  sti'ato  cxpaiiso,  tomciitoso,  atro;  tricliomntibus  ramo.ssissimis,  nrcto  iiitPrto.\(is  ;  ranmlis  ab- 
brcviatis  vcl  eloii^jalis,  subroftis  aut  vario  curvatis,  apicibus  oliliiso  rotmiilatis  vol  subaeiiiiii- 
iiati.s  ;  tri(.'liomatrii;i  ot  raimilornm  ci'llulis  uiii- vcl  bi.soriatis,  raru  in  trifhoiiiatibiis  inatiii-is  iniii- 
tisi'riatis,  jilt'riiin([iiu  i>arlivili'fmalici.s,  dilute  vul  salurate  luriigiucis,  cnoriiiibus,  pIcniiiKiiio 
hoiuoguni'is  ;  cellulis  lL'rmiiialil)us  in  trii'lidiimtilms  iuiiuaturis  clougatis,  t'ylimlrici.-i,  sa'piiis 
uoiinihil  otxiliatoiiiim  luoUo  articuiatiti,  granulosis;  vagiuis  sat  aiuplis,  liauu  aclirois,  vul 
luteo-bruiiucis  vt'l  fusccutibus  vc!  fcrrugincis. 

Biam. —  rriih.  cum  v«g.  max.  i;',tb"  =  .OOOriG". 

Sijn. — S.  Utjnicola,  Wool),  rrodromus,  I'roo.  Aincr.  riiilos.  Soc,  1809,  p.  133. 

Hah. — South  Carolina.     (Ravcncl.) 

Occurring  iu  an  c.xpandcil,  tonicntosc,  black  stratum  ;  filamouts  very  much  branched,  closely 
interwoven,  branclic,  abbreviate  or  elongate,  nearly  straight  or  variously  curved,  their  apices 
obtusely  rounded  or  subacuminate ;  cells  1-2  seriate,  mostly  thick-walled,  light  or  deep 
ivruginous,  irregular,  mostly  homogeneous;  tcrnunal  cells  elongate,  cylindrical,  frequently 
articulate  somewhat  like  an  oscillatoria,  granulate;  sheaths  somewhat  ample,  not  transparent, 
light  bright,  fuscous  or  I'erruginoua. 

liemarl-'i. — I  liavo  seen  dried  specimens  only  of  this  plant,  which  were  collected 
by  I'rot.  II.  W.  llavenel,  in  South  Carolina.  It  is  stiid  to  grow  on  old  boards, 
and  appears  to  be  a  very  distinct  species.  There  arc  frequently  two  or  three 
very  short,  stubby  branches  arising  together.  The  apices  of  the  filaments  and 
branches  are  in  some  cases  filled  with  endochrome  to  the  end,  and  are  broadly 
rounded  at  the  apex.  In  other  casc-s  the  sheath  of  the  filament  extends  a  distai.ce 
beyond  the  endochrom(>,  and  is  finally  rapidly  diminished  to  a  jjoint.  The  cells 
within  the  filaments  ar(>  of  various  shapes,  sometimes  globular,  sometimes  qtiad- 
rangular,  more  often  irregular.  The  original  sp(>cimens  from  which  this  descrip- 
tion was  written  were  collected  in  April.  I  do  not  know  whether  they  grew 
immersed,  or  merely  on  boards  exi)osed  to  the  weather.     1  have  since  received 


FUESII -WATER  ALO.E  OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


73 


spocimons  collected  in  the  month  of  August,  wliich  grew  on  boiiids  over  which 
spring  wat(>r  was  constantly  running.  These  specimens  agree  perfectly  with  the 
others,  except  that  the  filaments  are  larger  and  the  elongated  apical  cell  is  wanting; 
differences  which  1  believe  to  be  due  to  the  specimens  collected  iu  August  being 
older  than  those  first  received. 

I'ig.  2  a  and  2  h,  pi.  9,  were  taken  from  the  types,  whilst  fig.  2  c,  pi.  9,  from  the 
August  specimens. 

a.  CvUida; plcrumqiiv  in  scric  iluplici  vd  mullipliri 

a.  Cells  gcnvrally  in  double  .series,  or  multiple  series. 

S.  argillaceiis,  Wood,  (sp.  nov.) 

S.  strato  tcmii,  expanse,  tiubnigro,  subiiu'iiilirannroo  ;  trichomatilms  l)rovil)us,  dense  intricniis 
ct  sajpe  noniiihil  foncrctis,  raniosis,  iri'i'ffiilaribiis;  iisciiilnniiiiiilis  lucvilffis,  varie  curvatis, 
uonuiliil  rigidis,  plet'unic|Uo  asci'iulinitibus,  apii'u  noaiiiliil  altcnuali.s;  cellulis  sul));lubosis, 
sn'pi'  coinprt'ssis,  pk'runi(|ue  in  scrio  sitnplici  si'd  inti'i'duni  in  scriiMlu|plii'i,  vol  rare  niidtiplici; 
ct'liulis  apicalibiis  valdo  I'lonfratis,  cyjinilrii'i.s,  scvtotienia!  trii'liomatibus  .iitcrnis  siniilibiis; 
vajfinis  crassis,  finnis,  in  tricli()iiiiili))us  nuiluris  saturate  rubidi)-briii:Mc'is,  in  rainulis  sa;pe  lutco- 
brunneis  el  iu  npii'o  iiyaliiiis  et  fero  coloris  I'xpertibus;  ceilnlis  porduranlibus  nullis. 

Viam.—^a'oa"  =  .000833". 

Hub. — 111  pabide  nrgillacca,  South  Carolina.     (Ravcnel.) 

Stratum  thin,  rxpnii(h'd,  blackisli,  Rnbincnibranaocoiis;  lihinirnta  short,  densely  iiitrientc,  and 
frecpienlly  soniewiiat  eoiierete<l,  giving  origin  to  numerous  brandies,  irregular;  branelies  short, 
variously  curved,  somewhat  rigid,  mostly  ascending,  apex  soinewiiat  attenuate;  cells  sub- 
globose,  often  compressed,  mostly  in  simple  series,  sonietinies  in  donble,  rarely  even  in  niulli- 
ple  ;  apieal  cells  elongate,  cylindrical,  resembling  the  inner  lilanieiit  of  a  scytoneina;  sheath 
thick,  linn,  in  the  mature  lilaiiieiit  deep  reddish-brown,  in  the  braiiclics  yellowish-brown,  at  llio 
apiees  of  the  brandies  nearly  colorless  and  transimreiit ;  heterocysts  absent. 

Rrn.arhi. — I  am  indebted  to  Prof  Rtivenel  for  this  plant,  which  was  found  by 
him  on  a  moist  clay  bank  near  Aiken,  South  Carolina,  August,  IStiO.  It  forms  u 
thin,  somewhat  membranous,  dark  stratum,  the  filaments  of  which  are  so  closely 
united  tlmt  it  is  almost  impossible  to  tease  them  apart  with  needles.  Neighboring 
filaments  are  often  imited  at  the  edges  so  as  to  form  distinct  bundles,  and  even 
the  branches  are  sometimes  concreted,  although,  generally,  as  seen  under  the 
microscope,  they  project  from  the  mass  in  all  directions.  The  surface  of  the  fibi- 
ments  is  mostly  rough  and  ragged  with  fibrillir  iind  m?mbranous  projections.  In 
the  older  filaments  tin;  cells  are  often  entirely  absent.  They  are  mostly  .single, 
but  sometimes  mnlti])le  in  the  filaments;  in  the  branches  they  arc  cften  partially 
double.  The  ends  of  the  older  branches  are  often  broken  and  empty,  whilst  those 
of  the  younger  ar(>  rounded.  The  color  of  the  cells,  as  I  have  seen  it,  does  not 
strikingly  differ  from  that  of  the  slieaths. 

Fig.  3  a,  ])I.  9,  represents  a  portion  of  an  old  frond  magnified  4(10  diameters, 
and  fig.  3  h,  the  end  of  a  younger  branch.  No.  79.  Collection  oi  ilavenel,  Aug. 
lS(i9. 

S.  {(llttllw':;  Woon. 

S.  in  maculis  snbnigris,  parvis,  tcnuibus,  plenmiqno  rntnndntis,  interdum  enormibns,  dispositus; 
trichomatibuB  nrcte  interte.xtis.  rainossissiniis,  rigidis,   ina'i|iialibus,  snbeyliiidrieis,  nonnihi! 
10       Mny,  1872. 


!:■ 

{■■( 

■J 
'A 


74  FUESll-WATER  AhQJi  OF  THE   U  M  1  T  E  1)  STATES 

contortis;  rnmnlia  obbrcviatis  vol  nonnihil  cloiigalis,  apico  obtuso  rotuiidatis;  rnnnilorum  et 
triclioimituin  cellulis  tri-imiltiHi'i'iiitis,  pli'ruiiKiiic  pacliydenniiticis,  fernitfiiu'o-fiiscis,  iiionniler 
glubusis,  homogt'iiuis ;  cellulis  apicalibiis  iiiteriiuin  brvvu  cyliuUricis,  liuud  articulaliti ;  vagiuis 
sat  aiiiplis,  lutou-bruiiiiuis  vcl  dilute  ferrugitiuu-bruuncis. 

Diam. — Max.  trich.  cum  vag.  7|5"  =  .0013". 

Syn. — S.  ijuttula,  Woou,  Prodronius,  Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc,  13C9,  p.  132. 

Hub. — South  Carulina,  in  Tuxudiuiu  disticbum.     (Prur.  Ilavencl.) 

AiTnugcd  in  small,  thin,  black  spots,  which  nro  generally  round,  but  sometimes  irregular:  fd»- 
menta  closely  interwoven,  very  much  branched,  rigid,  unciiual,  subeyliiidrical,  somewhat  con- 
torted ;  branches  abbreviate  or  somewhat  elongale,  apex  obtusely  rounded  ;  eells  of  the 
triuhoma  and  branches  3  to  many  seriate,  mostly  with  thick  coats,  ferruginous-fuscous,  irregu- 
;.irly  globose,  homogeni-ous;  apical  cells  sometimes  shortly  cylindrical,  not  articulate,  sheaths 
ample,  yellowisb-brown. 

Remnrhf. — This  species  Wtis  found  growing  on  the  bark  of  Tnxoihiim  dintichnm, 
by  Prof.  II.  W.  Ilavencl,  in  South  Carolina,  and  by  him  given  to  Dr.  Billings, 
TJ.  S.  A.,  to  whom  I  am  i.ulebted  for  specimens.  It  forms  on  the  bark  minute 
roundish,  blackish,  dot-like  spots  of  about  a  line  in  diameter,  or  sometimes,  appa- 
rently, by  the  coalescence  of  two  or  more  of  these  spots,  larger  irregula:  patches. 
The  habit  of  the  plant  is  a  rigid  one.  The  main  stem  is  often  irregular  in  size, 
variously  bent  and  rebent,  and  mostly  gives  off  a  number  of  branches,  which  fre- 
quently nearly  equal  the  main  filament  in  size,  and  like  it  are  bent  in  various 
directions.  They  also  frequently  give  origin  to  numerous  short  branches.  In 
some  instances,  there  is  a  distinct  apical  cell,  which  is  cylindrical,  but  only  two  or 
three  times  longer  than  broad ;  in  many  cases,  however,  this  cylinder  being  want- 
ing, the  ordinary  cells  extend  to  the  extreme  apex. 

Fig.  -4  a,  pi.  8,  represents  a  filament,  and  fig.  4  i,  the  end  of  a  branch  magnified 
460  diameters. 


8.  acervatUN,  Wood. 

S.  in  guttulis  minutissimis,  subcrnstaccis,  nigris,  in  strato  subcontinuo  sippc  nggregatis;  tricho- 
niatibus  purvis  et  brcvibus,  rigidis,  adniodum  ina-qualibus,  ])rostratis,  tuberculis,  ercte  ct  dense 
raraossissimis,  viridibus  aut  aureis  aut  brunneis  ;  ramulis  brevil)us,  jderunique  baud  raniulosis, 
crectis  ant  ascendentibus,  swpe  abbreviatis  et  papilliformibus,  obtusis,  sa>pe  lateraliter  ennnatis  ; 
cellularnm  seric  in  trichomatibus  multiplici  in  ramulis  i)lerunqucsiniplici ;  cellulis  subglobosis 
vcl  subangularibus,  viridibus,  baud  distinctc  granulosis,  in  niinulornm  apice  sajpc  breve  cylin- 
dricia  et  interdum  obsolete  articulatis;  vaginis  aureis,  nonniuil  hyalinis. 

D/am.— Trich.  max.  7JS5";  ""»•  te'Vb"— tbV- 

Syn. — H.  m-ervatm,  Woon,  Prodronius,  Proc.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc,  l&tJO,  p.  132. 

Hah. — South  Carolina,  in  ''ortlce  (Ilex  opaca).     (Prof.  II.  W.  Ravenel.) 

Arranged  in  drops,  which  are  very  minute,  subemstaceous,  black,  and  frequentiv  aggregate  into 
a  subcontinuous  stratum  ;  filaments  small  and  short,  prostrate,  rigid,  somewhat  uii((;ual,  tuber- 
culate,  densely  and  closely  branched,  green  or  golden  or  brown ;  branches  short,  lor  the  most 
part  not  branched,  erect  or  ascending,  fre(piently  abbreviate,  and  papilliform,  obtuse;  series  of 
cell  nudtiplc  in  trichoma,  mostly  simple  in  the  branches;  cells  snbglobosc  or  subangular, 
green,  not  distinctly  granulate,  in  the  apices  of  the  branches  frequently  shortly  cylindrical  ond 
Boraetimos  obsoletely  articulate  ;  sheaths  golden,  somewhat  hyaline. 


FRESII-WATKR   ALO^   OF   THE    UxNlTED   STATES. 


75 


Remarlci. — Tliis  species  was  found  in  winter  by  Prof.  II.  W.  llavcncl  in  South 
Carolina,  growing  upon  tlu;  bark  of  Ilex  ojaca,  forming  minute,  firm,  crustacoous, 
roundisli  dots  or  nuisscs,  much  smaller  than  a  mustard-seed,  but  in  some  cases  so 
closely  aggregated  as  almost  to  make  a  continuous  stratum.  When  one  of  these 
dots  is  placed  under  the  microscope,  the  branches  arc  seen  presenting  tlieir  ends 
upon  all  sides,  reminding  one  of  some  varieties  of  coral,  and  between  these  are 
blackish  matters,  which  prevent  the  whole  dot  from  being  seen.  These  branches 
are  frequently  placed  very  close  to  one  another,  and  cohere  by  their  edges  so  as  to 
make  a  sort  of  membrane  or  a  solid  mass.  The  filaments  themselves  arc  mostly 
obscured  in  the  dense  mass  of  branches  which  clotiic  them.  This  sjiecies  seems 
to  be  closely  allied  to  S.  corallouku,  and  I  am  not  certain  whether  it  is  distinct  or 
not.     It  is  certainly  very  much  smaller. 

S.  piilvinatiiM,  iiata. 

S.  pulvinatus,  liuiuectatiis,  saturate  olivacco-nijfcr,  ad  trcs  lincas  crnssns;  tric)ioniati1)iis  crassis- 
siinLs,  ramos.sissiniis,  fuscesceiitibiis,  I'liorinitiT  ciirviitis;  ramuli.s  polymorpliis  pro  a;tate  cras- 
sitic  inugnitiKlincipK!  variis,  apico  ])lcriim(piv  olitusc  rotuiiilatis ;  tricliomatuiii  ci'lhilanim  serio 
iiiiiltiplifi,  raiiuildrnm  2-4  plici ;  vajfiiiis  craasis,  luteo-fuscis  ad  saturate-fuscis,  vol  pvllucidis 
vel  non  pi'lluridis,  interdum  rugoso-tuberculis. 

Diam. — Tridi.  ciiiii.  vng.  max.  .0042". 

Syn. — S.  pulvinairt,  (Riif:n.)  RAnF.NiionsT,  Flora  Europ.  Algar.,  Sect.  II.  p.  290. 

Hub. — In  rupibiis  propo  I'biladvlpliia.     Wood. 

In  moist,  deep  olivc-blnck  cushion-like  masses  of  two  or  throo  lines  thick  ;  filaments  \er\  thick, 
niiu'b  branched,  brownish,  irregularly  curved ;  branches  polymorphous,  varying  in  thickness 
and  size,  mostly  with  their  apices  obtuse;  cells  of  the  fdainent  many  seriate,  of  the  branches 
two  to  four  seriate;  .sheaths  thick,  yellowish-fuscous  to  deep  fubcous,  pellucid  or  opaqnc, 
sometimes  rugose-tubcrculate. 

Remarlcs. — I  have  received  specimens  of  this  species  found  by  Mr.  Austin  in 
Northern  New  Jersey,  growing  on  the  exposed  face  of  rocks. 

The  si/e  attained  to  exceeds  ihat  given  by  Mr.  Rabenhorst  for  the  European 
form.  The  color  of  the  cytioplasm  varies  from  an  almost  verdigris-green  to 
fuscous. 

Besides  these  specimens.  Dr.  I.  Gibbons  Hunt  lias  given  me  fresh  ones  of  a 
Simsl/ihoit  which  he  foiuid  growing  on  the  face  of  dripping  rocks  along  the 
Wissahickon  Creek,  near  this  city.  These  are  much  smaller  in  every  way  than 
tlieir  more  northern  brethren,  and  differ  in  other  respects,  I  think,  sufficiently  for 
a  distinct  variety.  The  filaments  and  branches  are  much  flatter  than  in  Mr. 
Austin's  specimens.     I  append  a  description. 

(Var.  parvus.) 
S.  trichomatibus  in  cn!spite  Baturate  olivacno-nigro  arote  intertestis;  trichomatibns  crassissimis, 
enormiter  ramosissirais  luteo-fusccscentibus,  varie  curvatia;  ramulis  polymorpliis,  apicc 
plerumqno  obtuse  rotundatis;  trichomatum  cellularum  scrie  multiplici,  ramulorum  1-4  plici; 
cytioplasmatc  grannlato,  plernmquo  saturate  fusccsccnte,  interdum  In!to  viride  ;  vaginis  crassis, 
dilute  luteo  fusccsccntibus,  interdum  achrois. 

Diam. — Trichom.  cum.  vag.  nia.x.  jjj"  =  .03" 


76  FIIESII-WATKU    ALU.i:    OF    T  11  K    UNITED   STATES. 

Filaments  closely  interwoven  into  ii  deep  olive-liliiek  turfy  ninss,  very  tliiek,  irregularly  and  frc- 
(|Ueiilly  braru'lied,  yellowish-fuseous,  variously  curved  ;  liranelies  iiolviiiorplious,  their  apices 
mostly  obtusely  rounded;  scries  of  cell  in  lilanicnt  multifold,  in  Inanclies  1-4  fold;  cytio- 
plasm  granulate,  mostly  deep  brown,  sometimes  bright  green;  shcatbs  thick,  light  yellow isli- 
brown,  sometimes  transparent. 

Remarks. — Tlio  fronds  are  very  irrcguUir  in  form  and  size,  mud  'iiint:h(>d,  jind 
so  closoly  intorwovon  that  they  mostly  cannot  bo  sc^paratinl  wit .  nt  bn-akinjif. 
Tlic  branches  are  sometimes  short  and  stumpy,  sometimes  tliey  arc  very  lon<j^. 
The  color  of  tlie  cells  approaches  somewhat  to  a  chocolate,  at  tinu-s  with  a  little 
red  in  it  so  as  to  give  something  of  a  mahogany  tint.  The  walls  of  the  cells  arc 
mostly  very  thick,  but  tlu^y  are  often  lost  in  the  gc-neral  nmss  of  the  frond.  In  the 
branches,  the  cells  are  often  so  closely  crowded  as  to  almost  oblitc^rate  their  walls. 
In  a  few  specimens  I  have  foiuid  the  cells  to  be  of  a  bright  green  color,  instead 
of  that  just  mentioned.  The  exact  meaning  of  this  I  do  not  know;  it  would 
scarcely  seem  to  indicate  immaturity,  for  I  have  found  it  in  the  oldest  portion  of 
Lirge  fronds,  whose  other  parts  were  of  the  nornud  color. 

Fig.  1,  \A.  10   represents  a  filament  of  this  variety  magnified  IbO  diameters, 

I  have  received  from  I'rof.  Ravenel  certain  dried  algic,  labellcMl  S/ii/onomi 
RiurueUi,  Bi:i!KKi,EY,  which  appear  to  mo  to  belong  to  this  genus.  In  what  plac(! 
Berkeley  described  them,  if  e\ er,  I  do  not  know,  nor  why  he  plac<xl  them  in  tho 
genus  Stiijouema.     Tho  following  is  a  description  of  the  species:  — 

S.  strato  sub-nii?ro;  trichoniatibus  arete  intcrtoxtis,  ramossissimis,  cnorniib'.is,  vario  curfatis; 
ramulis  brevibus  et  sublongis,  vnrie  curvatis,  latis,  apieo  noniiiliil  altcnuutis  et  obtusis ;  tri- 
clioniatum  et  raniulorum  eellulis  nrctis,  enorniibus,  in  serioduo-niullipliei  enormiterdispositis; 
cytio-plasniate  boinogeneo,  liete  viride;  viiginis  aureis,  lucidis. 

Diam. — Max.  trioh.  funi  vag.  y';*,,)". 

When  dried  blackish  ;  lilanicnts  closely  interwoven,  very'niueli  brnnehed,  irregular,  and  variously 
curved  ;  branches  short  or  largish,  variously  curved,  broad,  their  apices  soniewhiit  attenuated 
and  obtuse;  cells  of  tho  fdamcnt  and  its  branches  very  close,  im'guhir,  irregularly  arranged 
in  a  twofold  or  multiple  scries;  cndochrouie  homogeneous,  bright  green;  sheath  yellow, 
scmitranshiecnt. 

Remai-lkS. — This  plant  was  collected  by  Trof  llavenel  on  the  now  famous  Look- 
out Mountain.  It  is  of  a  thick,  bushy  habit,  and  appears  to  form  turf-like  mats 
of  a  lino  or  two  in  thickness  and  of  a  blackish  color.  Tho  filaments  throw  off  in 
all  directions  very  num(>rons  branches,  sonn;  of  wliich  are  sho'-t  and  stumpy,  others 
quite  long,  and  are  themseh cs  th(>  parents  of  numerous  secondary  branches.  Tin; 
longer  branches  often  rival  the  main  filament  in  size,  and  like  it  vary  continually, 
in  being  irregularly  expanded  and  contracted.  There  is  never  a  long,  articulateil 
cell,  not  even  in  the  apices  of  the  branches.  The  apices  are  often  somewhat 
attenuated,  and  are  always  more  or  less  obtuse.  The  cells  are  of  a  bright  green 
color,  art!  very  irregidar  in  form,  and  are  often  very  irregularly  arranged  in  rows 
of  from  two  to  five,  both  on  the  main  filament  and  branches.  The  liase  of  tlu; 
filament  often  gives  origin  to  several  small,  cylindrical,  root-like  i)i-ocesses. 


Ii 


FRESII-WATEB   ALO.E    OF   T II  K   UXITED   STATES. 


77 


Fig.  4  a,  pi.  9,  rrprpsonts  a  frond  of  this  plant  magnilicd  125  iliamctcrs;  fig.  4  />, 
a  fragment  niagiiilu'd  400  diunicturs. 

Professor  Bailey,  in  American  Journal  of  Sciences,  vol.  iii.,  now  series,  states 
that  ho  lias  found  two  species  of  tiic  genus  Stlgoncma,  niimcly,  St.  atrovlrciis,  Ac. 
and  Sf.  nHniimillosiiin,  A(i. ;  the  former  growing  on  w(!t  rocks  at  Indian  Falls, 
Putnam  C-ounty,  New  York ;  the  latter  at  Round  Pond,  near  West  Point.  I  have 
no  personal  knowledge  of  the  genus,  but,  according  to  authorities,  it  belongs  to 
the  lichens  rather  than  the  alga*,  apotiiecia  having  been  detected  in  various 
species. 


Class  CIILOKOPIIYLLACEiE.' 

Phntulm  aqiuiticfc  vol  acirc.T,  iini-,  bi-,  vol  luulticcllularos,  ant  singula; 
aut  cousociatii',  faiuilias  fonnantos. 

Vcgdatio  tonninalis  vol  non  torminalis. 

Ramificatio  aut  nulla  aut  vera,  sod  collularum  non  divisionc,  potius 
l)roHHcati()ne. 

Cijtiodcnna  non  siliceuni,  combustibilc,  sa^pius  c  stratis  successivis 
coinposituni,  substantiam  golatinosam  jdcruuiquc  liquidum  cxsudans. 

('i/fi()/)I(hs)iin  chloropliyllosum,  chloropliylli  loco  nonnunquam  erythrino 
vol  isubstantia  oleosa  coccinea,  carnoa  aut  nifesoente  coloratum,  nuoloo 
(ocntrali  vol  laterali)  i)leruiu(pio  pnodituin,  granulis  aniylacois  rarissinio 
carens. 

JfiiUipIt'cafio  lit  collularum  divisionc  vcgctativa.  Fa3Cundatio  ple- 
ruuKiuc  scxualis. 

Propnijatio  lit  aut  oosporis  vol  zygosporis  aut  gonidiis  tran<iuillis  vcl 
agilibus. 

Aquatic  or  oerinl  uni-,  bi-,  or  multicellular  jilants  occui-ring  singly,  or 
consociated  in  families. 

V('()dation  terminal  or  not  so. 

Bvanchcs  either  wanting,  or  if  present,  true  branches,  although  formed 
rather  by  a  process  of  proliferation  than  division  of  the  colls. 

Cjjtiodcrm  not  siliceous,  combustible,  often  composed  of  successive 
strata. 

Cytioplasm  chlorophyllous,  sometimes  colored  by  an  oily  crimson,  flesh- 
coloretl  or  yellowish-red  substance,  in  the  place  of  the  chlorophyl,  gone- 
rally  furnished  with  a  nucleus  (cither  lateral  or  central),  very  rarely 
without  starch  granules.  Growth  occurring  by  the  di\ision  of  the  colls. 
Fecundation  generally  sexual. 

Pvopa;j(ifioii  taking  place  by  oospores  or  zygospores,  or  by  tranquil  or 
motile  gonidias. 


'  The  description  of  this  Class  and  Older  is  that  of  Prof.  Kiibciihorrit. 


78 


KUKSir-WATKll  ALU.E   0  1'   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


Okuku  C'Occopliyeeffi. 

AlgiB  uuicullulurub.  Cl'IIuIid  buI  siiifriihi!  (|ik'niiii(|iu'  ipoiffcte  sci^roRiituO  nut  jilurcs  in  familina 
cnnsdciutiD,  teguiiiciitiB  iiivulutic  vel  mikIiu,  nut  raiiii!iCatioiic  aut  vegutaliunu  tvrmiiiuli  (luBtitutu;. 
I'rupngatio  fit  aut  cellulnnim  ilivi.siunu  aut  zoog()iii<liis. 

Uiiicelhilnr  algro.  Cells  I'itlior  siiigli!  (mostly-  futiroly  ^logrcgntc),  or  mostly  cnnsdciutcd  in  fami- 
lies, wulli'd  or  clotlioil  with  togumciits,  destitute  of  brandies  or  terminal  vegetation.  Propagation 
by  means  of  zoopporcB,  or  by  the  division  of  the  cells. 

Family  PALMELLACEiE. 

Algic  niiieellulares  scnsu  latiori.  Cellulo)  aut  singula)  aut  numoroatB,  familiaa  uonatitucntcs,  in 
muco  nmtriciili  plus  minus  firnio,  Htrntum  g('latino.sum  amorphum,  Hicpius  figuratum,  tubuloHum 
(lIiirnioHpora)  varie  divi.ium  et  perforatum  (Tetraspors),  fprnsi  raniificatuni  ('Ijdrurus)  formanto 
nidulantes,  vel  uullo  (Uhn|>hidiuni,  I)ac'tylococcu.s).  Cytiodernia  plerumque  tenue,  wepiuH  teguraento 
gelatinoso  tiut  horaogcneo  aut  lani('llup:J  pra;dituni.  Cytioplasma  honiogeneum,  mtate  provccta  plc- 
ruuKpio  distiiicto  graiiulnsuni,  viride,  aut  rube8cea.s  out  fusoest'en.s,  vesiuula  chlurophyllosa  semper 
instructum  (e.\eei)to  lUiapliidio). 

Miiltiplientio  fit  celhilanini  divisiono  vcgctativa,  propagatio  gonidiis  ex  ultima  ccUularum  gcnc- 
rationu  trniisitoria  cvtioplasumtis  divisionc  varin  orti.s.  Oonidia  tegumentis  liberata,  polo  autico  ciliia 
vulgo  binis  plerunupie  instrueta  et  alueriter  eircuinvngaiitia.    (II.) 

Alga!  nniei'llular  in  a  broad  sense.  Cells  either  single  or  numerous,  constituting  families,  imbrdded 
in  a  jelly  to  form  a  gelatinnu.s  slratu-n  which  is  amorphous  or  fliaped,  as  tubular  (Ilormospora), 
variously  divided  and  perforate  (Tetrnspora),  falsely  branched  (llydrurus),  or  sometimes  is  wantiiig 
(Uhaphidium,  Dactyloeoccus).  Cytiodcrm  mostly  thin,  often  furnished  with  a  gelatinous  or  homo- 
geneous or  lamellate  tegument.  Cytioplasm  homogeneous,  mostly  at  maturity  distinctly  granular, 
green-reddish  or  fuscous,  always  furnished   with  a   chlorophyllous  vesicle  (excejit    lUiapliidium). 

Multiplication  taking  place  by  a  vegetative  division  of  the  cells,  propagation  by  transitory  gonidia 
arising  by  various  divisions  of  the  protoplasm  from  the  last  vegetative  generation.  Uonidia  with- 
out integument,  mostly  furnished  with  two  cilia  at  the  anterior  end,  and  moving  about  actively. 

Genus  Pl.EUUOCOCCUS,  Mengu.  (Rabenu.) 

CelluluB  globosiB  vel  e  mutua  prcssiono  angulosee,  plerumque  nucleo  instructiB,  turn  Bini^nlo)  turn 
in  familias  consoeitttiB.  Cytiodernia  firnuim,  siepc  crassum,  liiive,  hyalinum;  cytioplasma  honioge- 
neum viride  vel  olcosum  rubrum.  Multli  Ucatio  eellularum  vcgctativarum  divisionc  in  diructiouem 
ad  omnes  dimcusiones  alteinantcm.     Propagatio  fit  gonidiis  intra  sporangia  ortis. 

Cells  globose  or  angular  from  mutual  pressure,  mostly  furnished  with  a  nucleus,  .sometimes  single, 
sometimes  aggregated  into  families.  Cytioderm  firm,  often  thick,  smooth,  hyaline;  cytiopljism 
homogeneous-green  or  oleaginous-red.  Multipilication  occurring  by  a  vegetative  division  of  the 
cells  alternately  in  three  directions.     Propagation  by  means  of  gonidia,  formed  withiu  sporangia. 

P.  seriatns,  Wood,  (sp.  nov.) 

p.  corticolus,  strata  pulvenila,  rubido-brunnca,  nonnihil  Crustacea  formans ;  cellulis  enormiter 
subglobosis,  vel  ovalibus,  hute  aurantiacis,  interdum  viride  tinctis,  hand  distineto  nueleatis,  in 
scriebus  singulis  rcctis  vel  cunatis  conjuuctis  ;  teguineatis  crassis,  baud  lamellosis,  coloris 
o.\pertibus. 

Z».a»i.— Ts'o,"— TB^off"  =  .00053"— .OOIi". 
Hah — In  palude.     New  Jersey.     (Austin.) 

Growing  on  bark,  foiming  a  reddish-brown,  somewhat  crustaceous  powdery  mass;  cells  irregu- 
larly sul)globosc,  or  oval,  bright  orange,  sometimes  tinged  with  green,  not  evidently  nucleated, 
conjoined  in  single  straight  or  curved  series;  tegument  thick,  lamellate,  or  not  so,  colorless. 


FRESll-WATEll  ALQ^   OF   TIIK  UNITED   STATES. 


79 


Remarks. — I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Austin  for  spocimons  of  this  little  plant,  which 
he  found  growing  in  a  swanip  near  C'loster,  Northern  New  Jersey,  on  a  young 
pin  oak.  It  forms  a  sort  of  crustiiceous  powder,  with  little  aggregations  here  and 
there,  of  a  dull  reddish-brown  color.  When  these  little  masses  are  broken  up, 
they  are  found  to  be  composed  of  little  series  of  very  closely  joined  cells,  generally 
n  half  dozen  to  a  dozen  in  the  row,  1  believe  that  at  certain  states  of  their  growth 
these  cells  arc  green,  as  many  of  them  have  a  very  decided  green  tint  on  their 
edges,  and  I  have  seen  one  or  two  of  them  quite  green. 

rig.  2,  pi.  10,  represents  this  species  magnified  4G0  diameters. 

P.  pillvereiM)  Wood,  (sp.  nov.) 

P.  cullulis  minimis,  cEeruleo-viridibu8,  enortnitcr  8ubf;lobo8i8,  tcI  anp^ulosis,  in  faiiiilias  nume- 
rosaa  conBociatis;  fiiiniliis  e  cclluliH  iiuincruBHissiinis  et  duiiHe  confortis  cnmpoHitis,  irrugu- 
laribus,  interdum  confluciitibua,  picrumijuu  p.suudutegumcuUu  hyaiiais  iuvolutiH,  in  struto 
pulvcreo  laste  viridi  aggri'gatis. 

Diam.—T„hisT!"—n^nn"  -  .00004"— .00013". 

nab — III  fouto.     "  Boiling  Springs,"  propo  Bcllcfontc,  Pennsylvania. 

Cells  very  small,  bluish-grcen,  irregularly  subgloliose,  oval,  or  angular,  associated  in  nnmcrnua 
families;  families  composed  of  very  numerous  and  densely  crowded  cells,  irregular,  HonielimeH 
connucnt,  mostly  surrounded  by  a  false  byaliuo  tegument,  aggregated  iuto  a  brigbt  green 
pulverulent  stratum. 

Rcmarhs. — In  Centre  County,  Pennsylvania,  two  miles  from  Bellefonte,  there  is 
a  very  large  and  beautiful  limestone  spring,  which  is  a  favorite  roadside  watering 
place,  and  is  laid  down  on  the  maps  as  "Boiling  Springs."  Forming  a  stratum 
over  most  of  the  bottom  of  this  spring  is  the  little  pliiut  here  described.  The 
stratum  is  in  places  nearly  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  when  lifted  by  the  hand  is 
found  to  be  dry  and  crumbly,  instead  of  mucous  and  tenacious.  Under  the  micro- 
scope it  is  seen  to  be  composed  of  vast  numbers  of  irregidar  masses  or  families  of 
cells  imbedded  in  a  firm  jelly,  which  projects  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  transparent 
coat  to  the  whole  mass ;  this  cast  I  have  spoken  of  in  the  description  as  a  false 
tegument.  The  cells  themselves  are  exceedingly  small  and  furnished  with  an 
excentric  point,  which  is  probably  a  nucleus. 


Genus  PALMELLA. 

CelluliB  globosffi  vol  ovales  vol  oblongic,  tcpumentis  plus  minus  crassis  in  mucum  gelatinosum, 
Bicpius  ino.x  CDiilluontibus  involutoi,  thallum  difforme  elEeieutea.  Ccllulurum  divisio  directione  in 
omnes  dimeusiunes  altcrimnte. 

Cells  globose,  oval,  or  oblong,  surrounded  with  a  more  or  less  tliiek  integument  generally  very 
soon  confluent  into  a  firm  or  soft  jelly.  Tballus  shapeless.  Division  rf  the  cells  alternately  in  all 
directions. 

P.  Jesenii,  M'ood. 

P.  thallo  indefinite  expnnso,  initio  dilute  ant  la!te  viride,  molle,  pellncidulo;  rotate  provecta 
firnio,  tuberculo.so,  saturate  olivaceo-viride;  cellulis  globosis  vol  ellipticis, — in  thalli  astate 
immaturo,  pleruinqu'!  singulis  autgeminis,  siepe  distantibus, — in  letate  provecta  ssepe  in  fami- 
lias  connoxis,  plcriini(iiic  eonferlis:  tegumentis  in  thalli  aetate  immaturo  plerumque  diffluenti- 
bu8,  aitate  provecta  plerumque  distiuctis. 


80 


F  U  i;  S  II  -  W  A  T  K  11  A  I,  (1  Ai  O  !•'  'I"  II  K   V  N  I  'I'  K  D   S  T  A  T  li  S. 


y>/«m— Cell.  glob.  max.  at'oo" -.00028";  ci-ll.  oblong.  loii|?.  mux.  „'bo"  -  .0004". 

tii/ii. — /'.  Jcscnii,  Wood,  rnnU'cunurt,  Proc.  Am.  I'liilort.  Sue,  1S(1!I,  |i.  n4. 

Hub. — Iti  ru|iibuH  irroratin,  pi'(>|(c  riiiiuili'liihiu. 

TlialhiH  iiKlcCniili  ly  cxpniulcd,  in  (li«  bcjriiiniiin  mift  mid  iiclliicid,  nflorwnrds  firm,  (iibcmiliir, 
docp  olivi'-Kivoii ;  eolls  n'oboso  or  I'lliiilifiil ;  in  Ibc  imiiiiiluri'  llmlliis,  ulrif^lu  or  (fciniimli',  fro- 
(lucntly  scaltDrt'd;  in  tbc  nuitiiro  tliullus  often  elo.sely  eonjiiincd  into  fiiinilies,  luu.stly  crowdi'tl  ; 
in  tlie  young  ;liailiiB  tlio  tegiiuiciitrt  of  the  cellsi  uro  montly  dilllueut,  ttrtcrwiird.s  distiiiet. 

Remarka. — This  littlo  plnnt  was  foiinti  nloiig  the  banks  of  the  Stlmylkill  llivrr, 
just  nbovc  Flat  Rock  tunnel,  near  Manaytink,  foiiniiif;  in  tho  early  winter  a  f,'ela- 
tiiioiis  mass  of  two  to  three  lines  in  thickness,  irrei,Milarly  and. interruptedly  spread 
over  tlu!  face  of  wet,  dripping;  rocks.  In  what  appeared  to  be  tin;  youn{,'er  \mx~ 
turns,  the  jelly  was  often  (jnito  soft  and  almost  colorless,  and  had  the  cells  scat- 
tered rather  sparsely  and  distantly  throiifj^h  it.  The  cells  were  but  partially  hlled 
with  chlovopliyl,  tin;  vactioli;  left  containing  often  nnineroiis  granules,  and  had 
distinct  walls,  being,  as  it  were,  merely  immersed  in  the  geiu>ral  maternal  jelly. 
In  the  older  fronds  the  texture  is  more  firm,  the  color  a  deep  green,  and  the  bvight 
green  cells  arc  mostly  siuTounded  by  a  thick,  very  distinct  tegument.  'I'hey  arc- 
also  largely  arranged  in  little  families  of  two,  four,  or  even  eight  cells,  surrounded 
by  a  common  int<'gument.  The  oldest  fronds  arc  of  a  deep  olive,  almost  bltickish 
color,  markedly  tnherctdate  upon  their  upper  surface  and  very  firm  in  textiu'e. 
They  are  surrounded  by  very  distinct,  firm,  dark  brown  coats  (a  simple  coat  often 
invohing  two  or  more  cells),  and  arranged  in  groups  or  families.  As  shown  by 
the  microscope  in  the  superficitd  portion  of  such  fronds,  the  jelly  is  of  a  yellowish- 
fuscous  color,  and  the  cells  are  themselves  of  a  dark  brown  tint.  The  nund)er  of 
cells  in  the  individual  families  varies  from  two  to  a  dozen  or  more.  Even  in  these 
old,  firm  fronds,  the  interior  portions  are  frequently  composed  of  greenish  cells, 
withoiit  any  distinct  teguracmts  or  coat.  In  such  cases  the  cells  are  mostly  oblong 
or  elliptical,  and  very  much  crowded  together.  This  species  appears  to  come 
closest  to  P.  Breiissonii,  Kt/.,  from  which  it  difiers,  however,  in  its  habit  of 
growth  and  the  size  of  its  cells. 

Fig.  3  rt,  pi.  10,  rc'presents  a  fragment  of  the  ti])prr  surface  of  an  old  frond 
magnified  150  diameters;  fig.  3  6,  when  taken  from  the  inner  jelly  of  similar 
fronds. 


P.  dlirn,  Wood,  (sp.  nov.) 

P.  tliallo  enorniitcr  sul)gIol)oso,  pnoriiiitcr  minute  lobnto  vel  vcrrncoso,  eteruleo-nigro,  nonniliil 
crustacc"),  minuto;  cellulis  nrcti.ssinie  conferlis,  jileninKiuo  enorniitiT  oblnrijfis,  .siupe  in  serie- 
l)U3  irregulnre  dispositis,  ciicruieo-vlridibus  vel  luteo-bruuueis;  teguuieulis  baud  di.-<tinctis  ; 
s))oris  globosis  vel  ovalibus. 

-»'«'"— Cell   „J(!n"=-00008"—^5V5"=  •00010";  spor.  „3„"  =  .000.'5.S"— Tj-'oa"  =0008  " 

nab. — In  fonto  propo  Philadelphia. 

Thallus  irregularly  8nbglobo.se,  irregularly  mmntely  lobate  or  warty,  blui.sh-blaek,  Rnmewhat 
ernstaecnus,  minute;  eclla  densely  crowded,  mostly  irregularly  oblong,  often  arrnngcil  irre- 
gularly in  series,  bluish-green  or  yellowi-sh-lirown ;  eoats  not  apparent;  spores  globose  or 
oval. 


F  K  E  S  II   W  A  T  10  11   A  L  U  .li   O  !•    T  UK    U  N  i  T  K  I)   S  T  A  T  K  8 . 


81 


Revtnrkx. — I  found  this  plant  growing?  in  tlu>  largo  spring  at  Spring  MillH  in 
Marcli  or  April.  The  fronds  were  in  tin;  form  of  littlo  bluckisli  bulls  attuchod  to 
the  stems  of  mosses  in  the  water.  Tlury  varied  in  size  from  the  minutest  speck, 
scarcely  visible  to  the  nukfd  eye,  up  to  ten  lines  in  diameter;  they  are  globose, 
vfry  firm  and  hard,  and  the  larger  look  almost  as  if  they  were  aggregations  of 
Hinallor  oikjs.  They  are  gregarious.  The  spores  are  mostly  borne  on  the  edges 
of  the  frond,  sometimes  they  appear  to  hv  imbedded  in  its  substance.  At  first 
they  are  of  an  intense  bluish-green,  but  afterwards  they  appear  to  be  yellowish- 
brown.     None  of  the  cells,  as  I  have  seen  them,  have  their  contents  granulate. 

Fig.  5  a,  pi.  10,  represents  a  section  of  a  frond  magnified  4()0  diameters;  fig. 
66,  a  section  of  the  edge  of  an  old  frond,  developing  spores. 

P.  hyalina,  Lynob. 

"  Frotuls  fr ii  qiiartrr  of  nn  inch  to  nn  inch  in  diameter,  somewhat  globose,  but  at  length  fre- 

((uently  ninro  or  less  elongated  Into  an  ovate  or  even  cylinilrieal  form.  iSubntancc  gelatinous 
and  very  tender,  of  a  ])('llii('id,  watery  iippeurance.  Granules  numerous,  globose,  green. 
Tlic  froiwlK  are  produced  nt  first  on  roclis  and  stones  at  tho  bottom  of  streani.-t,  and  afterwards 
become  disengaged  auU  float  on  the  surfacu." 

Remarks. — Professor  Bailey  states  that  he  has  found  this  species  from  Rhode 
Island  to  Wisconsin.  Whether  it  is  identical  with  the  P.hyaUna  of  Brebisson,  or 
not,  I  cannot  say. 

Genus  PAGEROGALA,'  Wood. 

Thallus  Rolidns,  gelatinosus,  indcfinitua,  exalbidus,  nonniliil  pellucidulus,  nodulis  dense  aggrogatis 
et  Kiepe  confIucntil)us  formatus.  Cellulee  globosoe,  confertw,  in  familias  cousociata!.  Familio!  tegu- 
nientis  tenuibus  ct  membranacels  involuto;,  in  nodulorum  centro  posito). 

Tliullus  solid,  indennite,  gelatinous,  whitish,  somewhat  jiellucid,  composed  of  closely  aggregated 
nodules  wlileh  are  often  indistinct.  Cell.s  globose,  crowded  in  families.  Families  surrounded  by  a 
thin  membranaceous  coat  and  placed  in  the  centra  of  the  gelatinous  nodule. 

Remarks. — This  curious  plant  was  found  by  myself  floating  as  indefinite  masses 
of  milk-white  '"Hy  on  a  mountain  spring  near  Bear  Meadow,  Centre  County.  Penn- 
sylvania. The  largest  of  these  gelatinous  masses  was  six  inches  long.  On  taking 
them  out  of  the  water  they  were  seen  to  be  composed  of  somewhat  irregular 
nodules,  which  in  some  portions  of  the  mass  were  very  distinct  one  from  the  other, 
but  in  other  parts  were  confluent  into  an  almost  uniform  jelly.  When  the  nodules 
were  separated  it  was  discovered  that  each  contained  a  membranous  very  delicate 
sack  of  a  pale  green  color,  which  the-  microscope  showed  to  be  really  a  cell  family. 
Their  interior  was  hollow,  or  at  least  only  partially  fllled  with  a  transparent  fluid, 
and  they  contained  all  round  their  exterior  portion  a  layer  of  round,  closely  placed 
cells.  In  some  instances  the  outer  membrane  was  ruptured,  and  the  sac  only  con- 
tained a  few  cells,  which  could  often  be  seen  to  be  moving  freely  in  the  inner 
liquid.  The  sac  membrane  is  thin  and  delicate,  colorless,  and  marked  with  curious, 
regular  ^vrinkles  or  folds.  In  those  portions  of  the  common  gelatinous  mass,  where 
the  nodules  were  lost,  I  could  not  find  any  of  these  sacs. 


11      May,  1879. 


'  llayfpo;,  frozcn ;  yaXa,  milk. 


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F  II  KSII- WATER   AlAiM   OF   T  11  F    U  X  IT  F  1)   STATES. 


No  opportunity  was  afFordcd  to  study  the  drvoloiimont  of  tliis  plant ;  Init  there 
can  be  but  litth;  doubt  that  the  gh)bular,  tliickish-walled  cells  ar(^  finally  dis- 
cbnrsfed  by  a  rupture  of  the  membrane  and  escape  from  the  softening  jelly  into  the 
water,  each  to  be  a  possible  starting  point  for  a  new  frond. 

I  have  given  this  curious  plant  the  name  of  Puijewgaht,  from  its  milky  white- 
ness. Floating  in  the  water  it  offered  so  close  a  resemblance  to  the  spawn  of  frog,, 
though  more  opaque,  that  my  companion,  a  most  excellent  naturalist,  insisted, 
until  its  true  nature  was  absolutely  demonstrated,  that  I  was  simply  wasting  my 
•iime  collecting  the  spawn  of  an  amphibian. 

P.  stellio,  (fp-  nov.) 

Biam—Vroitil  ^  inch  ;  cells  5A5"— sous"- 

Genus  TETRASPORA,  liiNK. 

Thalliis  golatinosus,  mnmbrnnaccu.!  vol  HiibniPinbranaccus,  initio  Baceato-clausus,  oetatc  proyectiori 
vel  postcD  e.xplanalus.  CelluloB  globosu;  (vol  anguloso-rotundatie)  plus  minus  distantes  Kcd  in  familias 
niagnas  unistratas  consociatoB  ;  tognmcntis  crassis  in  mucum  homogencuai  cito  dilfluentibus.  Cel- 
lularuin  divisio  in  planitici  duas  dircctioncs  altcrnans. 

Propagatio  fit  gonidiis  mobilibus. 

Tliallus  gelatin'us,  membranous  or  submcnibranons,  in  the  beginning  a  short  sack,  afterward 
expanded.  Cells  globose,  or  angularly  so,  more  or  less  distant  but  consooiated  in  a  single  siratuni 
into  large  families.  Tegument  tlii'.'k,  very  rapidly  diffluent  into  a  homogeneous  mucus.  Division 
occurring  in  two  directions  in  the  one  plane. 

Propagation  by  means  of  zoospores. 

T.  lubr<ca  ?  (Roth)  Ao. 

T.  thallo gelatinoso-membranaceo,  lubrico,  dilutissimc  viride,  tubuloso  sed  seepe  postea  explanato, 
simplice  vel  ramoso,  undulato-sinuoso,  sa'pe  biennis  munerosis  |)erforato  ;  cellulis  globosis 
vel  cllipticis,  la;te  virii'ibus,  interduni  singulis  sed  plcrunique  qunternis  vel  geminis,  loeello 
achroo  hyalino  parietali  saspo  prffiditis;  cyliodermato  tenuissimo,  hand  distinete  vi.sibilo. 

Diam.—CcW.  joffu"— ?oW  =  0.00025"— 0.0006". 

Syn. —  T  perforata,  Harvey.     Baii.ky,  Silliman's  Journal,  N.  S.  vol.  iii. 

T.  lubrica,  (RoTii)  Ao.     Rabeniioubt,  Flora  Eur-jp.  Algarum,  Sect  III.  p.  41. 

Ilab. — Xorthern  Atlantic  States. 

Thallus  gclatiiioso-membranaccous,  slippery,  very  dilnte  gnen,  tubular,  but  often  finally  ex- 
panded, simple  or  branched,  undulately-sinuate,  often  perforated  with  numerous  lioU'.s ;  cells 
globos'5  or  elliptical,  bright  green,  sometimes  single  but  "lostly  in  pairs  or  fours,  furnished 
with  a  parietal  transparent  hyaline  space;  cytiodcrm  very  thin,  not  distinctly  visible. 

R'-markii. — This  little  plant  is  very  common  around  this  city,  growing  usually 
in  limpid,  tpiict  water,  such  as  springs,  little  rushy  pools,  and  clean  ditches.  The 
frond  is  a  translucent,  light  green  or  scarcely  greenish,  very  slippery  jelly,  with 
the  edges  often  very  markedly  undulate.  It  is  very  rarely  simple,  but  on  the  con- 
trary is  often  very  much  and  very  irregularly  brtvnched,  frequently  indeed  consist- 
ing of  several  broad  portions  iniitcd  by  narrow  necks.  It  is  an  irregular  sack, 
generally  profusely  perforate,  and  often  with  large  imperfect  portions.  I  think  it 
finally  in  many  instances  becomes  expanded  and  open.  It  is  sometimes  foinid 
lying  on  the  bottom,  but  more  frequently  floats  on  the  surface  of  the  water.  The 
breadth  of  the  frond  varies  from  two  or  three  lines  to  an  inch.  The  length  often 
K^aches  several  inches.     The  cells  are  mostly  globular;   but,  immediately  after 


FRESll-W.MER  ALG^  OP   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


83 


division,  thoy  arc  clliptioiil.  Tlicy  arc  of  a  brij^ht  green  color  and  almost  always 
have  a  cousincuous  rounded  granule  witliin  them;  souietiiaes,  but  not  commonly,  at 
one  end  there  is  a  hyaline  space  or  vesicle,  similar  to  that  seen  in  zoospores.  I 
have  watched  the  production  of  zoospores  in  u  plant  gathered  late  in  November. 
The  outer  wall  of  the  cell  is  always  so  thin  as  to  be  scarcely  perceptible,  and  when 
the  zoospore  is  beginning  to  move,  it  looks  as  though  the  whole  cell  were  rocking, 
the  thin  outer  coating  being  lost  to  sight.  Afti  r  a  considerable  period  of  vain 
effort  the  zoospore  escapes  from  the  thick  gelatinous  mass  which  surrounds  it.  It 
is  biciliated,  roundish,  and  furnished  with  a  hyuline  space  at  the  end. 

I  have  observed  a  Tetraxpora  growing  in  rapidly  running  water,  which  some 
would  no  doubt  consider  distinct,  but  which  seems  to  me  rather  a  variety.  The 
saccate  frond  was  of  a  very  vivid  green,  erect,  buoyed  up  by  an  air-bubble  con- 
tained in  its  upper  end.  Its  shape  was  that  of  a  long  sack  widened  very  much 
above,  and  below  constricted  into  a  fine  point,  by  which  it  was  firmly  attached. 
In  some  instances  it  attained  a  length  of  seven  or  eight  inches.  In  all  other 
respects  these  plants  agreed  with  the  others  found  in  quiet  water. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  to  me  not  at  all  well-defined  in  any  work  which  i 
have  had  access  to.  The  plant  now  under  consideration  abounds  everywhere  in 
this  neighborhood,  and  is  without  doubt  the  one  iden'  ified  by  Prof.  Bailey  as  T. 
(jelatiiumi  (Vauch),  of  which,  however,  he  afterwards  states  that  Prof.  Harvey,  to 
whom  he  had  sent  specimens,  wites  that  it  is  a  distinct  species,  and  proposes  to 
call  it  perforata.  In  my  Prodromus  I  referred  the  plant  to  T.  hihrka  (Roth). 
My  reasons  for  doing  this  were  that  the  size  of  the  cells  corresponds  very  closely 
with  the  measurements  of  that  species  as  given  by  Prof,  llabe'ihorst,  and  the 
absence  of  anything  that  seemed  to  me  definite  in  the  descriptions  of  the-  two 
species.  Moreover,  if  the  possession  of  a  parietal  hyaline  spoi  be  not  simply  an 
accident  of  growth,  it  would  indicate  that  the  plant  belongs  to  P.  luhrica.  I  do 
not  think,  however,  that  any  importance  is  to  be  attached  to  this,  as  the  vacuole 
is  often  absent,  and,  although  Prof.  Rabcnhorst  makes  no  n.ention  of  it,  is,  in  all 
probability,  present  in  certain  states  or  stages  of  T.  gclatinosa.  My  own  convic- 
tion is,  at  present,  that  T.  gclatinosa  and  T.  luhrica  are  very  probably  synonyms. 
If  they  be  distinct,  the  plant  from  which  the  above  description  was  taken  is  refer- 
rible  to  7'.  perforata  (Harvey),  which,  if  not  new,  is  a  form  of  T.  htbrica  rather 
than  T.  gclatinoxa.  If  T.  luhrica  and  T.  iielatinosa  be  united,  no  grounds  are  left 
for  sustaining  the  separateness  of  7'.  j>e)fora(a. 

Whilst  botanizing  in  a  primeval  glade  and  forest,  known  as  Bear  Meadows,  in 
this  State,  I  came  across  a  spring,  co\ered  with  a  Tetraxpora,  which  appears  to 
represent  the  T.  gelatinofin  type.  It  formed  great  masses  half  an  inch  in  thickness, 
at  first  attached,  afterwirds  floating  and  covering  the  surface  of  the  pool  for  several 
feet  each  way.  When  young  these  masses  were  elongated  and  were  formed  of 
numerous  lobes  attached  often  by  very  slender  pedicles,  and  having  their  margins 
thickened  and  undulated  so  as  to  give  a  beautiful  waved  appearance  to  the  light 
green  mass.  Under  the  microscope  the  structure  was  similar  to  that  of  the  other 
form,  except  that  the  cells  varied  more  and  attained  a  greater  size.  Their  diame- 
ters ranged  from  j^V/ =  0.00027"  to  ^^V 7"  =  000066". 


84 


FRESHWATER  ALG^   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


I  have  also  received  from  Prof.  Ravcnel  specimens  of  a  Telratjwra,  which  may 
be  the  young  of  a  variety  of  this  species,  but  which  is  very  possibly  distinct.  If 
the  specimens  are  adult,  it  ccrtuinly  is.  They  consist  of  numerous  little  fronds  not 
more  than  a  third  of  an  inch  in  length,  often  composed  of  several  subcylindrical 
arms,  as  it  were,  radiating  from  a  central  portion,  and  attaining  a  length  of  a  third 
of  an  inch  or  so.  These  fronds  are  irregularly  perforate,  and  are  composed  of 
cells  agreeing  perfectly  in  form,  size,  and  arrangement  with  the  more  ordinary 
forms  of  T.  lubrica. 


:j 


T.  bullosa,  (RoTn)  Ao. 

T.  thallo  nienibranaceo-saccato,  obovato,  sinuoso-buUoso,  unriam  nsqiic  palmam  long''',  postca 
c.xplanato,  dilapora'.o,  saturate  viridi,  plus  niiuua  vi'rrucoso;  cclliilis  suljspliericis  (po.t  divi- 
sioncm  factam  hcmisphoiricis  vcl  angulosis)  gomiiiis  vcl  quatcruis,  coufcrtiH,  giauulusis. 
(R.)     Species  viihi  ignola. 

Diani.— Cell,  ante  divis.  0.00032"— 0.00049" ;  post  divla.  0.00022"— 0.00029".  (R.) 

Syn. —  T.  bullosa,  (Roth)  Ao.     Radenhorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  39. 

Ilr.b. — "  Salem,  North  Carolina.     Schwoinitz,  Newburgh,    New   York."     Bailey,  Silliraan's 
Journal,  New  Series,  vol.  iii. 

Thallus  membranaceous  saccate,  obovate,  sinuoscly-bullose,  from  one  to  si.x  inches  in  length, 
afterwards  expanded,  torn,  deep  green,  more  or  less  verrueo.se  ;  cells  subsphorical  (after  divi- 
sion heinispheritul  or  angular)  in  twos  or  fours,  crowded,  granular. 


Genus  DICTYOSPH^RIUM,  N.EG. 

Thallus  gelatinosus  plus  minus  liquidus,  libera  natans,  sa;pe  quasi  nullus.  Cellulas  vesicuia  chlo- 
ropliyllosa  unica  et  'occllo  achroo  parietal!  praeditoe,  togumentis  crassis  in  gclatinam  homogencam 
couflucntibus  involutoe,  fills  propriis  subtilibus  dichotomo  divisis,  e  familiarum  ccntro  ad  periphcriam 
radiantibus  connesic.     Cellularum  divi.310  ad  omnes  dircctioncs. 

Propagatio  fit  gonidiis  mobilibus 

Thallus  gelatinous,  more  or  less  liquid,  swimming  free,  often  alnost  wanting.  Cells  furnished 
with  a  single  ehlorophyllous  vesicle  and  a  lateral  transparent  spot,  surrounded  with  thiok  coats, 
which  are  confluent  into  a  homogeneous  jelly  and  united  by  very  fine  filaments,  which  are  dichoto- 
mously  divided  and  radiate  from  the  centre  to  the  peripheral  families.  Division  of  the  cells  occur- 
ring in  all  directions. 

Propagation  by  motile  gonidia. 

D.  pulchellum,  Wood,  (sp.  nov.) 

D.   thallo  subgloboso  vel  subovule,  interdum  subnnllo,  intcrdum  indistincte  lobato ;  ccllulis 
globosis  plcrumque  sparsis  sed  interdum  nonnihil  confertis. 

Diani — Cell,  jgij^"  =  0.00025"  j   thallo  plcrumque  3^5"  «-  0.0033" ;  intcrdum  tIj"  =  0.0054." 

Hab. — In  stagnis  propo  Philadelphia. 

Thallus  subglobo.sc  or  suboval,  Rom'>times  indistinctly  lobate,  sometimes  almost  wanting;  cells 
globose,  mostly  scattered,  but  sometimes  rather  crowded. 


Remarks. — I  found  this  little  plant,  one  August  day,  floating,  in  company  with 
Closteriian  acermum,  in  a  brick-pond  below  tlie  city.  Tlie  little  fronds  are  mostly 
roundish,  or  longer  titan  broad,  with  a  distinct  outline,  sometimes,  however,  the  con- 
stituent jelly  seems  to  fade  into  the  surrounding  water.     There  is  never  a  distinct 


■I* 


FRESn-WATER  ALG^  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES.  85 

outer  coat.  The  lateral  transparent  spot  in  the  cells  is  mostly  very  evident,  some- 
times it  is  wanting,  however.  Occasionally  there  is  a  very  distinct  blackish  "  eye 
spot."  Tiie  threads  wliich  join  tlie  cells  are  very  delicate,  and  I  have  never  been 
able  to  absolutely  demonstrate  their  meeting  in  the  centre  of  the  fror;d,  althougli 
I  believe  they  do  so.  In  mounted  specimens,  even  when  preserved  in  carbolic 
acid  water,  they  disappear  after  a  time.  I  have  never  seen  zoospores  or  any  other 
reproductive  bodies. 


Genus  KHAPHIDIUM,  Ktz. 

CcllnlfB  fusiformea  vel  oylin(lracca3,  ntrinque  (plommqiie)  sensim  scnsimquc  cuspiflat<D  vcl  ncunii- 
natoi,  rarius  obtusatai,  recta)  vel  varie  curvatae,  singula;,  gcminie  vcl  fasciculatim  nRgrcgatiB,  medio 
rtecussatira  vol  ratliatim  conjunctae,  raiius  binas  sub  polls  lateralitor  co.ine.xiB,  cetcrutn  libera;. 
Cytiodcnna  tenuo,  leeve.  Cytiop!a.sn.a  viride,  subtiliter  granulosura,  loeello  pallidiori  vel  acliroo, 
centrali,  rarina  laterali,  prieditum.     Ccllularum  divisio  ad  uuara  dircctionem.  (11.) 

Cells  fusiform  or  cylindrical,  generally  very  gradually  cuspidate  or  acuminate  at  tlie  ends,  rar«ly 
obtuse,  straight  or  variously  curved,  single,  geminate,  or  fasciculately  aggregate,  deeus.sate  in  tl.e 
centre  or  radiately  conjoined,  rarely  two  laterally  united  at  the  end,  other  cells  free.  Cytioderra 
thin,  smooth.  Cytioplasm  green,  very  fln.Oy  granular,  furnished  with  a  central  or  rarely  lateral 
transparent  vacuole.     Division  of  the  cells  occurring  only  in  one  direction. 

R.  polymorphiim,  Fresen. 

R.  cellulis  rectis  vel  varie  curvatis,  singnlis,  vcl  2-4-8-lG  fasciculatim  collocatis,  gracilihus, 
sffipe  gracillimis,  nonnunquam  medio  paullum  turgidis,  subventricosis,  nonnunquam  paullum 
constrictis,  apices  versis,  sensim  attenuatis,  acutissimiu. 

Biam.—j^^js"  =.00013". 

Si/n—B.  polymorphum,  Fresen.,  Rabenhorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  44. 

Hab — Prope  PhJ^delphia,  Wood. 

Cells  straight  or  variously  curved,  single  or  2-4-8-16  faseiculatcly  joined  together,  .slender 
often  exceedingly  so;   sometimes  slightly   turgid  in  the   centre,  subventricose,   sometimes 
slightly  constricted ;  the  apices  gradually  attenuate,  very  acute. 
Var.  fitlcatiim. 

Cellulis  fusiformibus,  gracillibus,  utroquo  fine  acutissime  cuspidatis,  curvatis  vel  semilunaribu,s, 
4-16  fasciculatim  congregatis. 

Syn.—Ankislrodesmus  falcaius.  (Cc.da.)  Rabeniiorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect  III 
p.  45. 

i7a6.— South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Rhode  Island.     (Bailey.) 

Cells  fusiform,  slender,  at  each  end  very  acutely  cnspiJate,  curved  or  semilunar,  4-16  fascicu- 
lately  congregate 


Eemark.—Fig.  3,  pi.  7,  represents  different  forms  of  R.  polymorph 


num. 


Family  PROTOCOCCACE^. 

Algae  unicellulares  scnsa  strictissimo,  chlorophyllo.sae,  et  vegetationo  terminali  ct  ramificationo 
vera  earentcs,  sine  cellularum  generatione  vogetativa.  Vivunt  aut  singulis,  sogregatffl  aut  in  fami- 
lias  eonsociatte.  Harum  familiarnm  ecllula)  numcro  aut  indeflnittn  semper  se  augentcs  (turn  sensu 
vero  familia;  nomen  ferunt),  aut  definita;,  se  non  augentes  (qua;  ecEnobinm  dicuntur). 


1  ll 


I' 

■ ;!! 

:  Ji 
I  'I! 


'!! 


ii 


86 


FllESlI-WATIOR   ALO.K   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Propagatio  fit  poriiiliis,  i\\iai  intra  cfllulaiii  iiialricalcm  cyliojjciicsi  libera  oriiintur  ct  dnpliciti  iuUolig 
Riliit;  altera  majora,  qiiic  uiavroguuidia,  altera  ininura  (|iia>  iiiierugoiiidia  dicuutur ;  ilia  obluiiga,  pulo 
niitieo  plerumqiie  rostelliforiiii-produeta,  iiallidiora,  eiliis  vibratoriis  pra;dita,  |>i)lo  pitstico  trmieato- 
rotundata,  ubne'iru  viridia,  individuiiin  propagant ;  luuc  forma  siiuilii,  itidein  inobiiia,  brevi  postea 
in  .statuni  quiu^icuiitc'iu  transcuut,  druiquc  iu  sporas  perdurautcs  (JJypnusporag,  liaAUN)  trauamu- 
tuutur.  (R.) 

Unicellular  algie,  in  the  strictest  sense  of  the  word,  clihropliyllous,  without  terminal  growth  or 
true  branching,  without  a  vegetative  generation  of  cells.  They  live  either  single,  segregate,  or  con- 
Kociated  into  families.  The  cells  of  these  families,  either  indefinitely  increasing  iti  number  (theu 
families  in  the  true  sense  of  the  term),  or  of  definite  number  (then  forming  a  cuenobium). 

Propagation  by  means  of  gonidia  arising  v/ithin  the  mother-cell  by  free  cell-formation  ;  gonidia  of 
two  kinds ;  the  one  larger,  macrogonidia — the  other  smaller,  microgonidia ;  the  former  oblong, 
mostly  produced  into  a,  pale  bicilatc  beak  anteriorly,  ro>in<led  and  greenish  at  their  binder  end, 
developing  into  the  individual  plant;  the  microgonidia  similar  to  these  and  also  motile,  but  passing 
after  a  short  time  into  a  quiescent  state,  and  at  last  ii'to  resting  spores  or  hypuospores. 

Genus  PROTOCOCCUS,  Ag.  1824. 

Cellulu!  spha)roidea!,  segregatic,  cytiodermato  tcnui,  hyalino,  absque  tcgumentis,  libore  natantea 
vel  extra  aquam  iu  stratum  tenue  pulvereum  cumulato).  Cytioplasma  initio  houiogeneum,  deniquu 
granulosum,  virido  vel  rubellum. 

Si)heroidal  cells,  segregate,  cytioderni  thir.,  hyaline,  without  integument,  swimming  free  or  col- 
lected out  of  water  into  a  thin  pulverulent  stratum.  Cytioplasm  iu  the  beginning  homogeneous, 
finally  granular,  green,  or  reddish. 

Remarks. — I  have  introduced  this  genus  as  given  by  Professor  Rabenhorst  in 
liis  Flora  Europara  Algaruni  for  tiie  purpose  of  describing  a  litth;  plant,  upon  whi(!li 
1  have  made  some  observations.  As  the  notes  were  originally  drawn  up  as  a  de- 
scription of  a  species,  I  leave  them  in  that  form.  1  believe  it  has  never  before 
been  described. 

Prolococcns,  (sp.  nov.  ?) 

P.  aquaticus  ;  cellulis  globosis  vol  angulis,  viridibus  in  stratum  pulvereum  cumulatis  vel  in  fami- 
lias  arete  coiijunctis;  cytioilermate  ])lerum(|uedistincto;  sporis  rotuiidatis,  tegumentis  duobus 
vel  tribus  i>rotectis;  tcgumentis  externis,  crassibus;  zoogonidiis  ovalibus,  vel  subrotundalis, 
vel  subellipticis,  ciliis  duobus  instruetis. 

Diam. — Max.  spor.  perdurant.  tbos"  =  .00093"  ;  microg.  yj^j"  =  .00053". 

Aquatic  ;  cells  green,  globose  or  angular,  accumulated  in  a  green  pulverulent  stratum,  often 
closely  united  into  fiimilies  ;  cytioderni  mostly  not  distinct;  resting  spores  round  with  two  or 
three  thick  coats ;  zoospores  oval  or  roundish,  or  somewhat  elliptical,  furnished  with  two 
cilia. 

Remarks. — I  found  this  species  growing  in  a  spring  near  Hestonvill(>,  West 
Philadelphia,  in  the  month  of  March.  The  large  winter  spores  are  round,  with 
thick  coats.  Except  in  one  instance,  in  which  the  color  was  a  decided  reddish- 
brown,  all  that  I  have  seen  have  been  green.  How  they  are  produced  I  do  not 
know.  The  history  of  their  development  into  tlie  jdant  appears  to  be  as  follows: 
The  first  cliange  is  the  rupture  of  their  outer  thick  coat  (fig.  4  h,  pi.  7)  from  whicli 
the  spore  finally  escapes  still  clothed  with  a  coat  of  moderate  thickness.  Tiie 
green  contents  next  divide  into  a  number  of  oval  bodies  (fig.  6  6,  pi.  7)  which 


F11E81L-WATER   ALO^   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


87 


grow,  and,  at  the  same  time,  bcparatc  from  one  another.  Wliilst  these  changes 
have  been  taking  phice  the  spore  coat  lias  been  becoming  gehitinous  and  cnhirging, 
so  that  it  continues  to  enclose  its  progeny.  In  this  way  a  family  of  oval  cells  is 
forned  (fig.  4i,  pi.  7).  So  far,  I  think,  is  positive.  The  next  step  I  have  nrver 
actually  seen,  but  believe  to  be  the  escape  of  these  oval  bodies  as  zoospores  (fig. 
4  c,  pi.  7)  which  are  of  very  various  sizes  and  are  elliptical,  globose,  or  oval.  They 
have  a  tolerably  well-miirkcd  bright  vacuole  at  their  beak,  and  after  swimming 
about  actively  for  a  time  finally  settle  down,  lose  their  cilia,  and  undergo  division. 
They  seem  often  to  cluster  together  before  thus  becoming  quiescent,  so  as  to  make 
little  colonies  (fig.  5,  pi.  7). 

Genus  CHLOROCOCCUM,  Fries. 

CellulcB  sphicroulea;,  nut  singultc  libera;,  vcsieiilii  fliloropliyllosa  ct  locello  lateral!  pallidiori  cavo? 
iiistruetic,  limbo  byaliuo  ct  lugumentis  stcpu  niuplissimiB  ciucto;,  aut  pliirea  in  stratum  vcl  accrviiloB 
cuinulato!. 

I'ropogatio  fit  zoogonidiis  cytioplosmatis  divisionc  ortis,  c  cytiodcrmatis  abavio;  (iiitclligc  tegu- 
mciituin  c'xtrcnium)  rupturis  excudcntibua 

Cells  spheroidal,  cither  single,  free,  furnished  with  a  chlorophyllous  vesicle  and  a  paler  liiterol 
(hollow  ?)  spot,  with  a  hyaline  nimbus  and  surrounded  by  a  wide  coat ;  mostly  accumulated  together 
into  strata  or  little  heaps.  Propagation  by  means  of  zoospores,  which  are  formed  by  a  division  of 
cytioplusm  and  escape  from  their  general  tegument  (the  cytiodcrm  of  the  original  cell). 

Remarks. — But  a  few  weeks  after  the  commencement  of  my  study  of  fresh- 
wiiter  algtp,  a  friend,  a  young  microscopist,  asked  me  to  look  at  his  aquarium,  as 
the  water  of  it  had  become  stagnant,  opaque,  and  green.  On  examining  a  little 
of  the  water  with  the  microscope  it  was  found  to  be  fidl  of  what  I  now  know  to 
have  been  either  one  of  the  forms  already  described  under  this  genus,  or  else  one 
undescribed,  but  still  embraced  within  its  limits.  There  were  two  sets  of  bodies, 
the  one  motile  the  other  at  rest.  The  motile  forms  (Fig,  5,  pi.  3)  were  globular  or 
pyriform,  and  geneially  contained  a  large,  roundish,  green,  distinct  mass.  They  were 
of  course  provided  with  cilia,  although  at  that  time  I  was  not  able  to  demonstrate 
their  presence.  These  bodies,  even  v/hcn  moving,  appeared  to  have  a  distinct 
wall.  After  a  time  they  settled  down  and  assumed  the  quiescent  state.  The 
outer  coiit  now  rapidly  enlarged  so  as  to  leave  a  considerable  space  between  it  and 
the  green  endochromc,  which  rapidly  underwent  division,  forming  two  or  more 
new  cells  which  were  still  surrounded  by  the  enlarged  maternal  coat.  The  num- 
ber of  daughter-cells  enclosed  in  the  parent  cell  varied.  A  considerable  quantity 
of  the  water  was  allowed  to  stand  in  a  glass  jar,  exposed  to  the  light.  In  a  very 
few  days  all  the  motile  forms  had  disappeared.  The  contents  of  the  vessel  were 
allowed  slowly  to  evaporate.  The  jar  being  tall  and  narrow  it  was  some  weeks  now 
before  this  process  was  completed,  before  which  consummation  hcpviatococcua  forms 
were  abundantly  developed. 

Instead  of  being  green,  and  surrounded  by  a  distant,  almost  sac-like  wall,  the  cells 
had  acquired  a  dark  brownish-red  color,  were  very  opaque,  and  were  protected  by 
a  thick  wall,  whose  surface  was  quite  rough.  Unfortunately,  I  did  not  measure 
either  the  active  gonidia  or  their  progeny,  the  quiet  cells,  but  I  found  the  general 


ni 


88 


FllESII-WATEll  ALQ.*:   Ol-'  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


n| 


diamctor  of  these  htpmntococcus  cells  to  be  one  twelve-hiuuhedth  of  an  inch 
(.()()0«;{"). 

MM.  Fiiinuitziuiuul  Borunctzky,  in  a  recent  paper  ("ZnrEntwickelungsgeschiclite 
derUonidicn  luid  Zoosporenbildun;^  der  Flechten,"  Mem.  deL' Academic  Impuriale 
des  Scien(^es  de  St.  Petersbourg,  18(58,  Annals  and  May.  Nat.  History,  Feb.  18(){)), 
state  as  the  result  of  direct  observation  that  this  genus  of  algir,  so  called,  is  really 
a  stage  in  the  life  history  of  the  gonidia  of  lichens.  These  gentlemen  took  thin 
slices  of  lichen  thalli  containing  gonidia,  and  placed  them  upon  pieces  of  tir  and 
linden  bark,  which  had  been  previously  boiled  to  kill  any  plants  that  might  be 
growing  on  them.  These  were  then  put  in  a  glass  jar  inserted  over  a  vessel  con- 
taining water,  in  such  way  that  they  would  be  constantly  exposed  to  a  very  damp 
atmospliere,  and  at  the  same  time  communication  with  tlie  external  air  woidd  be 
impossible.  In  another  set  of  experiments,  pieces  of  the  lielicMis  were  allowed  to 
lie  for  a  long  time  in  water,  until  the  component  filaments  were  deconi])osed  into 
a  gelatinous  mass,  in  which  tlie  still  green  vigorous  gonidia  were  ind)cd(led.  These 
pai)-like  {hnilgc)  masses  were  then  washed  with  pure  water  and  smeared  upon 
pi(>ces  of  linden  bark.  The  results  obtained  were  identical  in  the  two  cases.  The 
gonidia  were  at  first  provided  each  witli  a  distinct  nucleus  and  a  well-marked 
lateral  vacuole,  and  resembled  closely  the  first  form  of  cystococcus.  The  next 
change  was  a  division  of  their  contents  into  a  large  number  of  roundish  masses, 
with  the  disappearance  both  of  the  vacuole  and  of  the  central  nucleus.  The  il 
membranes  were  next  ruptured,  and  the  endochrome,  protruding  through  tlu  open- 
ing, formed  a  little  ball  sitting  upon  the  parent  cell.  In  doing  this  it  doubled 
in  siz(?,  so  that  the  part  without  was  as  large  as  the  part  within,  although  the  latter 
still  filled  th(»  cell.  The  contents  finally  escaped,  but  were  yet  surrounded  by  a 
very  thin  membrane,  which  soon,  however,  ruptured,  and  freed  the  biciliated 
zoospores  into  which  the  endochrome  had  in  tlie  mean  time  resolved  itself.  These 
zoospores  remained  a  long  time  in  the  motile  state,  but  finally  settled  down,  drojv 
ping  tlieir  cilia,  and  became  little  round  cells,  wliich  grew  to  three  or  four  times 
their  original  size.     Further  development  was  not  made  out. 

Certain  of  the  gonidia,  belonging  to  a  lichen  of  the  genus  Physcia,  failed  to 
produce  zoospores,  but  their  endochrome,  divided  so  as  to  fori."  a  number  of 
quiescent  cells,  which  either  ruptured  very  early  the  original  cell-membrane  and 
became  free  in  the  water,  or  else  remained  bound  together  by  it  hito  a  family  for  a 
longer  period.  In  these  resca.-ches  ISIM.  Famnitzin  and  Boranetzky  employed 
lichens  of  three  genera,  namely  Plnjficia,  Cladonla,  and  Ercniiia,  and  claim,  as 
above  stated,  that  their  investigations  prove  that  they  developed  the  algic  genus 
Cystococcus  of  Nicgeli  {Chlorococcian,  Fries),  from  the  gonidia. 

Genus  POLYEDIUUM,  N^gt^li,  (1849.) 

CcIIulro  sinpulir,  sogrojjntfc,  libcro  natniitcs,  comprcssoB,  ;5-4-8  niitriilnros,  nnguli.s  pins  minna  pro- 
ducta,',  iiunniiiu|iiam  radiutiin  clongatic,  aut  iiitegnc  aiit  bifiihc,  pluruinquo  arniatu;,  a  latere  ciblonpo- 
clliptiiw,  Htroque  polo  rotuiidato;  vol  siibtnincalic.  Cytiodt-rnia  toniin,  lipvc.  Massa  cliloropliyl- 
\ucca  ploniiiKiue  granulosa,  per  ccllnla;  Innion  fftinaliter  distributa,  noniiuiiqnani  gultulia  oleosis 
rubris  1-4  nii.xta. 

Propngatio  adbuc  ignota.  (R.)     Genua  mihi  ignolum. 


FRESH- W  AT  KH   A  L  0  .K   OF   Till-:    UNITED   STATES. 


89 


Ct'lls  single,  Rogregfttp,  Hwiiiimiiig  frop,  comprossed,  3— l-S-aiiglcd,  nicircor  less  pniduccd  as  to  llicir 
niiglr.s,  Hoiui'tiiiu's  rudiutt'ly  I'lmigutr,  fitliiT  ciitiru  or  liiliil;  inoslly  iiriiird,  olilong-cllipticul  wlicn 
viewed  liiteriilly,  at  eaeli  end  ronuded  or  Kid)trnnrntc.  Cylioderin  thin,  siuootli ;  ehloropliyl  mostly 
granular,  equally  distriliuted  tlirougli  tlic  cell,  Hunietimcii  mixed  with  reddish  oil-dropx. 

I'ro]iagatiou  uukuown. 

Rennirla. — Tliis  g(>mis  was  doscribod  by  Nivgoli  in  his  "(iattuiif:;<'U  Klii/cUifjer 
Algcn,"  and,  iilthougli  1  liiivo  lanTr  soon  any  spociinon  of  it,  it  claims  a  placo  liere, 
because  one  species  lias  been  found  in  this  country  by  Prof.  Bailey. 

P<  eiiormtv  (IIalfs)    Db  Haky. 

P.  tctrai'iliicuni,  anguli.s  productis  aehrois  profundo  bilobis,  uouiiun(|unm  repctito-biloblH,  lobis 
mueronatis.  (It.) 

Z^iom.— 0.0011"— 0.001(1".  (11.) 

Syn. — P.  cnormc,  (Hai.fs)  Dk  Hary.     RAnENnonsT,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  G2. 
tHaurastrnm  cnormc,  Hau's,  UritiisL  Dcsmidieuj.' 

II(ih. — Florida.     Railoy. 

"Frond  irregular  or  quiidrate,  spinous;  end  view  three  or  four-lobed  ;  loboa  brond,  more  or 
k.!8  eniurginute  or  liilid,  and  terminated  by  spines,  which  are  cither  simple  or  branched. 
Sometimes  the  front  view  differs  but  little  from  the  end  one,  usually,  however,  there  is  a 
slight  constriction  or  sinus  at  the  junction  of  the  segment.'-!,  but  I  have  never  observed  any 
difference  in  the  endocliromc  at  that  part.  The  spines,  which  are  almost  coMJined  to  the 
angles,  are  irregular,  some  simple  and  some  branched.  Tlie  end  view  has  three  or  four  broad 
and  very  irregular  lobes ;  these  are  spinous  and  more  or  less  cmarginate,  and  fre{(ucntly  one 
lobe  is  much  broader  and  more  spinous  than  the  others.  The  si)ines  on  such  lobe  form  two 
groups,  separated  by  the  notch;  they  vary  much  in  size  and  are  cither  simple  and  sul)ulale, 
or  else  forked;  sometiuiea  the  forked  spines  ore  again  divided  at  the  apex." — Half  is'  JJrilish 
JJesmidicae,  p.  141. 


Genus  SCENEDESMUS,  Meten. 

Cellulm  polymorphic,  utroque  polo  triiuales  vcl  ina'qualcs,  soBpe  in  cornu  spiniforme  producta;,  in 
Ktate  perfecto  2-10  aut  in  scriem  simplicem  aut  i)are  vchymalice  arete  eonjuiictiu  et  cicnobium  eon- 
stitucntes ;  eytioplasniato  initio  homogenco,  postca  granuloso,  vesicuia  ehlorophyllosa  cuntruli  vcl 
sublalcrali  et  sicpe  locello  achroo  latcrali  instructo. 

I'ropagi.tio  (it  cytioplasmatis  divisione  suecedanea,  unde  gonidia  oriuntur,  quic  intra  cellnlam 
niatricalem  jam  in  ccenobium  planum  seso  conjungunt  et  nicmbranie  matricalis  ruptura  vcl  di.ssolu- 
tione  prodcunt. 

Cells  polymorphous,  equal  or  unequal  at  the  ends,  often  produced  into  a  spine-like  horn,  in  Ihe 
perfect  state  2-l()  closely  conjoined,  cither  as  asimi)le  series  or  in  a  parcncliynui-like  manner  s(,  asio 
furnuft  coDMobiuni.  Cytioplasm  in  the  beginning  homogeneous,  afterwards  gronular,  furnished  wilh 
a  central  or  snblateral  chlorophyllous  vesicle,  and  often  with  a  lateral  transparent  >-pot. 

Propagation  occurring  as  a  succedoiicum  to  the  division  in  the  cells,  whence  arise  gonidia,  which, 
already  within  the  mother-cell,  join  themselves  into  a  coenobium,  and  are  finally  set  free  by  the  rupturo 
and  dissolution  oi  the  maternal  cell-wall. 

Remarhs. — According  to  Unger,  in  the  genus  Sccncihsmns  the  cells  never  exist 
singly,  but  always  in  families. 

Two  of  tlio  species  hero  described  as  voprosenfativcs  of  tlio  genus  certainly  do 
not  conftnni  to  this,  for  I  have  frequently  seen  them  both  separate  and  in  cocnobia 

12       May,  1873. 


■""^^^p 


90 


FRKSII-WATKIl   A  L  (1 -K   0  1'   TlIK   U  N  ITi;  D   STATKS. 


I 


or  families.  Tho  lutter  worn  cxuctly  like  (liosc  of  the  Eiiroiican  forms,  nt  Iciist 
in  oiu>  of  till'  two  Npt'cies,  and  1  do  not  tlicrcfoit^  tiiink  it  jnstitiablo  to  indicate  a 
new  f^cnns.  Moreover,  1  liuvc  certainly  seen  sinj^li;  cells,  lulonf^iny  to  a  species 
wiiicii  agrees  precisely  in  its  cliaracters  with  a  European  form,  save  only  n  tlie 
occasional  existence;  of  these  single  cells. 

I  have  never  studied  th';  method  of  i)ropagation,  but  it  is  said  to  occur  by  the 
division  of  the  cytioplasin  of  a  Iarg(>  cell  into  a  minute  ctiMioliium  c:omp()setl  of 
two  or  mor(!  cells,  which  remains  for  sonic  time  within  the  walls  of  the  mother- 
cell,  but  is  iiuully  set  free  by  the  solution  of  the  lutter. 

The  cells  are  mostly  nnuh  longer  than  bn-ad,  cylindrical,  elliptical,  or  oval,  but 
in  one  species  herein  described  they  are  habitually  globular. 

a.  Cclliiliu  iiirrmo8. 

a.  Culls  uiiuriuccl. 

8.  obtiisiiti,  Mevex. 

S.  tellulis  ohlontfis  vol  nvutis,  utroquc  polo  olitusis,  4-0-8  modo  urrto  modo  loxo  in  scriom 
Hluiplicoin  nut  rt'c'tuni  uul  iluplii'i'iii  ul)ll(|uain  coiijuuctis,  diamctro  3-5  plo  loiigluribus.  (K.) 

2)iam.— Triinsv.  iiiiix.  0.00023"— 0.00028".  (U.) 

Syn. — a.  vbhmuti,  Meyen.     Uabeniioust,  Flora  Eu'-'p.,  Alguruni,  Sect.  III.  p.  03. 

Hab. — Ocorgiii:  llliode  Island,  Bailey. 

Cells  oblong  or  ovate,  ohiiisc  nt  eadi  end,  4-0-S,  partly  closely  partly  hi.xly  conjoined  into  a 
simple  scries  either  straiijlit  or  obli  pie  uuil  double,  3-5  times  longer  tliiiu  broad. 

Remark. — I  have  never  met  with  this  species. 

8.  aciitiiN,  Meven. 

S.  celluli.s  fusifonnibuH,  vel  ovuto-fusiformibiis  vel  ovatis,  utrin(|no  aciitis  scd  inormibus,  intcr- 
dum  singuliH  sed  plcruiu((ue  in  scriem  aut  Kiiiipliccni  reclaiii  aiit  diipllceni  inordiiiutc  alter- 
nanteni  dispositis,  arete  coneretis,  diamctro  2-4  (0?)  -plo  loiigioribus. 

I)iam.— Tram.  \.ig.  max.  ?  .00010". 

Syn. — ,S'.  arutus,  MEVE^^.     Rahenhorst,  Flora  Europ.  jVIgaruni,  Sect.  III.  p.  04. 

XIab. — I'rope  riiiladelpliin,  Wood.     Rhode  Island,  Railey. 

Cells  fusiform,  or  ovate-fusiform  or  ovate,  acate  at  each  end  but  unnrnied  ;  sometimes  single 
but  mostly  conjoined  into  a  single  straight  scries  or  into  an  irregularly  alternate  double  series, 
2-4  times  longer  than  broad. 

Remarlcn. — This  species  is  common  around  riiiladclphia.  Our  specimens  agree 
very  well  with  the  descriptions  and  figures  of  the  Europciin,  excepting  that  occa- 
sionally a  cell  is  single,  and  that  none  which  I  have  measured  have  attained  the 
size  given  by  Prof.  Rabenhorst  as  the  maximum,  namely,  ().()()()2;3".  According 
to  Rabenhorst,  S.  ohVquus,  Ktz.,  is  only  a  variety  of  S.  arit/iis,  IMeyen.  It  has 
been  found  by  Prof.  Bailey  in  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Rhode  Island. 

b.  C'dlulx  nrmalas. 
b.  Cells  armed. 


F  U  !•:  S  11  •  W  A  T  E  n   ALU  Al   O  b'   T 11  K    U  .\  1  T  E  D   S  T  A  T  E  S . 


'Jl 


S.  polymorph  UN,  Wikid. 

S.  cclliilis  ru»iriirniiims,  uul  ovnlilma  aut  elliptic!!!  mil  glulioxlB,  Biiigiilis  uut  '2-8  conjuiictig, 
|)li,'ruiii<|Uu  iilrucjuc  pulo  aciileu  iiiiico,  liitt'i'djiii  iiculfiH  duoliuH,  iri.ttriaaii*:  npii'lbuH  ubtUHiM, 
ucuUh,  vi'l  acutiH^iiiiiH  ;  uculcix  grucilliiiiiM,  recliti,  mudicu  t'luiigutix,  llicliimti.s. 

2>jam.— jj'ob"— Ts'ffo";  pioruinqiu!  jo'oj"- 

8yn. — S.  pohpnorjihuH,  Wood,  Prodromus,  I'roc.  Am.  I'bilos,  Soc,  18C9,  p.  135. 

Hob. — In  aqiiis  quiutia  prupo  Camduri,  New  Jersey. 

8.  cells  fii«ifi)rm,  or  oval,  or  elliptic,  or  globose,  single  or  2-T  cniijninrd,  furnlHhcd  in  most 
cases  Willi  a  single  spiiu',  sninclimcH  2,  at  each  end  ;  emls  ohtiisc,  iicute,  or  very  acute;  spines 
exceedingly  slender  and  aeule,  straight,  moderately  long,  inclined. 

RemarlcH. — This  plant  was  found  in  a  quiet  pool,  filling;  the  water  in  such  num- 
bers as  to  make  it  opa(pie  an*'  very  j^reen.  The  color  of  the  cells,  as  first  ohtaiued, 
under  the  microscope,  was  a  vivid  f^reen,  but,  the  water  containing  them  havinf» 
been  placed  in  a  dish,  during  the  slow  desiccation  which  followed  the  color  of  the 
cells  changed  to  a  golden  yellow. 

Fig.  l,pl.  11,  represents  different  forms  of  this  species  magnified  450  diameters, 

8.  qiiadricauda,  (Tlkpin)  Hnto. 

S.  eellulis  oblongo-oyliiidricis,  ntrnque  polo  obtuse  rotundivtis,  2-4-8  arctitisinie  conjnnctis, 
ordine  aut  siiii|iliei  recto  ant  dnpliee  allcrnnnto,  omnibus  rectis,  nicdiunis  iiicrniibus  vcl  his 
illisvc  npicu  uno  aiterove  aeuico  curvato  instructifl,  e.'Ltimis  iitroque  apico  sa-piua  item  dorso 
arniatis. 

Z)iani.— 0.00035"— 5.000^9";  long.  0.00091". 

Syn. — .S.  quadricauda,  (TunriN)  IJRfea.     RAnENiiotisT,  Flora  Europ.  Algar.,  Sect.  III.  p.  65. 

Ilah. — Hliode  Island,  Biiiley.     Pciiii.''ylvania,  Wood. 

Cells  obloiig-cjiindrieal,  obtusely  rounded  at  each  end,  2-4-8  very  closely  conjoined  either  in  a 
single  straight  series  or  a  double  niternating  one,  all  straight,  the  median  unarmed  or  some  of 
them  with  the  apex  furnished  with  a  curved  spine,  the  e.vternal  with  both  apices  and  some- 
times the  dorsum  thus  armed. 

Remark. — Fig.  2,  pi.  11,  represents  this  species  magnified  750  diameters. 

8.  rotiindatns,  Wood,  (sp.  nov.) 

S.  ecllulis  globosis  vel  subglobosis,  spinnlis  longissimis,  rectis,  gracillimis,  acutissimis,  3-G 
armatis,  aut  singulis  aut  geniinis  aut  3-4  arete  duplice  conjunetis. 

Diam.—jf^^js"  to  j^Vu"- 

Hah. — In  aquis  (piietis  propc  Philadelphia.    (Dr.  Chapman  ) 

Cells  globose  or  subglobosc,  armed  with  three  to  five  very  long,  slender,  acute,  straight  spines, 
single  or  in  pairs,  or  three  to  four  closely  conjoined  in  a  twofold  rank. 


Remarks. — The  cells  of  this  species  are  globular,  and,  when  more  than  two, 
they  are  arranged  in  two  rows  placed  at  right  angles  one  to  the  other.  The  con- 
tents of  the  cells  are  markedly  granular,  and  the  endochromo  a  bluish-green,  and 
from  the  surface  of  the  walls  project  outwards,  very  long  and  fine,  rigid  hair-liko 
spines. 

It  seems  scarcely  correct  to  place  this  plant  in  the  genus  Scenesdesmtw,  but  I  do 


^fjl 


99 


FIIESIIWATEH    A  I,  OK   OK   TIM:    T  N  IT  K  I)   STATKS. 


lint  know  niiy  (itlicr  g(>iius  to  uliicli  it  is  more  cloHcly  iillied,  and  do  not  feci  di»- 
poMod  to  iudicatt'  ii  new  one  tor  it. 

Fig.  3,  pi.  11,  represents  u  cell-l'uniily  inagnitied  2')0  dinmetcru. 

Genus  IIYDIIODICTYON,  lloTU.  (1800.) 

Cclluliii  ol)liiii|{»-rylin(lrk-ii>,  in  cdiiiobiiiin  rt'ticiiliitii-Knrrntum  cnnnoMi*,  nmiicR  fcrtiloR;  oliio 
proiToiirit  inat'ri))riiniiliu,  i|iiii' Jam  iiitni  (.'clluliuu  iiintriciilciii  In  cdMioliiiiiii  liliulu  ho  conni'ctiiiit ;  uliu) 
lui('ro);i>iii(liit,  (|mo  niiillo  iniimru,  cclliilii'  inittricaliH  nuiiiliranatii  ])i'rnMn|iiin(  |iiilc>  aniico  cilils  vihrii- 
toriiH  hiiiiM  ft  punclo  niliro  latcrali  |iriLMlilu  sunt,  bruvi  puxti'u  in  glubiilun  {irutucuucuiUvuti  lruu(|uilloH 
trubHfurniuta  spuras  purduruntos  olUriuut. 

Colls  ohiong-ojiinilriiul,  jciiiifil  into  a  roliouiatoil  «aoottto  cdnioliiuni,  nil  fcrtiio;  xonin  prnilnciM)^ 
mucnigiiriiilia,  whiolijoin  tlii'Miscivos  into  u  caMKiliiiini  within  tlio  pnront  ooll ;  tlio  oiIioi'm  prixlncin)^ 
niiorii^onidla,  wliioh  tiro  rnrni>lK'(l  with  two  viliratilo  oilia  and  u  lateral  rod  Hput,  and  whioh,  oHoapiii); 
froni  tho  parent  cell,  uro,  uHor  a  briol'  porind  nf  inotilu  lil'o,  truusroruiud  iutu  prutococouid  thiok-wuliod 
gporoH. 

Jie»iark». — The  genus  fli/drotlicti/on  eoniprisos,  ns  far  ns  known,  but  a  single 
species,  which  is  coininon  to  Nortii  America  and  Europe.  It  grows  in  great 
ahiindiinre  in  tlie  neighhorliood  of  Pliihidelpliia,  especially  in  tlie  ditcln-s  and 
stagnant  hrick-poiids  in  tlic;  low  grounds  below  the  city  known  as  tin;  "Neck." 
Tliere  it  very  iVctiiU'iitly  forms  floating  masses  scvertd  iiuhes  in  tliickness  and 
miuiy  feet  in  extent,  so  that  with  the  aid  of  a  rake  it  could  be  gatliercd  by  the 
biisliel.  Wlicn  tlius  in  mass  the  color  is  very  generally  dingy  and  yellowish, 
altliough  tlie  fronds,  when  in  active  vegetative  life,  arc  mostly  of  a  bright,  bciiuti- 
ful  green.  Tlie  plant  is  in  greatest  profusion  in  June  and  July,  after  which  time 
it  gradually  disappears,  nntil  in  the  autumn  it  is  scarcely  to  be  found,  bnt  etirly 
in  the  spring  it  reappears.  The  very  young  fronds  are  minute,  oval,  cylindrictd, 
filmy-looking,  closed  nets,  with  the  meshes  not  a[)preciable  to  the  eye ;  when  growth 
takes  place,  the  fronds  enlarge  until  Anally  they  form  beautiful  cylindrical  nets 
two  to  six  inelies  in  length,  with  their  meshes  very  distinct  and  tlieir  ends  closed. 
In  tlie  bright  sunliglit  tliey,  of  course,  by  virtue  of  the  life-functions  of  their  clilo 
ropliyl,  liberate  oxygen,  which  being  set  free  in  the  interior  of  the  net,  and  its 
exit  biirred  by  the  tine  meshes,  collects  as  a  bnblile  in  one  end  of  the  cylinder  and 
buoys  it  up,  so  that,  tho  heavier  end  sinking,  the  net  is  suspended,  as  it  were,  ver- 
tically in  the  water.  I  know  of  few  things  of  the  kind  more  beautiful  than  a  jar 
of  limpid  water  with  masses  of  these  little  nets  hanging  from  the  surface  like  cur- 
tains of  sheen  in  the  bright  sunlight.  A  few  cells  collected  in  the  fall  or  early 
spring,  if  put  into  a  preserviiig-jtir  and  tiie  water  occasionally  changed,  will  multi- 
ply, and  in  a  little  while  become  a  source  of  frequent  pleasure  to  the  watcher. 

As  the  fronds  increase  in  size  they  are  always  in  some  way  or  other  broken  up, 
so  that,  instead  of  being  closed  cylinders,  they  ii|)peiir  as  simple  open  networks  of 
less  or  greater  extent.  The  extreme  length  to  which  the  frond  attains  is,  I  think, 
very  rarely  over  twelve  inches,  with  meshes  of  about  a  third  of  an  inch  in  length. 
The  construction  of  the  frond  is  always  the  same  It  is  composed  of  cylindrical 
cells  uniti'd  end  to  end  in  such  a  way  as  to  form  polygomil,  tind  mostly  pentiigonal 


r  UK  S  II  •  W  A  T  K  II    A  L  (]-!•;   OF   Till':    UM  TIM)    HTATKH. 


9H 


nn'shcs,  the  «!/.«•  of  wliicli  viirics  witli  the  n>»('  of  the  plant.  These  tcIIh, 
wliicb  are  closely  conjoined  hut  hiive  no  piissa-^e-ways  hetwein  them,  nre  capaltlo 
of  independent  life,  mo  that  the  hydrodictyon  may  he  l(M)kcd  upon  as  an  elaliorato 
tyiHJ  of  u  cell-family,  one  in  wliieh  cells  are  conjoined  in  accorilane<<  with  a  defi- 
nite plan,  so  as  to  make  n  hotly  of  dctinitt!  shape  and  si/e,  yet  in  whieli  each  cell 
is  an  independent  Ixinf,',  drawinf^  nothing  from  its  neighlM)r9.  The  cells  them- 
selves nr>'  cylindrical,  with  n  thiekish  cellulose  wall,  and  have  no  nuclei.  Their 
chlorophylleiis  piotoplasni  is  irr;iniiliir,  and  is  placed  in  the  exterior  portion  of  tin; 
cell,  formin;i;  thus,  witliiu  the  outer  wall,  a  hollow  cylinder,  in  which  art;  imhedded 
starch  granules,  and  whose  inttnior  is  occupied  with  watery  contents.  The  liydrrv 
dietyon  cell,  when  once  formed,  is  capal)le  of  j^rowth,  hut  not  of  f^oinfj;  throuj,'h  the 
usiuil  process  of  cell  ni.dtiplication  hy  division,  ho  that  the  adult  frond  is  com- 
])osed  of  just  as  many  and  indeed  the  same  cells,  as  it  had  in  its  earliest  infancy. 

No  true  sexual  reproduction  has  iis  yet  heen  discovered  in  the  water-nets.  There 
have  h(^en  descrihed,  however,  two  forms  or  methods  in  which  the  species  nndti- 
plies,  hotli  of  them  occurrinj^  by  means  of  motile  zoosporoid  bodies.  In  the  one 
case  these  develop  immediately  into  the  new  plant,  whilst  in  the  otiier  before 
doinj;  so  they  ])ass  throuf,'h  a  r<'stin<^  stage.  Of  the  life-history  of  the  latter,  the 
viirnijoni'i/id,  I  have  no  personal  knowh-dge, 

Tlie  investigation  of  the  prodn(,tion  and  development  of  tho mncrogonliHd,  how- 
ever, has  occupied  considerable  of  the  time  devoted  by  myself  to  the  microscope, 
and  I  have  seen  large  nund)ers  of  specimens  in  almost  all  tlu^  stages  of  develop- 
ment, 1  have  never  been  able  to  detect,  however,  any  decided  motion  in  tin; 
niucroyoiildia. 

They  are  formed  in  the  protoplasmic  strattim,  already  alluded  to  ns  occupying 
the  outer  portion  of  th<>  interior  of  the  hydrodietyou  cell.  The  first  alteration  in 
this,  presaging  thi'ir  formation,  is  a  disappearance  of  the  starch  grannies,  and  a 
loss  of  the  beautiful,  transparent  green  color,  Shortly  after  this,  even  before  all 
trac(>s  of  the  starch-grain  are  gone,  there  appear  in  the  protoplasm  numerous 
bright  spots  placed  at  regular  hitervals;  these  are  the  centres  of  development 
around  which  the  new  bodies  nre  to  form.  As  the  process  goes  on,  the  chlorophyl 
granules  draw  nu)re  and  more  closely  around  these  ])()ints,  and  at  the  same  time 
the  mass  becomes  mon;  and  more  opatpie,  dull,  and  yellowish-brown  in  color.  Tin? 
condensation  continu(!s  until  at  last  the  little  masses  are  resolved  into  dark  hexa- 
gonal or  polygonal  plates,  distinctly  separated  by  light,  sharply  defined  lines.  In 
some,  the  original  bright  central  spot  is  still  perceptible,  but  in  others  it  is  entirely 
obscured  by  the  dark  crowded  chlorophyl.  The  separation  of  these  plates  now 
becomes  more  and  more  positive,  and  they  begin  to  become  convex,  then  lenticular, 
and  are  at  last  converted  into  free,  oval,  or  globular  bodies,  "When  these  arc  fully 
formed,  they  arc  said  to  exhibit  a  peculiar  trembling  motion,  mutually  crowding 
and  pushing  one  another,  compared  by  M,  Braun  to  the  restless,  uneasy  movement 
seen  in  a  dense  crowd  of  people  in  which  no  one  is  able  to  leave  his  place,  AN'hilst 
the  i)roccss  just  described  has  been  going  on,  the  outer  cellulose  wall  of  the  hydro- 
dictyon  cell  has  been  undergoing  changes,  becoming  thicker  and  softer  and  more 


Fan 


n 


\i:~ 


u 


V  R  E  S  II  -  W  A  T  E  11   A  L  G  .E   O  1-'   T  III':   U  X  I  T  i;  D    S  T  A  T  E  S. 


1111(1  iiimc  cupablo  of  solution,  and  by  the  timo  tli(>  goniiliii  nro  formed  it  is  riilur<j;(<d 
and  cracked,  so  that  room  is  afforded  them  to  separato  a  little  distance  from  one 
aiiotho>r  witliin  flie  jjiirent  y  ell.  Now  the  nioveinents  are  said  to  heconu!  more 
active — a  trembling  jerking  which  has  been  comi»ared  to  the  ebullition  of  boiling 
water,  'lucre  is,  however,  witii  this  a  very  slight  change  of  space,  and  in  a  very 
short  time  the  gonidin  arrange  themselves  so  as  to  form  a  little  net  within  the 
parent  cell,  a  miniature  in  all  important  particulars  of  tiie  adult  Iiydn.dictyon. 
'file  priin.;vy  cell-wall  nt#w  becomes  more  and  »nore  gelatinous,  and  soon  inidergoes 
<()n;plete  solution,  so  that  *iie  new  frond  is  set  free  in  its  native  element.  As  pri;- 
viously  stated,  in  my  "nvestigations  I  have  never  seen  the  peculiar  motion  above 
deticribcd,  thv  newly  formed  gonidia  simply  s(>paratiug  rnd  arranging  themselves 
witiiout  my  being  able  to  perceive  any  motion,  or  exactly  how  ihey  fell  into  posi- 
tion. . 

It  is  evident  that  when  tho  species  is  nuiUiijlied  in  the  way  just  descril)ed,  the 
hirtii  of  tiie  new  frond  is  consentaneous  with  the  death  of  the  old  cell.  IJut  when 
tlie  hydrodictyon  disappear  in  the  fall,  it  is  months  before  they  reappear  in  the 
spring.  It  is,  therefore,  evident  there  must  be  some  other  metliod  of  reproduction. 
Tliis  slow  developnuMit  of  new  fronds  takes  pli.'ce,  according  to  I'ringslieim,  by 
means  of  little  motile  bodies  which  he  calls  "  Dauerscliioiirmei;"  which  has  been 
translated  into  Englisli  vhronl.yiorcn  (sta/os/ioro!.  Hicks).  ?.I.  Hraun  stated  already 
fome  years  since  that  sometimes,  instead  of  tiu-  hydrodictyon  j)roducing  the  ordi- 
nary reprod'.'.ctive  bodies  (^iiHivro<joni<h'(i),  there  are  formed  in  the  cells  mnch  smaller 
and  more  active  bodies,  the  viicwyouidid,  Tiie  changes  wiiich  occur  in  the  pn^ 
duction  of  these  are  very  similar  to  those  elready  dest  vibed  as  liappemng  when 
the  maeiogonidia  are  formed.  When  the  chroniijioiTfi  are  once  formed,  however, 
tiiey,  instead  of  uniting  together  escape  in  a  free  distinct  condition  into  the  water. 
Tliey  are  now  small  ovate  bodies,  with  a  large  anterior  transparent  space,  to  which 
are  attached  a  pair  of  cilia,  ami  their  life  and  history,  ac^cording  to  I'ringslieim,  is 
as  follows :  For  u  few  hours  they  move  about  very  actively  in  tlie  Wi,t(>r,  and  then, 
dropping  tiieir  cilia,  and  accpiiring  an  outer  cellulose  wall,  pass  into  a  quiescent 
stage,  in  wliich  tliey  closely  resemble  protococcus  granules.  Tiiey  are  capabh;  of 
living  ill  this  ?tate  for  a  long  time,  if  kept  in  wat-'r.  I'liey  ('an  also  endure  desic- 
cati(m  if  the  light  be  excluded  during  the  process,  but,  if  it  be  present,  they  wither 
and  die,  and  cannot  be  revivified. 

After  a  longer  or  sliorter  period,  but  never  shorter  than  tliree  montiis,  according 
to  I'ringsheim,  tlit^  recoiunu'nce  their  life,  provided  tli(>y  be  in  water.  I'or  four 
or  five  months  after  this  tiie  chief  change  consists  simply  in  an  increas(!  in  size. 
The  dark-green  protoplasm  is  arranged  around  the  exterior  v  f  the  cell,  witiiin  are 
the  more  fluiil  colorless  contents,  ,hu  whole  body  still  looking  like  a  protococ(;ns 
cell.  After  a  siz*;  of  about  ^\,  mm.  is  attained,  the  endochrome  divides  succes- 
sively into  sev(>riil  portions.  The  external  layers  of  the  surrounding  wall  now 
give  way  ii  some  spot  and  allow  the  inner  layers  to  jnotrudo  and  form  a  sort  of 
hernial  sac,  into  which  the  sev(>ral  endo(!hrome  masses  soon  pass,  at  tin;  .same  time 
assuming  the  well-known  characters  of  true  zoospores.     From  two  to  five  of  these 


FUESII-WATEU  ALG^K  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


95 


bodies  arc  thus  produced  out  of  cacli  originid  microgonid'  m.  Tliey  an;  large, 
ovate,  biciliato,  and,  generally,  soon  escaping  from  the  liernial  sac,  move  about 
actively  in  the  water  for  u  few  minutes.  Som<'tImes,  however,  they  settle  down 
within  the  generative  utricle.  In  eitlier  case,  after  a  little  time,  they  become 
motionless,  lose  their  cilia,  and  develop  into  polyhedral  cells,  which  are  striicturally 
renuirkable  for  having  their  angles  prolonged  into  long  horn-like  appendages.  Under 
favorable  circumstances,  at  the  end  of  a  few  days,  the  bright  green  endochrome  of 
these  undergoes  similar  changes  to  those  described  as  presaging  tlie  production  of 
the  microgonidia,  and  is  finally  formed  into  zoospores,  which,  in  from  twenty  to  forty 
minutes,  unite,  within  the  polyhedron  or  large  cill,  into  a  Ifi/drodidi/ou,  which  is 
fiiudly  set  free  by  a  solution  of  the  cellulose  coat  of  the  polyiiedron.  The  lu^twork 
thus  formed  differs  in  no  essential  way  from  that  which  arises  in  the  betti-r  known 
way,  except  that  it  is  composed  of  much  fewer  cells.  It  is  geiu-rally  a  closed 
sac ;  but  when  the  polyhedron,  out  of  which  it  is  developed,  is  snndl,  it  is  some- 
times merely  an  open  network.  Its  after-history  appears  to  be  identical  with  that 
of  the  ordhmry  liydrodictyou  frond. 

H.  utriculatiim,  Hotu. 

Species  unica. 

Si/n.—ll.  utriculatiim,  Rotii.     Kaheniiorbt,  Flora  Eiirop.  Al-rnnini,  Sect.  III.  p.  (ifi. 

//„j. In    ..,|\iis    (niietis.     AVcst    I'liLit,  IJiiilcy.     Wcehawken,  (Mr.   'WalliTs,)     "  WatcrlKilos 

bclweeii  Van  Iloru's  Mills  and  Mueote  on  the  Mu.xicau  boundary,  Dr.  Uigelow.     reniisyl- 

vaniu,  Wood. 

Genus  PEDIASTRUM,  Meyen,  (1829.) 

Casnobium  planum,  discifornie,  Mberc  natatia,  c  ccUuarnm  strato  unico,  rarius  centro  cntro  diiplicato, 
contiiiuo  vol  pcrforato  formutum.  Ccllula)  polygoniiu,  pcriplicrica)  sa'pe  biloba-,  lobi.s  cuioatLs  ol 
sinipiicibns  et  bidoiitatis,  noununquam  in  oornua  prcductis. 

r(Bnobiuni  plain,  discoid,  swimming  free,  formed  of  cells  in  a  single,  rarely  in  tlic  centre  donblo 
Ktralum,  wliich  is  continuous  or  perforate;  cells  polygonal,  tlio  peripheral  often  bilobed,  liie  lobes 
cuneate,'  either  simple  or  bidentate,  sometimes  produced  into  a  horn. 

^e.'H«)7.-.i.— The  ca-nobium  or  cell-family,  or  colony,  in  the  genus  PnJlastmm  is 
always  discoid,  and  has  generally  a  more  or  less  truly  circular  outline.  Tlu'  cells 
are  mostly  in  a  single  stratum,  but  in  some  species  there  are  two,  more  or  less, 
complete  strata  superimposed  one  upon  the  other.  The  arrangement  of  the  cells 
in  this  stratum,  or  these  strata,  varies  greatly,  as  does  also  their  nimiber.  They 
urc!  mostly  more  or  less  polyhedral,  and  often  have  th(>ir  margins  scooped  out  or 
their  angles  prolonged.  This  may  occur  in  such  a  way  that  the  projecting  i.oint 
of  one  cell  fits  into  the  hollow  in  its  neighbor,  and  tlie  ccenobium  be  render.-d 
entire,  or,  no  such  relation  existing  between  the  parts  of  adjacent  cells,  the  c(en.)- 
bjum  mjiy  be  perforated  with  regular  or  irregular  ojienings.  The  outer  or  mar- 
ginal cells  are  often  deeply  notched  externally,  and  frecpu-ntly  are  prolonged  into 
aeutc  or  ol)tus(>  lobe-like  processes.  The  walls  of  tlie  cells  are,  in  adult  specinuMis, 
quite  thick.     The  contents  consist  of  chlorophyl,  protoplasm,  starch  griinules,  &c. 


- 


t 


96 


PRESU-WATER   ALOyE   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


There  are  generally  one  or  more  hyaline  spaces,  besides  a  disfinct  chloropliyl 
vesicle,  but  no  distinct  nuclei. 

At  certain  periods  of  their  existence  the  Pediastrums  produce  both  macrogonidia 
and  microgoiddia.  The  life-history  of  the  former  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the 
same  bodies  in  the  water-nets.  The  ultimate  fate  of  the  microgonidia  has  not  as 
yet  been  determined,  but  in  all  probability  they  go  through  cycles  of  change 
similar  to  those  seen  in  tlie  lives  of  the  corresponding  bodies  in  the  Ili/drodictyoii 
ntricnlatum.  I  liaie  not  had  an  opportunity  of  watching  the  development  of 
citlier  of  these  reproductive  forms,  but,  according  to  MM.  Braun.  Pringsheim,  &c., 
their  life-history,  as  far  as  known,  is  as  follows:  In  most  cases,  all  the  cells  of  a 
pediastrum  produce  their  macrogonidia  simultaneously,  or  within  a  very  short 
])eri(Kl  of  time,  so  that  the  cocnobium  will  be  left  emptied  of  its  contents  as  a  meie 
sliell,  the  outer  skeleton  of  its  former  self.  When  a  cell  is  about  to  give  birth  to 
these  reproductive  bodies,  the  endochromc  divides  into  two  parts ;  each  of  which 
then  inidergoes  a  similar  binary  division.  This  is  repeated  once,  twice,  thrice,  or 
oftener,  until  the  endochromc  is  divided  into  8-16-32-64  gonidial  masses,  the 
number  of  which,  generally,  but  not  always,  corresponds  to  the  number  of  cells  in 
the  colony,  to  which  tiir  ])arent-cell  belongs.  After  the  division  of  the  endochromc 
is  completed,  a  slit  oc(  uvs  in  the  outer  strata  of  the  wall  of  the  mother-cell  through 
wliich  a  hernial  protrusion  of  the  inmost  stratum  occurs.  The  protruded  part 
now  rapidly  enlarges  until  at  last  there  is  formed  a  sort  of  hourglass-shaped  sac, 
one  portion  of  which  is  within,  the  other  part  without,  the  old  paient-ccll. 
Whilst  tliis  has  been  going  on  a  portion  of  the  gonidu;  hiive  escaped  from  the 
parent-cell  into  the  outer  free  portion  of  the  sac,  and  each  end  of  tho  hourglass, 
therefore,  contains  some  of  them.  The  sac  with  its  contents  now  gradually 
withdraws  itself  more  and  more  from  the  parent-cell  until  at  last  it  lies  a  free 
globose  vesicle  in  the  water.  The  gonidia  occupy  the  centre,  and  M.  Braun  states, 
that,  although  ho  has  never  been  able  to  demonstrate  any  cilia  upon  them,  yet 
they  have  an  active  swarming  motion.  At  first,  they  are  irregularly  heaped  toge- 
ther in  the  nearly  filled  sac  ;  but  the  latter  rapidly  enlarges  and  elongates,  and  the 
gonidia  in  a  little  while  arrange  themselves  in  a  flat,  tabular  group  within  it,  and 
cease  to  move.  Then  the  several  individuals  of  this  group  begin  to  develop, 
becoming  emarginate  and  assuming  the  form  of  the  parent-cell,  until,  finally,  they 
have  all  grown  into  the  shape  which  is  peculiar  to  the  adult  cells  of  the  species, 
and  after  a  few  hours  have  closely  cohered  to  form  a  young  ca'nobium. 

The  microgonidia  are  formed  in  a  very  similar  way  by  tlie  dividing  of  the  endo- 
chroine,  the  cracking  of  the  outer  membrane,  and  the  protrusion  and  final  escape 
of  the  inner.  Tiif-y  are,  however,  much  smaller  and  more  numerous  than  the 
macrogonidia.  TVhen  the  parent  vesicle  first  escapes  into  the  water,  they  are 
crowded  in  its  centre,  and  are  nearly  globose.  As  it  enlarges,  however,  they  elon- 
gate more  and  more,  and  finally  become  distinctly  hi-  or,  more  rarely,  uni-ciliate. 
The  cilia  are  mncli  longer  than  the  body,  and  are  attached  to  the  smaller  end, 
wliich  is  prolonged  into  a  pointed,  transparent  beak,  about  equal  to  the  green  por- 
tion in  l(>ngth.  The  microgonidia  now  become  more  and  more  restless,  they,  moving 
about  very  actively,  and  after  awhile  bursting  tiie  parent  sac,  escape  into  the  water. 


;  1 


FRESH-WATER   ALG^:    OF   THE   UNITED   STATES 


97 


"Wluit  becomes  of  them  after  this,  as  lias  been  stated,  is  a  mere  matter  of  conjec- 
ture. M.  Bruuii'  and  others  have  described  unicelhdar  forins  of  several  of  the 
nuilticellular  species  of  Paliaslnim,  and  I'ringsheim  suggests  that  these  are  really 
polyhedrons  developed  out  of  these  microgonidia,  as  is  seen  in  the  water-nets. 
This,  of  course,  may  or  may  not  be  the  ca'^e. 

P.  Boryaniim,  (Turpin)  AIenqu. 

r.  ccBnobio  orbiculari,  obloiigo  vel  dliptico,  magnitudinc  vario,  continuo,  locte  viridi,  c  cclluiis 
4-8-l()-32-C4  (rariosiiiie  12S)  composito  (cellulaniiu  strato  simplici,  iionnunquam  iiiclio 
duplicate);  cellulis  i)eriplieritis  plus  minus  profunde  emarginatis  vol  bilobis,  lobis  coriiutis, 
cornibus  acliruis  liyaiinis,  abbrcviatis  vol  clongatis,  terctibus,  obtusis  vel  subobtusis,  iutcrduni 
capitellato-incrassatip,  ccntralibus  arctissime  coucretis,  polygoiiis  (4-G  angularibus),  in  ontici 
parte  niodo  nngulo  promiiiulo  modo  plane  truncatis,  modo  leviter  rcpaudis,  omuium  mem- 
brana  decussatini  punctata.   (R.) 

2)jttm.— Tiansv.  cell  0.000T95"  ;  rarius  0.00088"— 0.00094".  (R.) 

Syn. — P.  Borijanum,  (Tuiin.N,)  jMenoiiini.     Rabeniioiist,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III. 

p.  T4. 
Ilab. — Georgia,  Florida,  Rhode  Island,  Bailey ;  Pennsylvania,  Wood. 
Colls  arranged  in  one  or  more  circles  "-ound  one  or  two  central  cells;  the  inner  variable,  generally 

concave  at  one  side,  the  outer  tapering  into  two  long  subulate  points,  the  notch  narrow. 
L.  1-2083"  to  1-1C33";  IJ.    1-2733"  to  i-2222".  (Archer.) 

P.$ieleii«;a,KTz. 

r.  caniobio  orbiculari,  inlegro,  e  eellulis  8-lfi  (rarius  31  =  1  +  5  +  10  +  15,  Ktz.)  formate; 
cellulis  pcriphericis  angusti.s,  lunatis,  acute  lobatis,  disci  eellulis  leviter  e.xcisis,  ccntrali  unica 
5-oiigulari,  omnium  mcmbruna  firma,  subcrassa,  ajtatc  provecta  rubcsccnto.   (R.) 

Diani. — CVnobii  0.00124" — 0.0035";  cell.  (distantiiB  iiiterlobos)  0.0002G" — 0.000G9".  (R.) 

Syn. — P.Sehmeca,  Ktz.     Raiie.nhokst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  T3. 

Ilab. — Rhode  Island,  Bailey. 

Cells  cresccnt-.shaped,  arrupged  in  one  or  more  circles  round  one  or  two  central  ones,  connecting 
medium  colored.  (A.)' 

P.  f>ertiiNiiin,  Ktz. 

r.  cffinobio  orbiculari,  lacunis  pcrtuso,  magnitndine  vario,  c  eellulis  plorumque  1  +  5+10  +  15 
(in  forinis  quibusdam  ad  04)  composito;  cellulis  pcriphericis  basi  tantum  la.xe  conncxis,  ad 
medium  usque  bilobis,  lobis  reetis,  in  cornua  hyaliiia  modo  subacuta  modo  obtusa  vel  trun- 
cata  plus  minus  produclis,  ccntralibus  plus  minus  exacto  quadrangularibus,  ct  in  antica  parte 
ct  utriuque  cmaginati.-i,  omnibus  lasvibus,  locellis  pallioribus  finis  iustructis.   (II.) 

Diam. — Transv.  cell,  pcrfccte  evolut.  circiter  O.OO0C5" — 0.00089".  (R.) 

Syn. — P.  pertuxum,  Krz.     Rabeniiorst,  Flora  Europ.  Alga.um,  Sect.  III.  p.  T5. 

Cells  arranged  in  circles  round  one  or  two  central  ones;  inner  cells  quadrangular,  sides  concave 
and  leaving  angular  vacant  intervals;  the  outer  cells  with  square  bases,  externally  triangu- 
larly notched,  the  subdivisions  tapering  to  on  acute  point.     L.  1-226G"  ;  B.  1-32G8".    (A.) 

P.  constrictuni,  ITassal. 

P.  cocnobio  orbiculari  vel  suborbiculari,  lieto  viridi,  continuo,  1c8vi  ?,  e  cellulis  16  (ad  1  +  5  + 
10)   vel  32  (ad  1  +  G  +  10  +  15)  (brmato;  cellulis   periphericis   irrcgulariter  bilobis,  sinu 


'  The  best  exposition  of  this  genus  i  i  to  be  found  in  Braun's  Unicellular  Alga;. 
'  The  letter  A  used  here  signifies  that  the  description  is  copied  from  Mr.  Archer  i..  Prichard's  Infu- 
soria. 

13       June,  1873. 


98 


F  R  E  S  II -  W  A  T  K  II  A  L  (J  Al  O  F  T  II  !•;   U  N  I  T  K  1)   S  T  A  T  E  S. 


1™! 


aiifriislo.  lobis  iiiiBqunlibus,  bnsi  pIcriiiiKiuo  <<iiislriclis,  in  coniuu  eubcraesa  obtusa  proiluclis, 
ceMtnilibiis  [iiilvgDiiis,  in  untlca  parle  rt'|paijilis,   (It.) 

tti/ii. — J',  cllijiticuit,  IIa!!Sal.     Ka;;emiou8T,  Fldiii  Europ.  Algiirum,  Sect.  Ill,  p.  71. 

JIab. — South  Curolimv,  Ooorgiu,  Khodo  Isliuid,  IJailoy. 

Cells  vnrying   in   iiuiiibtT  iiiiil   urnuigciiRMit ;  outer  colls  Kuddcnly  coiitriu'tcd   into  two  tiUort, 

cyliiidiical,  ol)tu.so   pioccsses.     L.    1-1751"  to  1-900";  11.  1-1515"  to   1-1020". 
0,  Processes  of  the  lobes  truucutcly  emnrginute.  (A.) 

P.  Rhrenbcrgii,  (Couda)  Bkaun. 

r.  eoL'iuibio  et  oibiculiiii  et  oblongo,  pcrfectc  elnuso,  c  cellulis  8  vel  10  coinposito  ct  quudroto, 
e  cellulis  4,  laic  cuneali.s,  prol'uuile  lubatis,  c.xactc  crueiatim  disposilis  furinato  ;  eclluli.s  jpcri- 
phericls  cuneatis  a  basi  Iruueata  ail  Hi)iccm  us(iue  coiicvetis,  profunde  bilubis  siuu  angusto, 
lobis  sa;pc  oblique  tiuncutis,  ])liis  luinus  Binuato-excisis,  angulis  iutcriovibus  ad  dupluiu  lon- 
gioiil;us,  oninibu.-i  acutis  vel  bievitcr  ap|)eridiculatis;  cellulis  ceiitralibus  aut  singulis  aut 
pluiibus  (2-5-C  V.  «),  omnibus  Uavo-viridibus,  polygonis,  uno  latere  rcpaudis  vel  iirofuiido 
inuisis.  (K.) 

Syn. — /'.  Ehfenhfrr/ii,  (Coiida,)  Bkau.n.     Rabeniiorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  77. 

JIab. — South  Carolina,  Ueorgia,  Florida,  Uhodo  Island,  Bailey. 

Frond  minute  ;  cells  eight  (seven  disposed  in  a  bingle  series  round  a  central  one),  bilobed, 
angular.     L.  1-2900"  ;  11.  l-2u00".  (A.) 

P.  simplex,  Meykn. 

P.  cellulis  peripherieis  ovnio-cuspidatis,  8-10-10  basi  tantum  concrctis,  circulnm  gimplicetn 
constituenlibns,  ccntralibus  sa'|ie  Mullls.    (IJ.) 

Syn. — P.  xi  1)1  J  lie  J',  Meye.n.     IIaije.niiubst,  Flura  Euroj).  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  71. 

MonacliiuDi  oclonarinn,  Bailev,  Siuithsouian  Contributious. 

Ilab. — South  Carolina,  Rhode  Island,  Bailey. 

Far.— diiodenariua. 

Ceenoblo  dathralo,  cellulis  peripherieis  12,  ceiitralibus  1,  regulariter  crucialuni  dispositis.   (II.) 

Hijn. — Monactinus  duodenarius,  Bailey. 

Inner  cells  four,  somewhat  triangular,  enclosing  a  central,  (|U»dnilo  vacant  interval,  and  four 
briindly  lanceolate  vacant  intervals  belween  them  and  (he  outer  series,  to  whi('h  they  are 
united  by  their  terminal  angles,  outer  cells  twelve,  subovate,  truncate  below,  much  atteuuated, 


acuminate,   (A.) 


FAfflLY  VOLVOCINEtE. 


Coenobia  niobilia,  globosa,  subglobosa  vol  quadrangulo-labninta,  e  cellulis  viridibus  cilia  bina 
ngilia  gerentibus,  intus  vesica  duplici  contractibili  prajditis  composita,  menibrana  (tegumcnto, 
ehlaniyde)  communi  achroa  hyalina  plus  minus  anipliata  involuta. 

rrojjagatio  aut  se.xuali.s,  raonoica  vel  dioica  (adhuc  in  panels  tantum  generibns  probata);  cellulis 
coenobii  aut  onmilius  aut  (|nibusdam  genus  nioseulimim  vel  feminum  exhibentibus,  illis  in  fasciculos 
sper.natozoideorum  (autheridia),  has  in  oospiu'as  episporio  inclusas,  nou  mobiles  coramutatis,  aut 
non  scxualis,  gonidiis  agilibus,  (et  nincrogonidiis  et  microgonidiis — ctiam  zoogonidia  vocantur). 
Macro- ct  microgonidia  (cellula;  primordiales)  cytioplasmatis  divisionc  Bimnltanea  et  mulli|ilici  orta; 
priora  nuraero  definita  (2-4-8-10,  Ac.),  majora  oblonga  vel  rotundata,  ])olo  antico  |)liis  niiinis  rostri- 
forrai  producta,  ciliis  binis  per  vcsieiB  membranam  exsertis,  puncto  (ocello  Ehrberg.  stigma)  sangninco 
centrali  vel  parietali  ct  locellis  (vncuolis)  siepe  binis  contractibilibus  instructa;  ultima  numero  indefi- 
nita,  multo  minora,  pallide  vel  sordide  viridia  vel  luteola,  apice  ciliis  instructa,  jilernnique  jam  intra 
ccUulam  matricalem  vivide  vacillantia,  postca  membranu;  rupturu  libcrc  crnuipcntia,  cxaminautia.  (K.) 


FRESIT-WATKll  A  I.  0  .12   OF   THE  UNITED   STATES. 


99 


CcDnobium  inobilo,  plobosn,  Buhglobose  or  in  sqnnro  tnWca,  composed  of  proon  cells  wliiclt  liavo 
two  motile  c'iliii  ami  ii  doiiblo  contractile  vesicle.  The  common  tegument  surroiiiidiiig  the  cocnobium 
hyaline,  and  more  or  Icsh  amplified. 

Propagation  either  sexual  or  non-sexual.  Tho  scxnnl  monsecious  or  diaicions;  cither  all  or  some 
of  tho  cells  of  the  cucnobiiim  exhibiting  male  ond  female  ehoracters.  Tlio  male  cells  containing 
spermatozoids,  the  fenmlo  finally  converted  into  a  quiet  oospore.  Kon-sexual  propagation  taking 
jdace  by  means  of  motile  gonidia  (both  muerogonidia  and  niicrogonidia,  by  some  colled  zoogonidia). 
Macro-  and  micro-gonidia  orising  by  tho  simultaneous  and  repeated  division  of  the  cytioplasm ;  the 
first  defiiiiic  in  number  (2-4-8-10,  &c  ),  the  larger,  oblong  or  rounded,  with  the  anterior  end  more 
or  less  ro  'ellate,  with  two  cilia  cxserted  through  tho  nicnibrane  of  the  vesicle,  furnished  with  a  cen- 
tral or  parietal  red  spot,  and  often  with  two  contractile  vacuoles;  the  microgonidia  indefinite  in 
number,  much  the  smaller,  pale  or  dirty  green  or  luteolous,  fiirni.Khcd  ot  the  n[iex  with  cilia,  mostly 
even  within  the  mother-cell,  moving  rapidly,  and  finally  escaping  on  the  rupture  of  tho  membrane. 

Genus  CHLAMYrOCOCCUS,  A.  Braun. 

Cellulnj  globopo!,  vcl  subglobosaj  (4-8  in  eocnobium  fugacissimum  conjunetic),  cytiodermato  sub- 
crasso  firmo,  cytioplnsmate  granuloso,  fusco-rubro  vel  puniceo  (in  ovolutionis  gradibus  quibusdam 
in  eolorom  viridem  niutato).  Macrogonidia  2-4-8,  rotundata,  polo  antico  rostriforini  producti.,  duo 
cilia  longissiina  gerentia,  nncleo  central!  rubro,  globulis  omylaccis  4-(),  non  semjier  visibilibus 
iiistructa,  tegiiniento  aniplissiino  hyalino  plerumquo  ovoideo  vestita.  Microgonidia  iiiiillo  minora, 
numei'osa,  luteola  vel  sordide  viridia,  apico  rubella,  ciliis  binis  instructa,  iutra  tegunientum  niatri- 
cali  alacriter  vacillautia,  deniquo  meiubranoi  ruptura  clabcntia.  (11.) 

Cells  globose,  or  subglobose  (4-8  conjoined  in  a  very  fugitive  cocnobinni),  cytiodcrm  thiekish, 
firm,  cytioplasm  granular,  brownish-red  or  puniceus,  in  certain  stages  of  evidution  ehiiiiped  into 
^reen.  Macrogonidia  2-4-8,  rounded,  tho  frond  end  bearing  very  long  cilia,  furiii-slied  with  a 
"central  reddish  nuclei  and  with  four  to  six,  not  always  perceptible,  .starch  granules,  clothed  with  a 
very  omple,  hyaline,  niostly  ovoidal  tegument.  Microgonidia  much  the  smaller,  numerous,  Inteoldus 
■jr  sordid  green,  the  uiiex  reddish,  furnished  with  two  cilia,  moving  actively  within  the  maternal 
'.cgumcnt,  and  at  last  escaping  by  the  rupturo  of  the  mciubraue. 

Ch.  niralis  (Bauer,  Ah.).  A.  Bbaun. 

Ch.  globulis,  0.004"— 0.00135".  (R.) 

JIab. — In  nive  retcrna,  Greenland.  Rocky  Mountains. 

Si/n. — Ch.  nivalis  (Baur,  Aa.).  A.  Bkaun.     Rahenhorst,  Flora  Eurnp.  Algarnm,  Sect.  III. 
p.  97. 

Globules,  0.004"— 0.00135"  in  diameter. 

Rcmarlca. — I  have  never  seen  any  good  specimens  of  tins  plant,  merely  some 
cells  mounted  in  Canada  balsam,  and  therefore  ruined  for  scientiiic  study,  which 
had  been  collected  by  Dr.  Kane  in  one  of  his  Arctic  voyages.  I  have  also  had 
some  indications  of  plants  in  a  little  parcel  sent  me  by  Mr.  Sereno  Watson,  wlio 
informs  me  he  has  scon  the  red  snow  very  abundant  in  the  higher  peaks  of  the 
Rocky  Moimtains.  It  is  a  matter  of  presumption  rather  than  determination,  there- 
fore, that  the  snecies  is  identical  with  the  European. 

Genus  VOLVOX,  Ehrb. 

Ceenobium  exacte  sphserieum,  continue  rotatum  et  agitatum,  globum  cavura  quasi  fingena,  e  eel- 
lulis  numerossissin.is  tequali  distnntia  peripheriee  dispositis,  gelatina  inatricali  coiinev.is,  puiieto 
rubro  laternli,  locellis  (vacuolis)  binis  contractibilibus  necnon  ciliis  biuis  longe  exsertis  instructis, 
vesica  comninni  hyalina  circumcinctis  eompositum. 


!i; 


i 


1      111 


100 


PRESII-WATER   ALO.E   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Propagatio  duplex  ist,  aiit  non  scxualia  aut  scxnnli.s;  ilia  fit  colliilis  qiiibnmlam  ccrta  diatantin 
intumesoL'iitib.s,  iiiiillipiii'titlK,  In  (.'ii'iiubiit  filiiilia  iiilru  ocuiiubiiiin  iniitricuii;  evolutis,  postca  libero 
vr^lllp(Mltibll^4;  biue  ccllulis  inuHCuli.s  iiiiiltipartitia  in  ruHi-ii'uio.s  sporinatuzuidcorum  niiibilium,  con- 
traetiliuni,  pyriforniiuin,  ciliis  binis  insliuftorum,  jjostea  liltcrornni  cviiliilis;  cflluliH  fumlfifis  intu- 
mcsccntilmx,  nou  divLsia,  8i'd  post  fcucuuduliouum  iu  oospuras  immubilvB  epispurio  duplici  tircuui- 
datas  pustrcmo  rubras  vvulutis.  (K.) 

Cojnobium  exactly  oplierical,  continually  rotating  and  agitated,  looking  like  a  hollow  globe, 
composed  of  very  niimerous  cells,  which  are  arranged  on  the  periphery  at  C([ual  diHtances,  and  aro 
connected  by  the  maternal  jelly,  and  surrounded  by  a  coinuion  hyaline  bladder;  they  are  also  fur- 
uishud  with  a  lateral  red  point,  with  two  contractilu  vacuoles,  aa  well  ns  two  long  exserted  cilia. 

The  propagation  is  both  sexual  and  non-sexual.  In  the  latter,  certain  distant  cells  enlarge  greatly, 
divide  into  numerous  jjarts,  and  evolve  within  the  parent  coonobiuni  dunghter-caMiobia,  which  are 
finally  set  free.  In  the  sexual  propagatiou  certain  uiuleeulur  cells  undergo  a  multipartite  division 
into  fasciculi  of  spermatozoids,  which  aro  motile,  contractile,  pyril'orni,  and  furnished  with  two 
cilia;  the  feminine  cells  are  enlarged,  and  do  not  undergo  division,  but  after  fccundatiou  develop  into 
immovable  oospores,  which  arc  finally  red,  and  ard  surrounded  by  a  double  cpisporium  or  coat. 

V.  fflobator,  (Linn.)  Eurb. 

v.  ccDnobiis  majoribus  ad  ^"',  ccllulis  numerossissiniis  (ad  12,000);  coenobiis  filialibus  semper 
octo  intra  luatricale  fruclificalione  non  sexuali  evolutis;  fructificatione  diuicu;  ctcnobiia 
niasculis  fasciculos  spermatozoideonim  nunierosos  rubescentes  Ibvenlilms  (=  ,Sy)//;wo.s(ra 
volvox,  Ehrb.);  coenobiis  feinineis  cellulus  sexualcs  (oogouia)  20-40  post  fuicundalioucni  in 
totidem  oosporns  globosas  rubras  cpisporio  hyolino  stellato  circumdutas  foveutibus  ;.=  Vol- 
vox stellulns,  Klirb.).   (U.) 

Syn. —  V.  (jlobaliir,  (Linnb,)  Eiikb.     Kabenuohbt,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  97. 

Hab. — In  stagnis.     United  States. 

Larger  coenobium,  about  ^"  in  diameter,  composed  of  very  nnmeroua  (about  12,000")  daughter- 
coenobia,  alwaya  8  within  the  maternal  one,  evolved  without  sexuality;  fructilication  diic- 
cious ;  male  coenobium  giving  origin  to  numerous  reddish  spermatozoids  (=  Sjihoirosphiura 
Volvox,  Ehrb.);  female  coenobium,  giving  origin  to  from  20-40  se.xual  cells,  which,  after 
fecundation,  develop  into  the  same  number  of  globose  red  oospores  surrounded  by  a  stellate 
hyaline  episporiura. 

Rcmarha. — Some  of  my  friends  tell  me  they  have  found  this  species  ahundantly 
around  Philadclpliia.  I  liave  not  been  so  fortunate,  and  have  seen  but  a  few 
scattered  specimens,  which  have  afforded  no  opportuuity  of  studying  their  deve- 
lopment and  life-history. 

Order  ZygTopliycese. 

Algffi  aut  nni-  nut  pseudomulti-cellulares,  sine  veg(^tatione  terminali  et  ramificationo  vera.  CcIIiiIib 
singulte  aut  geminatai  aut  seriatim  conjunctos.  Multiplicatio  fit  ccllularum  divisione  in  unnni  direc- 
tioncni. 

Propagatio  fit  zjgosporis  conjugatione  ccllularum  similium  biimrum  ortis. 

Algoe  cither  uni-  or  pseudomulti-cellnlar,  without  terminal  growth  or  true  branches.  Cells  segre- 
gate or  geminate,  or  arranged  in  a  single  row.  Multiplication  taking  place  by  a  division  of  the 
cells  in  one  direction. 

Propagation  by  zygospores,  formed  by  the  conjugation  of  two  similar  cells. 

Family  DESMDIACEiE. 


\).  ] 


Algm  unicellulares,  sine  ramificatione  vel  vegetatione  terminali.     rclluhu  forma  admodiini  varia, 
plerunKjuc  in  mcilio  plus  minus  profunde  constrictie  et  in  duns  seinicclbilas  syintncti-icn.-i  <;,viM;', 


I'KESU-WATEll  ALG^   OP   TUE    UNITED   STATES. 


101 


liberie  vel  in  faaciaR  filifrrnips  nnt  tmniiformcs  arete  conjunctic  nut  in  mnco  nmtriculi  nidulnntps  ct 
in  I'liinilias  iudutiuitas  coiiuuciutu).  Cytiodvrnia  uon  silivt-nni,  plus  minus  flrnium,  loivo  tint  vurie 
aMpcrutuni  (striututn,  costntura,  aculuutuni,  &c.).  Massu  clilurupbyllucuu  iu  lumiualus  axilcs  vcl 
IJuriutaleH,  sujpo  e  cuiitro  rudianti's,  dislributu. 

rropugutio  uou  sexualia  per  divisione  transversa  in  candoni  dircctiuuom  repetita ;  eexuulis  per 
eygosporas,  qua;  pur  ccllulurnni  biiiaruni  conjugatiouum  oriuulur. 

Uuicellular  alga-,  williout  brancbcs  or  terminai  growth.  Cells  of  very  various  forrs,  mostly  more 
or  less  profoundly  constricted  in  tlio  middle  and  divided  into  two  symnietricnl  semieclls,  free  or  eon- 
joined  in  Gliforni  or  tajnllbrni  fascia,  or  involved  in  tbe  maternal  jelly  so  n.s  to  form  indetiiiile  fami- 
lies. Cytioderni  not  siliceous,  more  or  less  firm,  smooth,  or  variously  roughened  (striate,  coscnte, 
aculeate,  &c.)  Cblorophyl  masses  in  axillary  or  parietal  lamina,  which  often  radiate  from  the 
centre. 

Non-sexual  propagation  by  repeated  trnnsvcrso  division  in  one  direction  ;  scxunl  by  zygospores 
which  are  formed  by  the  conjugation  uf  two  cells. 


Remarl'n. — Of  all  the  fresh-water  algtr,  with  the  exception  of  tlie  diatoms,  this 
family  has  attracted  most  attention,  owing,  no',  only  to  the  beauty  and  variety  of 
its  forms,  but  also  to  their  universal  presence  and  abundance,  and  the  ease  with 
which  their  most  wonderful  life-histories  are  observed.  They  are  exclusively,  as 
far  as  known,  denizens  of  fresh-water,  and  preferably  that  which  is  pure  and  limpid. 
Although  Mr.  llalfs  states  that  they  never  grow  in  stagnant  water,  I  have  often 
found  them  in  great  abundance  in  such,  yet  never  in  that  which  was  actually  putrid. 
The  same  autliority  is  also  too  sweeping,  at  least  as  far  as  this  country  is  concerned, 
in  stating  they  are  never  found  in  woods,  although  they  arc  really  most  abundant 
in  the  open  country.  My  experience  has  taught  me  to  look  for  them  in  brick- 
ponds,  small  mountain  lakes,  springy  fens,  ditches,  and,  in  the  fall,  growing  among 
mosses  and  in  the  thick  jelly  composed  of  unicellular  algae  on  the  face  of  drij)- 
ping  rocks,  or,  to  sum  up  in  a  word,  they  dwell  iu  quiet,  shallow  waters,  for  I  have 
never  found  them  in  rapidly  moving  or  very  deep  water. 

The  single  cell,  of  which  a  desmid  is  composed,  is  mostly  divided  into  two  very 
marked  similar  portions,  the  exact  counterparts  one  of  the  other,  which  by  some 
have  been  asserted  to  be  distinct  cells.  Their  close  union  and  connection,  and  their 
inherent  oneness  are,  however,  so  apparent  that  it  is  needless  here  to  spend  time 
in  demonstrating  that  they  really  arc  halves  of  one  individual  cell.  They  contain 
together  all  the  parts  found  in  the  typical  vegetable  cell ;  an  outer  cellulose  wall, 
chloropliyllous  protoplasm,  a  nucleus,  starch  granules  and  semiliquid  contents. 
The  cell-wall,  or  cytioderm,  as  it  is  called  in  this  memoir,  varies  in  thickness 
and  firmness.  During  life  it  is  mostly,  if  not  always,  colorless ;  but  in  certain 
species  in  the  dead  empty  frond  is  of  a  reddish-yellow.  The  markings  upon  it  are 
various,  and  are  not  infrequently  altogether  absent ;  they  are  such  as  fine  or  coarse 
punctations,  granulations  of  variou;  size,  strife,  furrows  or  elevated  ribs,  tuber- 
cles, obtuse  or  sharp  simple  or  forked  spines,  hair-like  processes,  umbonations,  &c. 
&c.  These  markings  are  within  narrow  limits  constant  in  each  species,  and 
more  or  less  peculiar,  so  that  they  afford  valuable  characters  to  the  systematist. 
The  cytioderm  itself  is  mostly  composed  of  cellulose  free  from  appreciable  inor- 
ganic matters,  but  in  certain  species  contains  a  large  amount  of  silex.     Thus, 


1  :i 


!       :i 

!    i 


I 


n 


'ii; 


1()'2 


1-  K  V]  S  II  -  \V  A  T  !•:  W   A  L  0  JO  0  1'  T  IIM   UNITED   ST  A  T  K  S. 


lU'covdiii;,'  to  l)c  Harn,  if  Clmfen'inii  linnilii  lie  (arcriilly  Imiiit  uimii  ii  slidf,  a  pcr- 
t'fct  liyaliiic  .silcx  cast  of  tlu-  cells  is  left. 

'I'iic!  ciiloro|iliyl  is  variously  placed  in  the  cell,  soiTi(>tim('s  it  is  arranged  in 
lamina,  soiu'tinies  in  spirals,  sometimes  in  the  form  of  radii  from  a  central  muss. 
These  ditt'erent  nu'thods  afford  good  generic  characters,  and  will  bo  dwelt  upon 
more  in  detail  nnder  the  vario\is  genera.  'i"he  color  of  the  chloropliyl  during 
iictive  life  is  a  vivid  green,  wiiicli,  us  tho  vital  forces  lessen,  changes  to  a  faded 
yellowish  tint. 

Nii-geli  and  others  affirm  that  there  is  always  a  central  nucleus  in  the  desniid, 
and  prohaltly  do  so  with  truth,  although  in  many  instances  1  have  found  it  impos- 
sihle  to  demonstrate  its  preseiice  from  the  size  and  opaipieness  of  the  frond, 
crowded  with  endochrome,  &c.  In  a  large  number  of  cases,  however,  it  is  very 
apparent. 

As  ordinarily  viewed  under  the  microscope  the  two  most  striking  poriiliarities 
presented  by  these  little  plants  are  tlie  in()tion  of  the  whole  d<'smid  in  the  water 
and  tho  variotis  movements  exhibited  within  the  fronds.  The  general  movement 
is  most  ai)parent  iu  thi"  larger  species,  which  exist  free  and  distinct  in  the  water, 
especially  in  the  boat-sliape  closteria.  It  mostly  consists  of  a  steady,  stately, 
slow  onward  niovement,  with  sometimes  backward  oscillations,  liy  virtue  of  it, 
desmiils  in  a  bottle  will  often  congregate  in  such  positions  as  are  most  exposed  to 
light.  There  liave  been  various  tlii>ories  ad\anced  as  to  tlu?  cause  of  this  motion. 
Kiirenberg  believed  that  he  had  found  foot-like  processes  protruding  from  the  end 
of  the  frond  and  giving  tlie  motile  power.  Others,  such  as  llev.  Mr.  Osborne  and 
Mr.  Jabez  Hogg,  have  attributed  the  movements  to  the  ])resence  of  ciliii,  but  I 
tliink  have  failed  so  entirely  to  establish  this  that  their  views  are  more  tlian  pro- 
blematical. That  the  motion  is  due  to  vital  actions,  taking  place  esjiecially  mid(>r 
the  action  of  liglit,  is  as  much  as  can  be  at  present  affirmed  with  any  certainty,  though 
it  is  probable  that  the  immediate  ag(Mits  are  endosmotic  currents  of  gas  or  water. 

The  movement-;  of  the  contents  within  tlie  cells  are  chiefly  of  two  kinds.  Tak- 
ing ('!(>.'</<•  rl inn  liinitld  as  an  illustrative  examjile,  there  will  be  found  on  ex- 
amination with  an  ^th  objective,  a  narrow,  very  transparent,  and  therefore 
often  not  very  apparent  layer  or  zone  lying  immediately  within  the  cell- 
wall,  between  it  and  the  endochromc',  and  dipping  inward  in  the  middle  of  the; 
frond  so  as  to  comnninicat(>  with  the  nucleus.  In  this  zone  are  protoplasm, 
watery  fluid,  and  scattered  granides.  In  the  ends  of  the  fronds  the  different  por- 
tions of  this  zone,  meeting  and  widening,  fill  \\\>  \\\v  whole  of  the  cavity,  and  within 
the  space  thus  occupied  by  them,  there  is  a  glot)ular,  sharply  defined,  still  more 
transparent  vacnoh".  Tliis,  some  have  thought  to  be  a  closed  sac,  with  a  distinct 
wall,  but  it  seems  really  to  be  a  vacuole  lying  in  tlie  midst  of  the  inner  protojilasm, 
wliich  with  a  few  grannies  occupies  mote  or  less  comple'ely  the  transparent  zone 
already  described.  Sometimes  tho  chloropbyl  <'ncroachi's  upon  this  zone  at  the 
ends  so  as  to  more  or  less  completely  surround  the  vacuole,  within  which  are  always 
found  watery  fluid  and  granules.  In  the  jirotoplasmio  zone  and  its  vacuole  active 
movements  are  probably  always  present  during  active  life.  StrcMims  of  protoplasii'. 
appear  to  be  constantly  passing  to  and  fro  between  the  nucleus  and  the  ends  of 


F  II  lO  S  II  -W  A  T  K  U   A  I-  0  A')   O  F   T  UK   UNI  T  i:  P   S  T  A  T  K  H . 


lo;j 


the  cell  along  the  outer  zone,  nml  f,'ramil(;8  can  be  always  sctii  passing  backwarilH 
and  forwards  witli  an  unsteady  motion. 

When  the  streams  of  protoplasm  are  settiu','  very  actively  from  the  centre  to- 
wards one  end,  there  will  often  l)e  an  accumulation  of  the  protoplasm  there,  and  a 
consecpicnt  decided  lessening  in  the  size  of  the  vac\U)le,  which  will  again  expaml 
us  t\w  return  currents  arouse  tlwmselves.  Within  the  vacnoh'S  an;  seen  more 
or  less  ninntjrous  smaller  or  larger  granules  in  active  busy  motion,  swarming  over 
and  about  one  another  with  an  unsteady  hurrying  to  and  fro. 

.\  form  of  motion,  similar  in  appearance  to  this,  but  probably  of  diHerent  sigiii- 
rwanc(>,  is  seen  in  most  desmids  when  in  an  unhealtliy  feeble  condition.  1 
have  seen  it  most  marked  in  CoHVKirunn  nianjan'/dcinn).  In  such  fronds  the  endo- 
ehromo  has  lost  its  deep  green  color,  and  beconu!  shrunken,  and  lying  within  it  is 
a  great  space  containing  myriads  of  minute  blackisii  parti(des  swarming  about 
actively.  This  peculiar  stat(;  and  appearance  is  l)y  no  means  confined  to  tiie 
desmids,  for  I  have  seen  it  very  highly  developed  botii  in  species  of  S/>ir(i<ji/m  anil 
(Juloi/onhnii.  It  appears  to  b(!  connected  with  decay.  Is  it  possible  that  these 
minute  partich's  are  foreign  to  the  p)    .t,  vibrionic  in  nature] 

In  regard  to  the  nature  of  the  movements  seen  within  a  healthy  desmid,  some 
hav(>  viewed  them  as  exceedingly  mysterious,  the  result  of  the  presencu-  of 
cilia,  &c. ;  but  these  views  have  been  so  thoroughly  exploiled  that  it  is  .scarcely 
necessary  even  to  mention  them  here.  The  movements  are,  in  truth,  precisely 
parallel  to  the  so-called  cyclosis  of  the  higher  plants,  rrotoplasnuc  germinal  mat- 
ter. Wherever  it  exists,  be  it  in  animal  or  vegetable,  has  as  one  of  its  distinguish- 
ing characters  the  power  of  active,  s])ontaneous,  apparently  causeless  movements, 
au<l  it  is  simply  the  carrying  out  of  this  power  or  attribute  which  has  attracted  so 
much  attention  in  the  desmids,  because  it  is  in  them  so  readily  seen. 

There  are,  in  this  family,  two  distinct  methods  in  which  the  species  are  nudtiplied 
one  with,  the  other  without,  the  intervention  of  anything  like  sexuality.  The 
non-sexual  method  of  increase  is  really  a  modification  of  an  ordinary  v(>getative 
process,  a  peculiar  cell  multiplication  by  division.  In  such  fromls  as  those  of  the 
genus  ComiiKi-lum,  which  are  composed  of  two  evident  halves  connected  by  a 
longer  or  .shorter  isthnuis,  the  first  st(-p  in  the  process  is  an  elongation  of  this  nc'ck. 
In  a  very  short  time  there  appears  around  the  centre  of  this  a  constriction,  and  I 
believe  an  actual  rupture  of  the  outer  coat.  15y  this  time  a  new  wall  has  formed 
hiside  each  half  of  the  isthmus,  and  stretches  also  across  its  cavity,  forming  with 
its  fellow  a  double  partition  wall,  separating  the  two  halves  of  the  old  frond. 
Ilapid  growth  of  tiie  newly  formed  parts  now  takes  place,  the  central  ends  become 
more  and  mor(>  bulging  as  they  enlarge,  and  in  a  little  time  two  miniature  lobules 
bave  shaped  themselves  at  the  position  of  the  old  isthmus.  These  are  at  first 
small,  colorless,  and  destitute  of  all  markings,  looking,  as  ]\Ir.  Kalfs  says,  like  con- 
densed gelatine.  They,  however,  rapidly  increase  in  si/o  and  firnmess,  their  con- 
tents assuming  a  green  color  and  their  walls  taking  on  the  pece.liar  markings  of 
the  species.  At  last,  the  parts  thus  formed  having  assiuncul  the  .shape  and  appear- 
ance of  the  origimxl  lobules,  tlu;  two  fronds,  which  have  been  developed  out  of  one, 
separate,  mostly  before  the  new  semicells  have  accpiired  their  full  size. 


104 


FKKHII   WATKIl    W.UM   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


A\'lmt  pint  till'  iiiiclcns  lias  in  the  iiroccss  just  dcsc  rihcd  I  liavti  never  aetuully 
deinoMstraled,  but  ha\e  little  doulit  l)Ut  that  it  niider^oes  a  division  in  the  very 
coniniencenient,  so  thiit  tiic  new  nucleus  of  each  HcconUary  frond  is  formed  out  of 
one-half  of  the  old  one. 

In  proportion  as  tint  form  of  the  desniid  becomes  simpler,  so  do  the  ])cculiarities 
of  its  cell  muliiplication  become  less.  In  those  species  which  are  simple  cylindri- 
cal cells,  the'c  appi-ars  to  be  notliin;^  peculiar  in  the  method  of  dividiuf,',  which, 
however,  always  takes  place  throuf^h  the  centre  of  the  cell,  and  subsc(pu'nt  growth 
occurs,  generally,  only  in  the  newly  formed  part. 

True  sexual  reproduction  apparently  do(!s  not  take  j)laco  as  freely  in  this  family 
ns  th(>  former  process,  for  whilst  I  have  seen  hundreds  of  cells  undergoing  tin; 
latter,  it  has  not  been  my  good  fortune  to  meet  with  conjugating  specinu'us  (tn 
more  than  two  or  tlirec  occasions. 

The  process  has,  however,  been  studied  very  closely  by  J)e  Hary,  Uraun,  Ilof- 
meister,  and  others,  and  appears  to  consist  generally  in  a  rupture  of  the  outer  wall 
of  two  cells  and  the  protrusion  of  delicate  processes  from  an  inner,  often  newly 
fornu'd  coat,  with  8id)se(pient  union  of  these,  and  consequently  of  the  two  cells, 
and  afterwards  a  condensation  of  the  contents  in  the  enlarged  connecting  passage?. 
The?  connecting  passage  between  the  fronds  is  really  a  sporangium  in  which  tin; 
spore  is  perfected,  the  contents  of  the  cells  finally  condensing  it  into  a  firm  globu 
and  secreting  around  the  mselves  a  thick  coat. 

The  after-history  of  this  spore  has  been  very  snccnssfully  studied  by  'SI.  Ilof- 
meister,  whoso  observations  were  made  upon  CoRmarunn  tetrtioi>hthalnium,\\\\\v\\ 
he  watched  conjugating  and  forming  a  sort  of  resting  spore  which  was  pcTfected 
early  in  the  month  of  July.  This  was  composed  of  a  thick  outer  coat  and  green 
endochromc  lying  within  as  a  distinct  ball,  nowhere  in  contact  with  the  invest- 
ing membranes.  In  tlirco  weeks'  time  this  chlorophyllous  protoplasm  had  divided 
into  ellipsoidal  masses,  i)r  primordial  cells,  which  soon  surrounded  themselves  with 
cellidose  walls  and  became  distinct  free  cells  in  the  granular  fluid  which  filled  the 
cavity  of  the  original  spore.  In  August,  each  of  these  masses  was  divided  into  two 
and  in  the  month  of  September  the  process  was  repeated,  so  that  out  of  the;  original 
endochronu;  eight  strongly  fiattcneil  primordial  cells  were  produced.  Division  in 
some  specimens  ceased  here,  and  in  others  took  place  once  more,  so  that  by  the  fol- 
lowing spring  all  of  the  living  Sporangia  contained  eiglit  or  si.xtccn  green  daughter- 
cells,  each  of  them  discoid  in  outline  with  a  strongly  ruuked  central  notch. 
These  daug'iter-cells  were  finally  set  free  by  the  solution  of  the  spore  wall,  as  Con- 
viaria  of  minute  size,  but  agreeing  in  all  other  characters  with  the  specific  form  to 
which  they  belonged. 

According  to  Braun,  in  the  larger,  more  or  less  lunate  Clonlaria,  conjugation 
occurs  in  the  following  method :  Two  fronds  approach  one  another  in  such  a  way 
that  they  lie  back  to  back.  In  the  middle  of  each  of  them,  there  then  appears  an 
annidar  line  or  trench  reaching  through  the  cell  wall,  and  accompanied  by  a  dis- 
tinct separation  of  the  endochromc  into  two  halves.  AVhilst  these  changes  have 
been  progressing  there  has  also  formed  a  new  double  wall  at  the  position  of  the 
trench,  so  that  out  of  the  two  Closteria  two  pairs  of  separate  equal  cells  have  been 


PUK8II-WATKR  ALO^  OF   T  11  H    U  M  T  I)  I)   STATES. 


106 


formed.  Near  to  the  larger  or  central  end  of  each  of  tliese  now  appears  n  poutin;^ 
ti.i;;-pareut  nipple-like  process.  'I'lin  corresponding  opposing  processes  enlarging 
and  meeting  coalesce,  so  tliut  the  upper  half  of  one  clostcriuni,  in  the  form  of  ii 
danghter-cell,  is  finally  nnited  with  the;  upper  half  of  the  other  dosterinm,  and  the 
two  lower  hidves  are  also  joined  together.  Thus  from  u  shiglo  pair  of  fronds  arise 
two  conjugating  pairs  of  cells,  and  finally  two  sporangia,  in  each  of  which  a  spore 
is  perfected. 

This  process  docs  not  seem,  however,  to  be  universal  amidst  the  ('loHkila,i\)t 
in  many,  if  not  all,  if  the  snuiller  species,  a  pair  of  fronds  produces  a  single  spo- 
rangium. 

In  the  genus  Ptihiioylotd,  in  which  1  have;  had  an  opportunity  to  study  the  devel- 
opnu'iit  of  the  spores,  the  i)rocess  closely  simulates  that  seen  in  cert.iin  of  the 
iSjnroi;i/ru.  The  contents  of  the  cells  first  became  broken  up  and  confused,  and 
almost  simultaneously  tlu;  nucleus  disa[)peared  (fig.  4,  pi.  11)  tlu;  cells  became 
swollen  at  one  si(ie  and  slightly  bent  backward  so  as  to  form  jutting  processes, 
which  meeting  gvew  together,  becauu>  confluent  and  developed  into  a  sporangium 
much  larger  than  either  of  the  parent  cells.  Into  this  sporangium  the  contents  of 
the  latter  passed  ind  soon  became  converted  into  a  thick-walled  spor(>  (fig.  00,  pi. 
00)  often  (templet  .'ly  filling  the  cavity,  and  apparently  with  its  wall  adherent  to  that 
of  the  latter. 


if 


Genus  PALMOGUEA,  Ktz.  (1843). 

rcllula)  oblongiB,  cllipticic  vol  oylindricro,  utroquc  polo  rotiindntir,  medio  non  constrictic,  plt'riiini|iio 
iti  iiiuro  gclatiiiDSO  iiiiluluiitcH,  lilH'l•a^  Hiiipulo;  vol  in  tiuiiilins  I'diijiociiUa',  liiniirja  ililoro))liyllaix'a 
uxili  vul  exL'L'iitricn,  lututu  provueta  lut'dio  coustricta,  dciiique  divisa  prttditic.  (R.) 

Si/n. — MeHulaiiium,  XiEUliLl. 

Coil  ol)!oiifr,  elliptical  or  cylindrical,  rounded  at  each  end,  not  constricted  in  the  middle,  moslly 
swiininiii'!^  in  a  (gelatinous  mucus,  free,  single  or  iissoeiated  in  families,  cliioropliyl  lamina  axillary 
or  excenlric,  in  the  early  state  constricted,  and  at  length  divided  in  the  niiddio 

licmnrks. — The  above  diagnosis  of  the  genus  is  that  given  by  Prof.  Ilabcnhorst, 
and  agrees  essentially  with  that  of  Ue  Bary,  Ntrgeli,  &c.  In  the  species  herein 
described  however,  the  axillary  lamina  of  chloropbyl  were  not  so  pronounced,  for 
the  green  coloring  matt(>r  seemed  often  to  surround  the  cavity  of  the  cell,  and  in 
other  specimens  was  broken  up  and  diffused  through  it. 

P.  clepsydra,  Wood. 

r.  .saxicola  et  bryophila,  in  gclatina  aehroa  intcrdnm  dilute  viridc  nidulans;  cellulis  cylindrieis, 
Cu.i.  polis  obtuse  truncato-rotundalis,  dianietro  2-3  plo  longioribus;  lamina  ehlorophyllacea 
axili,  plemmque  indistiiieto,  s(r])e  nulla;  plasmate  dilute  viride;  nuoleu  plcrunwiue  distineto; 
zygosporis  subfuscis  aut  subglobosis  aut  cuormitcr  in  clepsydra;  forma;  membruna  externa 
cnormitcr  cxcavata  ct  sulcata. 

Diam.—^ll^". 

Sj/n. — /'.  cli'pnydra,  Wood,  Prodromus,  Proc.  Amor.  Philosophical  Soc.  18G9. 

Bab. — In  rupibns  et  in  musuis  irroratis  ad  Cbelten  Ilills,  propc  Philadelphia. 
14      June,  1873.  , 


!r 


' 


lOG         KUKsiiw ATi;ii  Ai.ij.i;  oi-  tin;  umtkp  htatkb. 

I',  llvlii);  nil  riitkH  nnd  mmiHrR,  iiwliiiiiiliif;  In  n  Irnn^piirrnt,  unnx'tliiicit  ll){lit-frr<'on  Ji'My;  ci'IIh 
uliliisc'l^  Iriiiii'itlrd,  roiiiiilcd  iit  tlic  iiiiln,  'J  :i  IIiiich  l(iiif;rr  lliim  hrcmcl ;  rliliirci|ilivl  luiiiiiiu 
nxilliiry,  ninMlly  iiidiHtiiii'l,  ot'lcn  wuntiiiK  ;  cndiMliniiiit'  li);lil-);  rm ;  iiiiili'iis  ^riirnilly  diHiiiicl; 
xyK<"*l""°"  xiilit'iiMt'iiiiH,  I'iilii'r  gloliiiHv  or  of  uii  iircKiiliir  ruriii,  huiuvwIiuI  rvHviubliiig  lliul  vl  uu 
buur-glusH  ;  vxtvriiul  vuut  irri^giilurl/  vxcuvutcd  uud  huIcuIo. 

lirwark'M. — Tliis  s|MTi(>«  was  fouiul  aloiif?  tl«'  North  IVimsylvmiiii  Ilailroud,  near 
Ciiclti'ii  Hills,  ^M'owiii^  iiiiiid  iiiDMNi  ,s  on  tlic  rocky  jiittin^H  over  whiili  tlic  water 
was  dri|i|iin<^'.  It  occurs  at*  u  rather  tiriii,  transparent  jelly,  mostly  of  u  li^dit 
},'reeiii>ii  ti'it,  in  which  the  cells  are  often  jilaced  quite  thiikly.  They  are  c}lin- 
drical,  tuoMtly  Htrai^dit,  hut  ttoiuetinu's  slightly  curved,  and  often  completely  tilled 
with  a  li^lit  greenish  eudochvonie.  'I'he  (cntral  lamina  is  irregidar,  and  mostly 
not  at  all  pronounced.  In  some  cells  the  endochrome  is  much  broken  up,  so  that 
the  Ulterior  is  tilled  with  little  j,'reeu  nuisaes  with  liglit  spaces  hetwcen  them.  In 
these  cells  the  nucleus  is  f,'enerally  not  ]ier<'eptilile,  whilst  in  the  others  it  is  V(My 
well  marked.  The  /yj^ospore  is  ol'ten  <,'loltular,  sonu>tiines  it  is  irre<,'ularly  elliptical, 
with  a  constriction  in  the  centr(",  so  as  to  ju;ive  it  somewhat  of  an  hour-j;lass  sliaiie. 
The  outer  coat  mostly  tits  pretty  closely  on  the  inner  contents,  nnd  is  very  often 
distinctly  marked  with  little  jjits,  souu-  round,  sonu>  irref,'nlar  in  shape;  in  oilier 
cases,  instead  of  liiing  thus  pitted,  the  spores  seem  to  be  marked  with  deep  curved 
furrows. 

Fig.  4,  pi.  II,  represents  this  plant  in  different  stages  of  growth.  (See  E-xplu- 
nation  of  I'lates.) 

Genus  PENIUIM,  lima.  (1848.) 

Ci'lliilns  pyliiidridB  vcl  fusifiiniios,  rcctip,  iitri)(|Mc  polo  rotmidiilii!  vcl  lriincnto-rotiindatic(ii(>c  cnmr- 
ffinulii'  iici'  i'X(isu'),  medio  su'|iiiiM  coiintrii'lii'.  Itiiniiiiii  I'ldonipliylluccii  iixilis,  ex  transvcrso  i-orispn'tii 
radi'tiiii-divi'i'^ciiK,  radii  r<ii'pi'  fiirciiti,  ^nimilii  auivlaccii  pl('niiii<|iii'  loiifritiidiiialitcr  scriulii  iiii'liidciiM. 
Indivi.luik  in  a(|iia  lilx'i'c  iiataiitin,  Hiii);nlii,  Hpai'i-a  vcl  in  iiia.ssa  grlalinosa  cinisiMiala.  Ccllulii!  iiii'iii- 
braiiu  hi'vi.s  vol  gruiiulutii,  avbroa  vul  fuscoiicuus  vvl  rubicuiidu,  biupius  luugituditmlilur  ulriaU.  (It.) 

Syn Xilritim,  N^oei.t. 

C'l/liiulnicyiilii',  Menoii. 
Closteriuin,  jmrtim,  EiiRENBERa. 

Colls  cylindrical  or  fnsiforni,  strniglit,  roiindod  at  each  end,  or  tmncntcly  rninnlcd  (not  cninrffiimto 
or  o.XL'isi'd),  nicdiualy  often  tonstricted.  Cbloropliyl  lainiim  axillary,  wlioii  seen  traiiHvcrsely  radi- 
ately  divorgcnt,  arms  often  forked,  and  containing  Htarcli  granules,  mostly  longitudinally  Htriatc. 
Individuals  swiniiniiig  free  in  the  water,  scattered  and  single,  or  associated  in  gelatinous  inasses. 
Cell  menibraiies  sniootb  or  granulate,  transparent  or  fuscous  or  reddish,  ufteu  longitudinally  slriuto. 

a.   Lamina  chlorophyllacca  pcripherirc  lobala  vcl  ratliahm  I'jrpnnm. 
a.   Clilorophyl  lamina,  lobale  on  the  periphery  or  radialely  expanded. 

P.Diffitiis,  (KiiRB.)  BRfen. 

P.  cellulis  ovato-cylindrieis,  diametro  S-,*)  plo  longioribus,  utroqnc  polo  pamm  attcnuatis,  anlv 
truiicato-rotundatis;  laniinis  cldoro|)liyllaeei8  pcripherico  lubatia,  medio  iuterruptis. 

Z)iam.-TiL'  =.00n3"-7§g/  =  .0029". 

Syn. — P.DiijilKs,  (Kiinn.)  Br£u.    Rarenhorst,  Flora  Enrop.  Algnr.,  Sect.  III.  p.  118. 

Cells  ovntely  cylindrical,  S-.")  times  as  long  as  broad,  at  each   end  slightly  attenuate,  subtrun- 
cately  rounded ;  ehlorophyl  luminu  lobate  ou  the  periphery,  interrupted  in  the  middle. 


FIlKSIIWATKIl    ALdJC   OP  T II K    UNITKP   STATKH. 


107 


Jl(t)tar/,M.—Th\H  HpcrirH  in  prohiihly  widely  difrnscd  tliroiiKli  tlic  tciiijicnitc  jtor- 
tions  of  Ntufli  Anicriiu.  1  have  foiiiid  it  ahiiiiilantly  near  riiiiudtlpliia,  as  wtil  m 
Hriioiif^  tlic  Alicj,'liaiii('s,  and  liavf  received  N|)e(iiiieiis  tVoin  Dr.  l.ewin,  (:(»lle<ted  in 
Saeo  I.ak<-,  Noitlierii  New  N'ork;  I'roJ'.  Hailey  also  notes  it  as  oenuring  in  (ieor;,'ia. 
Then!  is  one  loiin  of  it  wliidi  resenildes  soinewliat  in  outline  tlie  modern  coflin, 
ono  end  beinj,'  nine  h  broader  and  nineh  nion;  rapidly  narrowed  tluiii  tlio  otlier. 
There  is  no  distinct  vacuole  at  the  end,  at  least  in  any  specimen  I  remember  to 
have  seen,  altiiongli  t'recinentiy  largo  uumbors  of  moving  gruuules  tan  be  detected 
in  that  porti(m  of  the  frond. 

I'ig.  (J,  pi.  20,  reprisentH  the  outline  of  u  frond  of  this  species. 

P.  iaiuellOHuni,  Hu^u. 

I',  -jdllulis  obloiiifo-  vol  fnHifitrmi-cylimlriciH,  diamctro  ft-C  plo  lonf^ioriliUH,  .ncilio  Bospo  leviltT 
C()iiH(ri<'tiH,  uti'u(|Uf  {lolo  iiiugi.s  ullL'iiuulU,  ublUHu  rutuiidutiH.   (1(, ) 

A»/(nii.— 0  0023"— 0.0029".  (U.) 

Si/n.—l'.  laiiicllosiiin,  liiiKii.     Uaiienikihst,  Flora  lOurop.  Algaruin,  Kctt.  III.  |i.  lis. 

J/(il), — Kliodo  Isliiriil    (OliK-y)  TliwiiitcH. 

(Vlls  oliloiiK  or  fiisiforia  (■ylindrinvl,  .W.  liiiics  lotiKcr  tlinii  Immd,  oflcii  M({lilly  coiiHtriftcd  in 
llio  tTiitro,  iiioro  ittloMuiilo  iit  tlio  ends,  olituNoly  ri)iiiidt'd. 

liemarkH.—l  have  never  recognized  this  specieH,  but  it  m  one  of  tlio«e  sent  over 
by  Mr.  Oluey,  and  identified  by  Prof.  Thwuites. 

b.  Lamina  vhliiviiiihijllwca  inlegerrima. 

b.  Vhlurophijl  lamina  entire, 

♦  Cfllulw  ill  mcilio  pluH  viinug  conglriclK. 

*  Cells  more  or  less  conalricled  in  the  middle, 

P.  marffaritaccum,  Eiirb. 

P.  (•l(>iiK"''"'}'lii>tnicum,  diamctro  8-9  plo  longiua,  medio  plernmquo  loviler  constrictum,  iitroquo 
polo  rotundiitD-truncutum  f  cellulaB  incmbruna  iiodiilis  soriatis  <|uasi  iiiargnrituccu;  lucfllus 
ill  medio  (firciter)  utriua(iuc  cruris  corpu-seulis  mobilibus  ia  more  Clostcriorum  repletus.  (K.) 

Dt'am.—u. 00098"— 0.0011".  (II.) 

Uab. — Uliodo  Island.     (Oluoy)  Tbwaitca  ;  Bailey.     Florida.    Bailey. 

KloiiRatc  oyliiidrioal,  8-9  times  longer  than  broad,  in  tho  centre  generally  slightly  constricte-' 
ut  each  cikI  roundly  truncate;  membrune  of  the  cells  somewhat  pearly  with  seriate  granules- 
vacuole  about  in  tho  centre  of  each  crus,  fjlcd  with  moving  granules,  as  in  cloaterium. 

Rcmai-ks, — I  have  not  seen  tliis  desmid,  but  it  is  in  Prof.  Bailey's  list;  it  was 
also  among  those  sent  by  Mr.  Olncy  to  Prof.  Thwaitcs. 

P.  miniitum,  Cleve. 

P.  cylindricum,  gracile,  diamctro  5-7  plo  longiuR,  Icevc,  ad  polos  obtusissimos  (latissime  rotun- 
datos)  parum  attenuatum,  medio  Icviter  constrictum.  (R.)     Species  mihi  ignola. 

2>iam.— 0.00044"— 0.000C3".  (R.) 

Syn. — Docidium  viinutum,  Ralp's  British  Desmid. 

P,  minutum,  Cleve.     Rahenhorst,  Flora  Enrop.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  122. 


i^ 


ii'^iniT-iing 


I 


Mr 

if 
III 


1 


lOH  1' IIMSII-W  A  IIOK    ALO.K    ()  1'    'I' li  i:    I'  N  IT  i;  l>    ST  AT  KM. 

lliil). — Sipiilli  Ciiniliim  j  I'Moridii.    Ilaili'y.     Illioilc  Lsliiml.   (S.  T.  (Mricy)  Tlnviiili'H 

l''roiii|  HlrmliT,  hiiliui'  iioi  |ii'i>iiiliii'iil  )  Hcj^iiiciils  lour  lo  hIx  IImii'm  lnnfrci-  iljnn  ludiicl,  Hiuiicwlial 
tii|M'i'iiiv:.  Iiilliiliijii  .ili-^iili'li',  HiUi'H  Hlruij^lil,  t'lid.i  viitiro  ;  o.  I'.  wiUiiiul  i)iuicluru.  L.  g|]'  ; 
It.  ,,.'„".   ^Aivli.T  ) 

b.  ('ulliiln:  III  iiiiiliii  mill  iiiiinlrii'tie. 

h.   Ci'IIk  mil.  riiiinlnriiil  in  Ihc  miiliUi<. 

V.  inSrrru|i»tiiiii,  \\\<.i.\\. 

"I*.  ci'lliiliH  lull'  liiiriii'i-cyiiiiiii'iciH,  iliiiiiii'Iro  ri-fi  plo  li)ii);i<iril)iiH,  iilri)i|iin  pnlo  Hiiliilo  ciiiiralii- 
nciiliitis,  iipiriliiis  iililiiisii-i'dliiiiiliiliH;  luiiiiniH  rliliiriipl'yIliici'iH  li>:'u;iliiilliiallliUH  saliiratit  viriiii- 
l)iis,  u'la  .'  |ii'c>vrrla  fa.'iciirt  Iniiisvnv:;;  Iriliii.s  |ialliiliH  iiilniuiitiH."  (U.)     S/iiiicx  inilii  njmilit. 

7>»wm.-().0()l  IT'— O.oom".  (11.) 

Si/n. — /'.  i  lilt' r  I'll  III  inn,  Itiif'.ii.      Haiikniiohki',  Mora  iMircpp.  AlKuriiin,  Sect.  III.  p.  11'.). 

//<ih.  —  \n  fiisHin,  SiMilli  Caniliiia,  propo  Uralianisvilli'.      i'nif.  Ilailcy. 

CcIIh  liniailly  linearly  rylinilrii'ai,  5-11  tinicH  Imifrcr  lliiin  linmil,  al.  racli  ciiil  siiililriily  I'liiiculrly 
Hliarpcricil,  llii^  apex  olilii.'^cly  riiii>'{|i'<| ;  Inn^iliMliMal  cliliirnpliyl  lamina  ilccp  frri'cn,  In  ad- 
vnncccl  affc  Int.'rruplud  liy  llirco  IraiiHwrHo  pali;  fascia. 

1*.  Jciiiicri,  U.u.FH. 

I',  al)  I*.  HrcliiHsonil  vi.\  disi'criM"iihMn,  (•clliilirt  ryliiidrirl,-),  nIrcHpii'  pnlo  rolnndnlls,  hi'vihuH,  ^iia- 

iiictro  2} -5  plo  lonf^iiiriliiis;  /.ygonporls  piirnnKpu^  ^lolio.sis,  hii'inl)ra:ia  IiiscvhiciiIi.'  Knli);raiiu- 

lata.  (U. )     iS/>('ci('«  iiiihi  iiiuota. 

7>/„..,._().(Ml()r)r'— O.IKIOr,".   (H.) 

Si/ii.  —  y.  Jiniirri,  K\i.r        Uaiikmioiist,  I'Moru  I'lurop.  AlKaniiii,  Sect.  IIF.  p.  \-M). 

Hall.  —  In  I'ds.iIs,   h'lorida.      I'ml'.  I'lailcy. 

Si'arccly  ilislintinislialdi'  IVoni  1'.  l'>rrliiHsoiili,  ccILm  cyLiidrlcnl.  •iiindcd  nl  ciiili  end,  sinoolli, 
2J-.^  liii'cs  longer  than  In'oiid  ;  /.y^o.iporcs  iiioslly  frlolinHc,  ini'iiilirani!  Hnincvviial  I'lisroiiH,  suli- 
^raiiiilali\ 

I*.  IlrrhiMNOiiii,  (Mknuii.)  Uai.ks. 

1*.  in  niiissa  mucosa  indcl'milc  ivvpaiisa  na'pc  cnni  al|;is  allcriH  iiitcrini.vlis;  ccllnli.^  pcrfcctc 
cylindricis,  inlcnlnin  iionniliil  ciirviilis  scd  plcniinipic  reel  is.  dianii'Iro  'l\-\  plo  hiii^iorilms, 
iilroqiic  polo  lull'  roliindiilis,  ill  incillo  non  cini.-ilr'elis ;  '' /yf^iisporiH  aiigiilHriliii.s  vcl  rutuniiuli.s, 
lueiiiliraiia  fiisei  nle,  siililililer  );runiilata." 

/JiVim,-   ,  »55"  =  .000(i(>". 

,S'//,i.  —  /',    llri'bisxiinii.  (Mknuii.)  It.vi.Ks.      K.MiKNiioiisr,   Flora  I'Uirop.  AlKariiiii,  Seet.  III.  p. 

//,(/).  —  111  fossis,  .Soiilli  Carolina.      (Prof.  I'avenei  ) 

111  nil  liiilefmitely  evpiiiided  iniieoiis  iiiiis.><,  intcnnixcd  with  otlier  iilffu';  r('ll.'<  perfectly  cylindri- 
ciil,  SDiiiclinics  slij^lilly  curved,  hut.  >teiierally  .slrai>r|it,  at  each  end  hroadly  roiiniled,  not  <.(Ui- 
Btrlcted  in  the  niiddio  }  "  Kyj^OHpurcs  mig  liar  or  riiuiuled,  iiieiiihraiiu  fu.scutis,  liiiely  graiiii- 
lalo." 

Ifrtuarkn. — .\nioiig  the  iinnicroiis  dcsiiiici.s  wliich  1  liiiv(^  received  from  Vrnl'. 
RiivciicI  are  some  wliieli,  I  think,  must  lie  n  ("erred  tii  /'.  Jlirfi!Hn<>iiii\  idtlimif,di  tliey 
do  not  nearly  ecinal  tlie  size  oC  the  I'lnropeaii  form,  nor  even  tlie  diameter  ^iven 
ahove.  wliieh  is  almost  tlie  lowest  limit  o*'  the  maitire  foreign  phnit.  I  believe, 
however,  I'rof.  Haveni'l's  specimens  are  immature. 


; 


n 


e^ 


1 


!•'  R  M  S  II  -W  A  'I'  !•;  I!    A  I,  (i  ,i;    O  K    T  II  10    IN  T  Kl  l»    S  'I'  A'l'  K  S. 


ID!) 


Mr.  UiiHV  (lcscrii)linii  of  ilic  (■(nijii^^atidii  Ih  iih  fnllowH:  'I'lic  jiroccHN  of  llic  ((Hi- 
juf,'iiti()U  ill  iliis  s|>((ics  (lidcrs  IVfim  (hat  in  tlic  rest  of  this  j^ciins;  for,  as  in  ////n- 
Idlliiia  </innllwnH,  till,'  coiijiij^atioii  ccIIh  ciitfr  into  the  forrnat'.on  of  tl.c  containing; 
C(.'ll  iind  arc  ])i'rniun(>ntly  attadicd  to  tlio  Hporangiiini,  InsttMiil  of  Ix-in^  (l('ta('lM'<l, 
lis  coninionly  liapiHiis,  in  llic  Dcsniids.  'I'ho  K|>onuigium  is  lit  lirst  cruciform,  then 
quadrate,  and  iinally  orbicular. 

1*.  eloHtcrioidcN,  (Iai.fh. 

1'.  (■(•lliiliH  iiiijfUHtc  IiiiicdiliitiH,  (lininctro  iiinxiino  ft-C,  pin  loiiifiorihiiH,  iv  nicilio  in  iipircH  Kiiliiniii- 
I'ulci-riiliiiiiliilii.-i  Ki'iiHiiii  iitlciiuuliH ;  liniiiiiiH  c'liliirii|>li)'ll.  Kiilunili'  viridiluix,  tiirilln  I'liHciu  ti'iiim- 
vci'Hd  |Milliila  iiilcrniplis.   (It.)     Sim'.cwh  milii  iijiiola. 

/;/>,,)).— (1.00 ir>!l"— ().()()  175".    (It.) 

iSyii. —  /'.  vtoHlrrioiiliK,  IIai-fh.      Uaiikniiuhkt,  Flora  Kiinip.  AlKiirum,  Sect.  IIF,  p.  I2l. 

J/iih. — I'riipi!  (Jral]ttfiiHvil!(^,  Soiilli  ('iiroliria.     I'rof.  Hailcy. 

Cclln  niiri'dwly  liiin'cnliilc,  5-0  liiiicM  loiijrcr  tliiiii  tlic  fri'ciilrnl  (liiniii'lrr,  Bciisilily  iitlcniiiilc  rnmi 
till'  mil  III  li'  lull)  tliu  Huljti'uiii'ulu  npicvH;  clilni'iipli)!  luiiiiiiudcup  greuii,  iiilirniplcil  liy  u  iniiliaii 
pulo  liaiiil. 


Genua  CLOSTERIUM,  NiT.scii. 

Oi'lliilii!  iiili'i'iliini  ryliiiill'ii'ii!  sr>l  sii'piiiH  riisirnnncH  el  iilrmpic  pnln  'illi'inialii<,  plim  liiiliiiK  liiiniiiL- 
tiin  nirvala%  in  incilio  liitiiil  i-nn.slrirla:  himI  hIi'Iu  tranHVcrna  uiiirii  viil  2-5  iniprcHHii-.  ('yliiiiii'iina 
toiiiii',  sal   linnniii,  liuvd  vol   pliiH  niiniiH  dlHlii 


■iliim  li. 


iiliniili 


iiiniiH  (llHlinvto  Htriiituin  ot 

input   in   InniiniH  liiiif;iliii|iniililiiiH   illfpoHila,  ct  siil)  ('rllnlat  pnlis 
iDfi)  el  I'lirpiiHciili.i  plii.s  iniiiiiH  niiiiKJi'iiKi.s  m;  viviili!  iiiovi'iitiltiiH  iiii|ilrl.u 


Cyliiiplasiiia  ililiii'Mpliyllu.sa  | 
Inri'llo  arlil'iiii,  plrriiniipii!  gliil 
ilisll'ili.'ta. 

<'('IIh  HiiitirtiiiM'H  cylinilririil,  lint  imirn  on<'ii  fiiHifonn  ami  atti'iiuatfl  at  cftrli  end,  iiioro  or  Iihh 
luimli'ly  rurvitil,  in  ilii;  ci'iilni  not  cDiiHtrictcil  bnt  niarkril  willi  linin  1-5  tranHVcrKP  Ktriiu.  ('yliiiilmn 
tliin,  niiiilcniti'ly  linn,  hiiumiIIi  nr  ninri!  nr  Ir.ss  (liHlinclly  Htrialr,  anil  Monii'linni.s  lonjriliKliiiaJly  rnslali-. 
Cliliinipliylioii.s  cytiiiplasin  inoKlly  iirraiiKril  in  li>ii^iliiiliiial  lainina,  ami  fiiiriislii'il  nl  riiili  <mii|  wiili  a 
clear  Hpaco,  wliicli  in  niDstly  globoHC,  and  contains  inori:  or  Il'HH  iiuiiicroiiH  arlivcly  niovin^  corpiiHclcH. 

a.   /ii/(jimit<>nr  (/hihoHip,  mritHiini!  ni}'iul(iri'n  ;  rfllulir  crura  aiil  i,iin  mil  iiiiiiiih  /irfnlinla. 

a.  ZijijiiKiiitrrH  (jlnbuHf,  uvry  rurrbj  amjiitar ;  critra  of  the  velln  mil  nl  nil,  oronli/KliijIdli/.j'ro- 

iliwi'ii. 
1.    (Jelhihv  ri/'i,i(lricir,  ml  tilrnmiini'  juilinn  fir  rrl  jiaiitliim  rillnni'ilir,  rrclir  rrl  h'rilrr  riirijiitir, 

iijiicihiin  riilunildlin  nl  Irtoiiralin. 

1,    C'vlh  ri/liiiilriral,  mil  al  all  nr  liiil  itliijidhj  aUvniialrd  at  the  cndx,    gtraiijht  or  uliijlilly 
curri-il,  Ihr  iijinj:  rounded  or  Inuicatc. 

€.  otriolatiim,  Hhhii 

C.  nii(tuHtc  lancculatii-fimifnrnic,  Icvilcr  nrrnatiim,  8-12  plo  fore  longiiis  (|iiHin  latum,  iitrorpii! 
poll)  pnnluin  sciisinKpK!  alli'miatiim,  npicilniH  tnincaliH  HiBpn  riiHci'HrcnlibnH ;  incinlirnna  din- 
tincli.KHimc  siriala,  vacnata  fiisccscctilc ;  venirnlis  cliliiriipliylliiii'in  5  7  (in  ipioqiii!  irni'f); 
loiM'llo  aiiicrs  vithiih  tiilo,  wiilinia^rno,  ror|iiisinlii  12-20  iiicliidfiitd.    (K.) 

/),H„,,_ji|,"_^i/' =  0.00152"— 0.001.H7".    (II.) 

,S';/(i. — 0.  Hlriolalum,  Kiiitii.      ItAiiK.NiioiiH'r,  Flora  Kiirop.  Al(fanim,  Sci't    III,  p.  125. 

Jfdii.  —  In  HipiiM  (piiiMin,  Ccntro  f'ouiity,  I'ciinsylvania.    Wood.    Saro   roiid,   Ni'w  Ilainpsliire. 

(I.rwi.^) 

Narrowly  laiiri'oJati'ly-Cii.siforin,  sliffliljy  hriil,  .S-12  tiiiiu.s  lonjifcr  llian  lirnad,  Hfiisilily  allrninilid 


■^"WW^P 


no 


PRE  SIl -WATER   A  L  0  .-E    OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


111 


at  the  ends,  wliit'h  nrc  triiiipato  ami  often  soniewliat  fuscous ;  ni(Mulirnnc  very  distinctly  striate, 
when  empty  some  what  fuscous;  ciiloroiiliyl  globules  5-7  (iu  each  iinib) ;  vacuole  placed  la 
the  beat  ajH'x,  moderately  large,  including  )2-'20  corpuscles. 

Remarks. —  The  measurements  given  are  those  of  Prof.  Rabcnliorst.     Onr  Ame- 
rican forms  agree  well  with  them. 

C.  angiisfaf iiiH,  Ktz. 

C.  grneile,  sublinenro,  diamctro  lG-18plo  longins,  ad  polos  levissimo  attcnuatum,  apicibus  late 
truncatis;  costis  longitudinalibus  paullulum  prominulis  4-5,  interstitiis  eirciter  jJu'"  latis; 
vcsiculis  eliloropliyllaceis  iu  quoque  cruro  6-1 ;  locello  ab  apieo  subremotu  mndiucri,  corpus- 
culls  12-20  iniplcto.  (R.) 

Diam.—^ix"— Bi"=  000081"— 0.0010".  (R.) 

Sijn. —  C.  anguslatum,  Ktz.     Rabeniioust,  Flora  Enrop.  Algnrnm,  Sect.  III.  p.  120. 

Hub. — In  fquis  quietis,  propo  Philadcljihia,  rennsyhauia.     Wood,    Rhode  Island.     Bailey. 
Xev>  Hampshire.    (Lewis) 

C.  slender,  snblincar,  10-18  times  longer  than  broad,  very  slightly  attenuate  at  the  ends,  which 
are  broadly  truncate ;  with  from  4-5  somewhat  prominent  longitudinal  ribs,  the  interstices 
about  jsb"'  b'oad  ;  ehlorophyl  globules  in  each  limb  t>-7  j  vesicle  subremotc  from  the  apex, 
moderate,  containing  from  12-20  corpuscles. 


Hi 

iii 


III 


C.  jiincidiim,  Ralfs. 

C.  clongatum,  angu.ste  linenro,  dinmetro  20-35  plo  longins,  h  vitcr  arruatnm,  ntroque  polo  vix 
attcnuatum;  apicibus  truncatis;  '.ytiodermate  luteulo,  'uterduui  longitudiualiter  striato. 

i)iam.— i5'i,5"  =  .0004". 

Syn. —  C.  juncidum,  Ralfr.     Rabenhorst,  Flora  Europ.  AJgarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  127. 

Ilab. — In  fossis.  South  Carolina.   (Ravencl)     In  laeu  Saco,  New  Hampshire.    (Lewis) 

Elongate,  narrowly  linear,  20-35  longer  than  broad,  slightly  bent,  scarcely  nrrrowed  at  the 
ends ;  apices  truncate ;  cytioderm  yellowish-brown,  sometimes  longitudinolly  striate. 

Remarks. — I  am  indebted  to  Prof.  Ravened  for  specimens  of  this  species,  by 
whom  they  were  found  on  the  slimy  surface  of  a  half  dried-up  ditch,  associated 
with  numerous  other  desraids.  The  specimens  are  all  smaller  than  the  measure- 
ments of  Rabenhorst,  but  much  larger  than  those  given  by  Mr.  Ralfs.  None  of 
the  plants  have  any  ehlorophyl  granules — a  circumstance  probably  simply  d(!pen- 
duiit  upon  the  stage  of  their  development.  The  longitudinal  strian  are  in  none  of 
the  specimens  very  distinct,  and  in  many  cannot  be  demonstrated. 

Since  writing  the  above  I  have  seen  specimens  collected  by  Dr.  Lewis  in  "  Saco 
Pond,"  near  tlie  Crawford  House,  New  Hampshire. 

Mr.  Archer  (Pritchard's  /h/?m.,  p.  749)  lays  stress  upon  the  fronds  being  straight 
in  the  middle,  with  the  ends  curved  downwards ;  but  I  have  seen  numerous  speci- 
mens in  which  the  curve  was  through  the  whole  length. 

Fig.  2  o,  pi.  12,  represents  one  of  the  specimens  collected  by  Prof  Ravencl  in 
South  Carolina. 

2.   Cellulm  cylindricx,  dorso  plus  minus  convejcas,  ventre  Hubplanir,  nunqiiam  vcnlricoxo 
— injlatee. 


FRESH-WATER  ALG^  OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Ill 


2.   Cells  cylindrical,  with  the  dorsum  more  or  less  convex,  the  belly  ulraightish,  never  ventri- 
cosely  inflated. 

€.  liUnula,  (Mullur)  Ehbb. 

C.  pcrmagnuin,  sublffive  (siv'm  subtilissiiriB  vel  indistinctoe),  Bomilnnaro,  dorso  alto  convexum, 
ventre  subplaiiura,  apicibus  attcu-'atiij  rotuiidutis  ;  viisiculis  chloropliyllaeeis  nuniurosis  spur- 
sis;  locL'llo  distincto  subapiculi  corpuscula  nuiaerosa  iucludente.  (R.) 

/)iam.—jV"—3V'  =  0.00032"— 0.0045".  (R.) 

Syn.—G. Lunula,  (Mulleb,)  Eurb.     Rabeniioust,  Flora  Enrop.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  121. 

Ilab — South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida.  Prof.  Bailnv      rcniisylvania.  Wood. 

Very  largo,  smootbish  (stria)  very  fine  or  indistinct),  semilunar,  dorsum  strongly  convex,  belly 
Btraiglitish,  the  ends  attenuate  and  rounded;  chlorophyl  globules  numerous,  scattered;  vesi- 
cle distiuct,  subapical,  including  numerous  corpuscles. 

C.  acerosutn,  (Scfirank)  Eurb. 
( Var.  nov.  maxiiniiin.) 

C.  lineare-fusiforme,  snb-rcctum  ant  '.eve  curvatum,  ntroquo  fine  sensim  et  panllulum  atten- 
uatum,  diametro  16-24  plo  longiorc:  apicibus  angustiKsime  truncatis,  achrois;  menibrana 
hand  striata;  vesiculis  ehlorophyllaccia  11-14  in  quoque  crure,  in  serie  axilli  siniplici  coUo- 
catis;  locello  apicali  parvo,  corpuscula  nnracrosa  Iucludente;  zygosporis  globosis. 

Diam. — Transv.  mo-     12.,"=-.  .0017"  ?  7.v<rnsn  .?<>_ 


=--.0017";  zygosp.  t|J,"=.0027". 


Syn. — G.  acerosum,  (Scurank)  Eurb.     Rabenuorbt,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p. 
128. 

Uab. — Pennsylvania;  Wood.     South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida;  Bailey. 

Linear,  fusiform,  straightish,  or  slightly  curved,  at  each  end  sensibly  little  by  little  attenuate, 
15-24  times  longer  than  broad  ;  apices  narrowly  truncate,  transparent;  membrane  not  striate; 
chIoro,)hyl  globules  11-14  in  each  limb  placed  in  a  simple  axillary  series;  apical  vesicle 
small,  coutaiuing  numerous  corpuscles  ;  zygospores  globose. 

Remarks. — The  dcsmid,  described  above,  was  found  in  New  Jersey,  near  Cam- 
den. It  differs  from  the  typical  form  of  C.  acerosum  in  its  size,  proportionate 
lenj^th  to  breadth,  and  in  not  being  striate.  The  European  ''/ormd  major" 
(llAitENii.)  appears,  however,  to  exceed  it  in  transverse  diameter,  and,  according 
to  some  authors,  certain  fronds  of  the  species  are  not  striate,  and  all  authorities 
agree  that  at  times  the  stria;  are  exceedingly  delicate.  For  these  reasons,  I  think, 
our  American  form  must  be  regarded  simply  as  a  variety.  As  far  as  can  be  judged 
from  the  rude  figure,  it  is  this  species  Avhich  Prof.  Bailey  identifies  as  G.  tenue, 
Ktz.,  in  Silliman's  Journal  for  1841. 

Fig.  5,  and  5  a,  pi.  11,  represent  this  species  magnified  250  diameters;  5  b 
represents  the  sporangium  with  portions  of  the  dead  fertile  fronds  still  attaclied. 

C*  areolatlim,  Wood,  (sp.  nov.) 

C.  fusiformo,  subrcctum  vel  notmihil  cnrvatnm,  Interis  ventralis  medio  saepo  panllulum  concavnm, 
diametro  9-10  plo  longius,  utrinque  modice  attcnuatum;  apicibus  truncato-rotundatis;  meni- 
brana erassa,  et  firma,  rubido-brunnea,  profunde  distante  striata,  et  minutissimo  sed  distincte 
granulata  vel  areolata;  suturia  medianis  distinctissimis  4-10. 

Diam.—  0.0024". 

Hab — In  aquis  puris  quictis;  Northumberland  Co.,  Pennsylvania. 


112 


!•'  11 E  S  H  -W  A  T  K  11   ALU  Ai   O  V   T  III!:   UNI  T  ED   STATES 


I   1 


Fusiforin,  strai){lili.sh,  or  very  sliglilly  curved,  tlio  ventral  side  often  a  little  eonenvo  in  tlio 
middle,  9-U'  times  longer  tlinii  bmad,  moderately  attenuatcil  at  each  end;  tlie  njiiees  triin- 
cately  rounded  ;  cell-membrane  reddisli-lirown,  thick  and  lirni,  distantly  profoundly  striate, 
and  very  minutely  but  distinctly  granulate  or  areolate;  nicdiuu  sutures  very  dirttiact, 
4-10  in  number. 

Rcmarhfi. — T  found  this  sppcios  growinfj  in  a  qniot  pool  of  pure  water,  in  a  wild, 
deeply  wooded  rtivinc,  netir  Diiiiville,  Centnd  ronnsylvania.  It  was  in  great 
abiiiidance,  forniiiig  a  transluc(uit  greenish  jelly,  one  or  two  gills  of  which  might 
liavo  been  retidily  gathered.  Unfortunately,  I  had  no  microscope  with  me  and 
cannot,  tlierefore,  determine  at  all  its  to  the  arrangement  of  the  endochrome,  the 
carbolic  ticid,  used  as  preservative,  having  entirely  disarriinged  this  by  the  time  I 
got  the  fronds  upon  a  slide.  The  empty  frond  is  of  a  reddish-brown  color.  The 
membrane  is  (piite  thick  and  firm,  and  is  marked  with  very  prominent  bioiid  stria; 
or  grooves.  In  a  number  of  cases  I  htive  counted  these  and  tilways  found  nine 
present  upon  one  face  of  the  frond.  There  are  also  upon  the  surface  nimierous 
minute  markings  not  fairly  visible  with  a  lower  power  than  a  ^ih.  objective. 
Under  tliis  glass  they  appear  as  minute  punctiitions.  An  eighth  resolves  them 
into  granules  mostly  of  an  oblong  shape,  arranged  more  or  less  regularly  in  longi- 
tudinal rows.  Very  generally,  each  side  of  the  stria  or  groove  has  a  close  row  of 
liirger  and  more  distinct  graiudes  forming  a  sort  of  border  to  it.  In  truth,  the 
surface  of  the  frond  is  covered  with  broad  longitudinal  bands  of  these  granules, 
and  the  ntirrow  smooth  spaces  between  them  constitute  the  stria  spoken  of.  This 
species  is  very  closely  allied  to  C.  turgidum,  Eiiun.,  agreeing  pretty  well  with  it  in 
general  outline  and  size.  I  think,  however,  the  peculiar  miU'kings  upon  the 
membrane  arc  sufficient  to  separate  it,  and  do  not  dotibt  that  if  fresh  specimens 
were  at  hand,  differences  would  be  found  to  exist  also  in  the  arrangement  of  the 
cell-contents.  The  turning  up  of  the  ends,  generally  so  marked  in  C.  tunjidiuii, 
is  mostly  entirely  absent  in  this  species,  rarely  there  is  some  tendency  to  it. 

Fig.  (),  pi.  11,  represents  in  otitline  a  frond  magnified  160  diameters;  Fig.  6  a, 
the  end  of  an  empty  cell,  magnified  1375  diameters ;  the  color  of  this  is,  perhaps, 
a  little  too  dark. 

€.  lincatiiin,  Ehrb. 

C.  valdo  elongatuni,  grncile,  quatcr  vieies-trieies  longius  qunm  latum,  distincte  striatum,  e 
medio  recto  cylindrieo  ulrin<|ue  valde  attenuatum,  iipiecs  versus  leviter  iMcnrvum,  obtnso- 
truncatum ;  vcsieulis  clilorojiliyllaceis  in  (luocpic  crurc  2\)-'Jl,  in  seriem  unicam  uxilciu  dis- 
tributis;  locello  parvo,  ab  apico  remoto,  corpusculis  10-12  iniplelo.  (11.) 

i?/flm.— j5V=  .0015". 

^yn. — C.  lincatum,  Ehuii.     Ixabenuorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  130. 

Hub. — Pennsylvania,  Wood. 

Very  much  elongate,  slender,  distinctly  striate,  from  tlic  centre  strniglit  and  cylindrical,  at  each 
end  very  greatly  attenuate,  nitex  bent,  slightly  incurved,  obtusely  truncate;  cliloroijhyl  glo- 
bules 20-21  in  caeli  limb,  placc<l  in  a  simple  axillary  series;  vacuole  small,  remote  from  the 
apex,  contaiuing  from  10-12  corpuscles. 

Remarhs. — The  American  forms  agree  well  with  the  above  description ;   some 


FllESII-WATER   ALG^   OF   T II  K    UNITED   STATES.  113 

of  them,  however,  are  a  little  more  curved  in  tlie  central  portion  tlian  it  would 
imply. 

I'ig-  1.  pl.  12,  is  a  drawing  of  an  American  plant,  magnified  160  diameters. 

C.Cucumis,  EuRii. 

C.  obloiiguni,  turgidum,  leviter  cuivum,  Irevc,  diametro  4-7  plo  longius,  apicibus  obtusis.  (11.) 

Syn.—C.  Cucumis,  Eiiuenhebo,  >.    rbreit.  b.  28,  IV.  F.  28.     IIabeniiobbt,  Flora  Europ.  Alga- 
runi,  Sect.  III.  p.  138. 

Hab. — New  York  ;  Elirenbcrg. 

Oblong,  turgid,  sligbtly  curved,  sraootb,  4-7  times  longer  than  bro  ai,  the  apex  obtuse. 

Remarhs.—l  have  no  knowledge  of  this  species  other  than  that  in  the  above 
short  description,  which  has  been  copied  from  llabcnhorst's  works. 

3.    Cellulm  semr  umrcs,  plerumque  magis  curvales  quam  in  Sect.  1  e.'  '2,  venire  semper  tumida, 
venlricoso-injlatae. 

3.   Cells  semilunar,  mostly  more  curved  than  in  Sect.  1  and  2,  with  the  belly  always  tumid, 
ventricosely  injlated. 

C  Ehrenberg;ii,  Menqh. 

C.  fusoldco-semilunare,  ventre  inflato,  ceterum  nt  in  C.  Lunula.  (R.) 


i>iam.—La.\.  ,^3," 


.0029". 


Long.  ,|Jj"=.0042.' 


Syn.—  C.  Ehrenbcrgii,  Menoii.     UABENiionsr,  Flora  Europ.  Sect.  III.  p.  131. 
ITafe. —Prope  Philadelphia. 

"  Frond  large,  stout,  about  Cve  or  six  times  as  long  as  broad,  Innately  curved,  extremities  taper- 
ing; upper  margin  very  convex,  lower  concave  with  a  compicuous  central  inflation;  ends 
broadly  rounded;  large  granules,  numerous,  scattered;  fillets  several;  o.  f.  colorless,  without 
stria!,  central  suture  not  evident.  Sporangia  orbicular,  smooth,  placed  between 'the  but- 
slighlly-colinected  empty  conjugated  fronds,  the  endocbrome  during  the  process  of  conjuga- 
tion emerging  from  the  opened  apex  of  a  short  conical  extension  from  each  under  side  of  each 
younger  segment  (or  shorter  cone)  of  each  pair  of  recently  divided  fronds,  the  conjugating 
fronds  being  produced  immediately  previously  by  the  self-division  of  a  pair  of  old  fronds— two 
sporangia  being  thus  the  ultimate  produce  of  the  two  original  fronds  L  „'„"■  U  •  " 
Archer."     Pritcha.'d's  Infusoria,  p.  748.  '      '  *°*  " 

Remarh.—F\^.  2,  pl.  12,  represents  a  plant  of  this  species  magnified  IGO  dia- 
meters. 

C.  monilirernm,  (Bory)  Ehrb. 

C.  semiiujare,  plus  minus  curvatum,  diametro  maximo  6-9  plo  longius,  ventre  inflato,  ntroque 
polo  sensim  attenuatum,  apicibus  nchrois  obtusis,  vesiculis  chlorophyllaceis  in  serie  uniea 
lougitudinali  axili  dispositis,  in  quoque  crure  7-10;  loccllo  apical!  submngno,  corpuscula 
nnmerosa  mcludente  (corpusculura  in  quoque  locello  unicura  mobile  ellip.soideum,  mngiiitudine 
lineo!  partem  millesimara  roquans,  cetera  mobilia  per  totum  corporis  distributa  observavit  cl. 
Perty.)  (U.)     Species  mihi  ignota. 

ZHam.— 0.0019"— 0.0022".   (R.) 

Syn.—0.  moniUferum,  Rabkntorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  131. 
Eab. — Georgia;  Rhode  Island  ;  Bailey. 
IS      June,  187a. 


li 


114  FT.  ESII-WATKK   ALGiE   0  1'    Til  10    U  N  I  T  K  1)   STATKS. 

"  Frond  Muallcr  tlinn  ('.  EhrciiIuTifii,  sluut,  livf  or  six  tinu'S  aw  loiip  as  broad,  Iiiiiulfly  furvrd, 
t'Xiri'inilii'S  tapuriii)?,  iipiiLT  imi|-|iiii  foiivi'X,  lowiT  coiifuve,  with  a  cenlrul  iii/latiun,  ends 
roundud  ;  large  granules,  t'(>ns|ilcuoua,  in  a  single  longitudinal  Kories  ,  o.  f.  colorless,  witliout 
slriiB,  suture  uut  evident.  L.  ^'j" — j'o".  B-  slo" — iW-  Arelier."  I'ritcLard'a  Infusoria, 
p.  748. 

€.  Leibleinii,  Ktz. 

C.  priore  minus,  seuiilunare,  niagia  incurvum,  ventre  inflate,  ad  utrumque  polum  largius  attcna- 
atuni,  apicibus  achroia  acutis;  vesiculi.s  elilorojjliyll.  in  quu(|uo  rrnre  ft-(i,  in  serio  sinipiici 
axillari  dispositis;   loccllo  lunguo,  apices  versus  sito,  corpuscula  uuuicrusa  includente.  (R.) 

l)iam.—^\l/ . 

Syn. —  C.  Leiblfinii,  Kutzing.     Uadeniiorst,  Flora  Kurop.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  132. 

llcih. — Georgia;    lUiode  Island  ;    Bailey,     rennaylvania;    Wood. 

"  Frond  sonu'wlint  stout,  distance  between  the  cxtrcn)ities  six  or  ciglit  times  llie  breadth, 
crescent-sliaped,  much  curved,  rapidly  attenuated,  ui)per  margin  very  convex,  lower  very  con- 
cave, oPten  with  a  slight  central  inllation;  ends  subacute  ;  large  granulea,  in  a  single  scries; 
fillets  few  or  indistinct;  e.  f.  suiucwbat  straw-colored,  without  stria;;  suture  evident.  Spo- 
rangium orbicular."  Archer. 

Remarh. — Fig.  6,  pi.  12,  represents  this  plant,  magnified  260  diameters. 

4.  Cdlidx  maxime  curvalu-,  ventre  non  tumidw. 
4.   Cellx  most  curved,  the  belly  not  tumid. 

C.  Diana;,  Khrb. 

C.  anguste  fusiforme,  semilunare,  utroqne  polo  valdo  attcnimtnm,  apioibus  snbacntia ;  oytiodcr. 
mute  acliroo  (vel  dilutissinie  unibrino),  striis  subtilissiniis  medio  interrnptis  projdito,  in  media 
parte  striis  transversalibus  3-5;  vesiculis  in  qno(|ue  crnre  0-7,  in  aeri(^  uiiiea  nxili  dispositis; 
laminis  chlorophyllaccis  pluribus,  sa'po  flexuosis;  loccllo  iudistiucto,  curpusculis  i>luribua 
vivide  niobilibus.  (II.) 

7>,Vj»i.— T,at.  75«5(j"  =.00053".     Long,  ^f  ?/'  =  -00082". 

Si/n. — C.  Diana;  Ehiienbero.     Uabeniioust,  Flora  Furop.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  1.13. 

JJal), — Georgia;  Florida  ;  Khodo  Island  ;  IJailey.     I'enn.sylvania;  Wood. 

Frond  crcsccnt-sliaped,  six  or  eight  times  as  long  as  broad,  iiineh  curved,  rapidly  attenuated; 
upper  margin  very  convex,  lower  very  concave  without  a  central  inflation;  ends  .-subacute 
with  a  very  slight  emargination  at  the  upper  outer  extremity;  large  granules  in  a  single 
series;  eiupty  frond,  suiucwbat  straw-colored,  or  faintly  reddish,  without  stria;,  suture  evident. 
(A.) 

Remarks. — Mr.  Archer  marks  O.  Venufi,  Ktz.,  as  a  dotibtful  synonym  of  this 
species ;  not  having  Prof.  Kiitzing's  work  at  hand,  I  do  not  know  whetlior  C. 
Vemts,  Ktz.  is  retdly  the  following  species  or  not.  The  two  forms  here  kiimrn  as  (7. 
Blinxr,  EuKB.  and  C.  Voivs,  Ktz.  are,  however,  I  think  sufficiently  distinguished. 

Fig.  4,  pi.  12,  represents  this  species  of  desmid. 

C.  Veniiis,  Ktz. 

C.  parvum,  plus  minus  grneile,  semiciroulare,  ootioH-duodecies  longins  qnam  Intnm,  in  apices 
subaeutos  a;(iualiter  sensiuKpn;  attenuaturn  ;  cytiodermate  tenui,  hcvc  ;  laminis  ehlorophylhv- 
cois  obliteratis ;  vesiculis  in  quoque  crure  3-4  ;  locello  distiucto  corpusculis  4-6  ropleto.  (K.) 

i>mm.— .0004". 


"i 


PRESII-WATEIl   ALGi«   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  115 

Si/ii.—V.  Vviius,  KiJTZiNa.     Uabenuorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  134. 
1/ab. — South  Curoliua.   (Uuveucl.) 

Small,  more  or  lus.s  Kloiidcr,  soiiiicirculur,  eij?lit  to  twelve  times  longer  thiin  broad,  equally  and 
very  pcrcejuiLly  attenuule  ot  botli  aiiice.s;  cytioduriii  thin,  smooth;  chloropliyllous  lamina 
obliterated  ;   vesicles  in  each  crus  S~i;  vacuole  distinct,  containing  4-0  eoriiuscles. 

Iie7narJc.—¥ig.  7,  pi.  11,  rcijresents  in  outline  a  frond  magnified  450  diameters. 

€.  parrulum,  N^a. 

C.  parvum,  seniicirculnro,  medio  non  tumidnm,  grncile,  angusto  Innccolatuin,  sexics-octics  lon- 
gius  quani  latum,  apicibus  acuti.s;  cytiodermale  teuui,  laivissinio,  vucunto  nonnunquniu  luteolo- 
fusce.<conte  et  subtiliter  striato ;  vesiculis  uniseriatis,  in  quoque  cruru  2-4,  varius  1-7  ;  luminis 
chlorophyllaccis  4-5.   (U.) 

Biam.—'Shix.  0.0002C."— .00002"  (U.)     (.0008"  W.) 

Sijn.—C.  parvutum,  X.eoeu.     Rauenuoust,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  134. 

Hub. — Propo  Philadelphia,  Wood. 

Small,  semicircular,  not  swollen  in  the  middle,  slender,  narrowly  lanceolate,  si.v  to  eight  times 
longer  than  broad,  with  the  apices  acute;  cytioderm  thin,  very  smooth,  when  emiity  some- 
what yellowish-fuscous  and  Onely  striate;  vesicles  uniseriate,  in  each  crus  2-4,  rurcly  1-7- 
chloropliyllous  lamina  4-5. 

Rcmarlcs.—l  have  referred  to  this  species  a  desmid  which  I  liavc;  found  about 
rhiladelpliia,  and  whicii  agrees  in  all  respects  with  tlie  description  of  Prof,  liaben- 
horst  except  in  attaining  a  larger  size. 

Fig.  5,  pi.  12,  represents  this  plant  magnified  450  diameters. 

C.  Jcnnerii,  Ualfs. 

C.  cylindraceo-fusiforme,  scmilunare,  loDve,  ntrinque  modice  attenuatum,  sexies-octies  longius 
quam  latum,  apicibus  obtuse  rotundatis;  vesiculis  in  quocpie  crure  5-7,  in  serie  unica  axili 
dispositis;  laraiuis  chlorophyllaccis  2-3;  locello  subtequali  magno,  corpuseulis  numero.sis 
inipleto.  (R.) 

Z)iam.— 0.00057".  (R.) 

Si/n.—G.  Jenncrii,  Ralfs.     Rabenhorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  134. 

Ilah. — Rhode  Island,  Bailey. 

Frond  small,  distance  between  the  extremities  six  or  seven  times  the  breadth,  crescent-shaped, 
much  curved,  gradually  tapering  (sometimes  with  an  obscure  central  constriction);  upper 
margin  very  convex,  lower  very  concave  without  a  central  iiillation  ;  ends  obtuse,  rounded- 
large  granules  in  a  single  series;  e.  f.  colorless  without  stria;.  Ij.  six"-  ^'- ii3v"-  Archer. 
Pritchard's  Infusoria. 

h.  Ztjgoaporie  plerumque  quadrangularea,  cellularum   crura  longe  vel  longissime  producta, 
siiepe  selifunnia. 

h.  Zygospores  mostly  quadrangular,  crura  of  the  cells  greatly  produced,  often  sctiforvi. 

€.  rostratiim.  Ehrb. 

C.  corporc  lanceolnto-fusiformi,  ntrinque  valde  et  longe  attennato,  leviter  ourvato,  striato ;  cor- 
nibus  sotaceis  singulis  corpus  vix  njquantibus,  sajpius  longe  brcvioribus ;  cytiodermate  dilute 
ur-ibrino  vel  li-icolo,  dense  striato  ;  vesiculis  nniseriaiis,  in  quoque  crure  5-6;  locello  oblongo, 
soepius  indistincto,  corpusculis  12-15  vivide  se  moventibus.   (R.) 


i 


I ;  i 


116  FRESII-WATKR   AhdA')    OF   Till':    I  N  IT  E  D   STATES. 

Diam.—OMM''.     (O,0ti0n"-0.00l0."  II.) 

Syn. — G.  ronlraliim,  EiittKNiiKitii.     Uaiikniiohst,  Flura  Europ.  Algurum,  Suet.  III.  p.  13i>. 

/lab lu  fotiais,  prnpi!  I'biliKlflpliiu;  WuimI. 

Body  lnncc()latc-fii.sir4)riii,  at  vav\\  cud  greatly  niul  for  a  lonp  diHtnticc  attenuated,  Hlightly  rurved, 
striate;  crura  setaecous  and  scarcely  as  long  a.s  the  body  and  sonietiines  mueli  shorter;  eytio- 
derm  light  or  lutcolous,  densely  striate,  vrHJeh's  uniseriate,  •>-(>  in  ciich  crus  ;  vacuulea  oblong, 
oftcu  indistinct,  containing  from  1^-15  actively  moving  granulcn. 

Remarh. — Fig.  3,  pi.  12,  is  a  cliuwiiig  of  this  species,  magnified  2G()  diumetors. 
€.  selaceiiiii,  Kiinn. 

C.  corporc  angusto  lanceolato,  recto  vol  suhrectr),  distincte  striato,  ntrintpic  in  rostrum  sotaceum, 
Icvissimc  incurvuni,  obtusuni,  longissinic  porrecto;  singulo  ro»lru  corjiore  ^-t  plo  longioru; 
ct  Tcsiculis  ct  loccllo  indistinetis.  (K.) 

/>i«»i.— Max.  (pleruuKiuc)  0.0004"— 0.00044."  (II.) 

Syn. — C.  selaccum,  Euue.niikuo,  Flora  Europ.  Algarura,  Sect.  HI.  p.  130. 

Ilab. — Stonington.   (Lewis)     rcnnsylvauia;  Wood.     Georgia;    Florida;    Providence,  Rhode 
Island  ;  Bailey. 

Frond  very  slender,  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  t!mes  as  long  as  broad,  nnrrow-lnnrcolalf ; 
upper  anil  lowrr  »i(/n//;i<t  nearly  ciiunlly  and  but  »i;[<<iibj  convex;  each  e.xtreniily  tapering 
into  a  very  long  and  slender  setaceous  colorless  beak,  longer  than  the  body,  ultimately  curved 
downwards,  ends  obtuse;  e.  f.  colorless,  slrioc close,  faint,  central  .suture  suiUary.  Sitorangium 
cruciform,     fj.  ttj"-     ^-  la'gi"-  Archer.     I'ritchard's  Infusoria. 

CAmblyonei  ^la,  Ehrb. 

C.  liliformc,  cylindricum,  Iobvc,  utroque  fine  parum  attonuatiim,  apice  rotundum.  (R.) 
Syn C.  lineatum,  Ehrb.     Bailey,  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  1841,  p.  303. 

C.  Amblyoncma,  EiiRB.     Verbrcit.  p.  123.     Rabenuorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect. 
HI.  p.  138. 

Hab. — West  Point,  New  York ;   Providence,  Rhode  Island,  Bailey. 

Filiform,  cylindrical,  smooth,  gradually  attenuated  at  each  end ;  the  apex  rounded. 

Remarlr.. — I  have  never  recognized  a  specimen  of  this  species,  nor  liave  I  had 
access  to  the  original  description  of  Ehrcnberg. 

Genus  TETMEMORUS. 

Cellnlee  cylindricoe  vol  fusiformes,  recta;,  medio  distincte  constrictas,  utroque  polo  anguate  iucisoe 
oytioderma  sat  firnium,  plerunique  grnniilntuni  vcl  punctatum. 

Cells  cylindrical  or  fusiform,  straight,  dii<tinctly  constricted  iu  the  middle,  narrowly  incised  at 
each  end.     Cytioderm  firm,  mostly  punctate  or  granulate. 

T.  Ilrebisaonii,  (ME.von.)  Ralfs. 

T.  diamctro  4-G  plo  longior ;  a  fronto  cylindricns,  ntroqno  polo  non  attennntns  sed  rotundato- 
truncatus  ;  a  latere  fusiformis  ct  a  medio  in  apices  rotundatos  sen.sim  attenuatus;  cytiodcrmate 
striato-punctato. 

Dmm.— tJ?(j"  =  .0016". 

Syn. —  T.  lliihiKKonii,  MENoirEiNi,  Rabeniiorst,  Flora  Enrop.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  139. 


,if 


(I 


PKK8HWATKU   ALOAl   0  1'   T  11  K    U  M  T  K  I)   STATKS.  117 

I/ab.^lu  ru88iH,  Alluiilit'  Slutl■^<. 

Four  to  six  tiiiu'N  IdiiK'T  limn  liioiid;  from  tlir  front  cyliiidricnl,  not  iiltcnuatc  nt  tlic  trnni'oti'ly 
rounded  ends  ;  viewed  litlcrully  fuHifuriii,  ulttuiuutud  I'ruiu  tliu  luiddlu  to  tho  rounded  ends  ; 
cytioderm  Htriately  ])unctutu. 

Lcmarks. — Tlio  central  constriction  is  more  apparent  in  the  lateral  than  front 
view.  Wlicn  the  frond  is  full  of  endochronio  the  punctro  on  the  outer  wall  are 
not  apparent,  but  wlien  it  is  empty  tlujy  are  seen  to  be  small,  and  closely  arranged 
in  stria-like  rows.  'L'liis  species  extends  tlirougli  all  tlie  Atlantic  sea-board  States. 
Prof.  Hailey  lias  found  it  in  South  Carolina  and  Florida,  as  well  as  in  llhode  Island. 
I  have  collected  it  in  (.'entre  County,  of  this  State. 

Fig.* 3,  pi.  21,  represents  an  empty  half  frond  of  this  species;  ',\  a  tlie  outline  of 
the  frond. 

T.  graniilntiis,  (Hr6m.)  Ualfb. 

T.  habitu  Tetin.  Urt^bissonii,  sod  major  ot  cytiodurnmto  irrcf^iiluritur  graiiulato-punt'tiito.  (|{.) 
Dinm.—T J/ =  .00 13".  (.00155".  11.) 

Syn. — T.  granulalug,  (Biifciii.ssoN.)  Halfs.  IvAnF.NiioiisT,  Flora  Europ.  Algnruin,  Sect.  111. 
p.  140. 

Hah.—Vto\io  Philadelphia;  Wood,  llhodo  Island;  (S.  T.  Olney.)  Thwoitcs.  South  Caro- 
lina ;  ISuiley. 

Frond  soniowhat  longer  than  T.  Brvblssonii,  about  five  or  six  times  longer  than  broad  ;  in  both 
f.  V.  ond  s.  V.  fusiform,  the  constriction  a  very  shallow  groove,  ends  with  a  hyaline  lip-lik(> 
projection  extending  beyond  the  notch  ;  cndochroino  with  a  longitudinal  Hcries  of  larfre 
granules;  e.  f.  ])unctatu,  the  puiicta  scattered,  except  near  the  constriction;  where  they  are 
dispoHcd  in  two  transverse  rows.  Sporangium  orbicular,  Hinooth,  margin  finely  utrialcd,  placed 
between  the  deciduous  empty  fronds.     L.  ^Jj".     1$.  ^Jj".   Archer.     I'ritcliard's  Iiifitauria. 

Remark. — Fig.  8,  pi.  12,  represents  this  species  magnified  450  diameters. 

T.  giir>*nteii8,  Wuon. 

T.  maxinius,  oblongus,  diunictro  3  plo  longior ;  apicibus  hand  altcnuatia,  late  rotuiidati.s ;  suturis 
profundis,  linearibus;   cytiodermate  irrcgulariler  granulato-puuctato. 

Diam.—^l^^"  =  .mil" . 

Syn.—T.  gvjaiiteiin,  Wood.     Proc.  \cad.  Nat.  Sci.,  18G9, 

I/ab. — In  stognis,  Centre  County,  I'cnnsylvania. 

Very  large,  oblong.  3  times  longer  than  broad  ;  with  the  ends  not  attenuate  but  broadly  rounded  ; 
Buturo  profound,  linear  ;  eytiodcrm  irregularly  granulatcly  punctate. 


Remarks. — I  found  this  beautiful  desmid  in  a  stagnant  pool  in  Bear  Meadows, 
Centre  County,  in  tlie  month  of  August.  It  is  very  different  in  its  outline  from 
its  nearest  ally,  T.  graiinlatus.  The  diameter  is  preserved  uniform  until  near  the 
end,  where  there  is  an  alteration  in  the  line  of  the  margin,  so  as  to  cause 
some  contraction,  which  is,  however,  wanting  in  some  specimens.  The  ends  are 
therefore  broad  and  obtuse.     The  size  is  also  double  that  of  T.  granulaius. 

Fig.  7,  pi.  12,  represents  a  frond  of  this  species  magnified  260  diameters. 


T 


118 


I'llESlI-WATKIl    AL(iJ;    O  1'   T  II  K    UNITED    HTATKS. 


I  '; 


i>; 


T.  IctIb,  (Kuto.)  lUi.rH. 

T.  liri'liiHsitiiii  rorinis  siiiiilis  scd  piirvior.  .'11  plo  loiifricir  i|uaiii  IiiIiim  ;   cylicKli'rtnalo  pli'minqiie 
IcviHsiiiio,  iiili'i'iliiiii  iiKli.stiiicriiiHiiue  puiiululo, 

j>i(,m.—,^„"  —  .oooor. 

Sj/n. —  T.  letnn,  KiJrziNii.  Uai  fh.     Raiikniiohst,  Plorn  Riirop,  AlKiiniin,  Sect.  III.  p.  140. 

f/ah — In  acpils  qiiii'tis,  propc  I'hiliuli'lpliiu. 

Similiir  ill  form  to  T.  Urtlii.ssnnii,  Itiit  Hiiiallcr,  3-4  timog  longer  tlian  broml ;  cytiodcrra  mostly 
very  gniootli,  Houictinica  iiKlixtiiiclly  piiiietutu. 

liviriarkfi.  —  Vwf.  UulK'iiliorst  states  tliiit  tlio  cytiodcrm  of  tliis  species  is  very 
smooth,  and  Mr.  Riilt's  says  that  lie  has  failed  to  detect  any  jMiiietations,  hut  also 
8tate.s  that  "  .Mr.  .reiuier  and  Mr.  lloss  assure  me  that  they  (puiieta')  are  seattered 
ns  in  7'.  (/i-(tini/(itiis."  1  hav(>  no  doubt  of  their  existence  in  certain  individuals, 
whilst  in  otiier  cases  they  appear  to  he  ai)seiit. 

Gcinis  rLEUllOT.ENIUM,  NyKGELi  (1849). 

CflluliB  BiiiguIiB  ill  a(|iiii  iialiiMlcs,  rt'ctiD  vcl  Rubrcctn,  cyliiidrlcus  vil  fiisifi)rincK,  valdo  clunKatie, 
utroqiiu  polo  I'oliiiidalie  vcl  iniiicalii',  incdii'  IcviliT  (■oiistricliu,  ex  IniiiMVcrsi)  circiijai't'n.  Cylio- 
plasiiia  ('liloropliyllucciiiM  in  laniinis  Iiiii)ritn<liiia1iliiis  pliiriliiiH  dispusituui,  ct  .:"'<  iitro(|Uu  polo  loceliu 
rotiiiidulo  coi'pusculi.4  80  vividu  inovviitibu.s  iiiiplcio  iiistructiiiii. 

Ct'lJ.H  siiifflo,  Rwiiuiniiij;  in  water,  straiplit  or  iiciirly  so,  cylindrical  or  fusiform,  very  miirli  clonpato, 
roniidt'il  or  truncato  at  cacli  t'lid,  in  the  I'nil  view  with  a  circular  outliiiu.  Cliloropliylhius  protoplasm 
nrraiifrcd  in  loiiKitudiuul  laininiu  and  furiiisliud  lit  eucU  end  with  a  ruuud  vacuuiu  cuutuiiiing  ai'tivuly 
moviiijf  corim.sclcs. 

licmarlis. — This  <jenns  appears  to  iiulude  the  main  portion  of  the  species,  which 
have  be(>n  described  under  tiie  name  of  Ducidiiim  ;  tlie  remaiud(;r  being  represen- 
tatives of  a  number  of  genera.  I  have  not  had  access  to  the  original  description 
of  IhHiiliiim,  and  do  not  know  in  wliat  year  it  was  published ;  but,  according  to 
De  IJary,  l)ucl</iiun  is  much  the  older  name  ("Ueber  de  C'onjugat.,"  p.  lH).  M, 
De  Bary  states,  however,  that  he  prefers  the  name  of  Na>geli,  because  that  autho- 
rity first  defined  the  genus  and  his  ntime  exi)resses  very  clearly  the  character 
of  it,  iis  well  as  from  the  circumstance  that  the  name  Docidium  having  been 
made  to  cover  a  heterogeneous  mass  of  s))ecies,  its  retention  might  cause  confu- 
sion. I  confess  to  thinking  that  this  action  of  De  Bary  is  not  in  accordance  with 
the  recognized  laws  of  pi-iority,  but,  in  the  absence  of  the  origiiuil  description, 
have  thought  best  to  follow  it. 

P.  Irnbeciiln,  (Kmui.)  X.i;i!ei,i. 

P.  poepo  valdc  donpatum,  octies  vicics-lonpius  quain  latum,  cylindrnct'iim,  ntroquo  fine  liBvissimo 
attcnnatiun  aut  incrassatum,  jiixta  medium  coiistrictuin  .siupiu.s  bigibbum  (quasi  biuiidatiim), 
npieibus  late  truncatum;  cytiodurmalo  teaui  luevi,  uchroo.  (K.) 

Z)/a»i.— 7|5"  =  .0013". 

Syn. — "  Ditcidium  Ehrenbcrgii.  Ralfs."   Bailey,  Microscopical  Observations.    Smithsonian 
Contributions. 

PlenrotBeniHtn  Irabecuta,  (Eim.)    NiKOELi.   Rabeniiorst,  Flora Europ.  Algarnm,  Suit. 
III.  p.  141. 

Jiab. — South  (^irolimv,  Oeorf,'ia,  Florida  ;   Bailey.     Penn.^ylvania  ;   Wood. 


FIIK8H-\V  ATEU   ALU.R    0  1'   THK    U  N  I  T  M  I)   STATES. 


119 


(DocUHum  Khrenltenjii.    IlAi.rH.)     Froiul    HlriKicr,   linear;   Huliiro   foriuiiiK   »  vory  Klmrply 

(Icliiu'il  rim  ;  HCKiiii'iitx  H-1'2  tiiiicH  Iiimkit  tliuii  linmil,  IiiihiiI  iiiHiitiini  liiiviiiK  nniitlu'r  Hiimllrr 
out'  uliuvu  it,  HidnK  utliurwixu  HtriiiKht,  pjirullcl;  I'lids  orcniitc,  owing  tn  a  iiuiiiIkt  uf  ciiiarKiiiii- 
tiuiis  on  tlio  filgo  uf  tliu  truiicutu  i>.\tr<'Uiitii'H,  IVum  thrvu  tu  livu  uf  tliu  crciiatloim  lieiiig 
tiHiiully  vlHil)l(';  u.  f.  imiictate  cr  rough  with  iiiinuto  gruiiiilcH.  Kponui,;lHm  Hiilxirliiciihir  or 
('lliptic,  or  Nliglilly  uii);iilur,  sinootli,  phiccd  lictwroii  tho  lici'iduoiis  ciiiply  rroiiilH.  Ciliiilcd 
zoospori'.s  f'oriia'd  liy  xrginviitatiuii  of  tli(!  I'lOi  ciiiiti'iits,  itnd  their  urniKHion  t'fl'cctcd  tliroiigh 
tho  opeiu'cl  iipcx  of  ciuh  one,  two  or  threo,  I'spccially,  formed  lutoriil  tiilicH  arising  from  bu- 
nt'ttth  tho  baso  of  ono  of  tliu  HcgnicutH.     Archer. 

liciinirkx. — Tliis  species  is  quite  common  nrouiid  Pliiliulelphiii;  but  I  do  not 
reniciiilHT  evc^r  to  luivi!  NO(!n  one  witli  tlio  cell-wsill  {»riinnlate.  Tlie  sniiiUer  of  the 
two  iinilfoniitions  near  the  centre  is  often  wimting  or  exceedingly  small,  and  the 
crenulatious  in  the  ends  arc  very  often  obsolete. 

Fig.  y,  pi.  12,  represents  a  cell  of  this  species  magnified  IGO  diameters. 

P.nnculiiiii,  (lti(£ii.)  Dk  Bakv. 

r.  [iriori  Hiniilu,  sod  grnL'iiiim,  anguatius  ct  plonimquo  longius,  modio  tantuiu  gcmol  coiiBtrictutu  ; 

fytio<h!rmat(!  huvi.   (U.)     Si'ivitts  mihi  iijnota, 
Kiam.— 0.00051"— O.OOOlt".   (It.) 

Syn. — r.liacttlum,(\iKtu.)  DeBaiiv.  Uaueniioubt,  Flora  Europ.  Algaruin,  Sect.  111.  p.  141 

JIah. — Guorgia  ;   Bailey. 

Frond  slender,  snturo  not  prominent;  segments  very  many  times  longer  than  lirond,  hasal  in- 
flation vory  eonspieiious,  Holitary,  HidoH  otherwise  Htraiglit,  vory  nearly  |)arallel,  large  graii- 
nles  of  tho  oiiUochronio  in  u  singlo  Hcries  ;  ends  cutiro ;  o.  f.  without  puneta.     L.  jj  j".     B. 

tbSt"- 
P.  breve,  Wood. 

p.  rolinstuin,  dianietro  4-8  plo  longius,  in  medio  distinetc  eonstrietura  sod  har.u  undulati'in, 
utrcMiuo  polo  nonniliil  alloniiatnni ;  apieihus  tnincntis  ot  nonnihil  rolunda'iH,  eytiodurumto 
crassissinio,  dense  gnuiulalo-punetatoj  marginibus  vol  reotis,  vol  brovu  undulatia. 

/;jVnn.— .0038"— .00095". 

Syn. — /'.  breve,  Wood.     Troc.  Acad.  Not.  Sciences,  18C9. 

Bab District  of  Columbia.   (Billings.) 

Robust,  4-8  times  longer  than  broad,  distinctly  constricted  but  not  undulated  in  tho  miildle, 
slightly  attcmiatod  towards  the  ends;  apex  truncate  and  somewhat  rounded  ;  cylioderin  vory 
thick,  densely  minutely  granulate ;  margins  cither  straight  or  shortly  undulate. 

linnnrha. — This  species  was  sent  to  me  by  Dr.  Billings,  who  obtained  it  near 
Washington,  D.  C.  The  margins  are  sometimes  straightish,  but  in  other  fronds  there 
are  three  or  more  distinct  short  undulations,  or  rounded  projections  in  each  Indf 
margin.  The  cell-wall  is  excessively  thick,  especially  at  the  end — in  many  cases 
much  thicker  than  the  drawing. 

Fig.  2,  pi.  21,  represents  an  empty  frond  of  this  plant  magnified  750  diameters. 

P.  crenulatiim,  (RnnB.)  RAnENiioRsr. 

P.  robustuin,  cylindraeeo-subclavatum,  octics-duodccios  longius  qnnm  latum,  medio  nndulato- 
nodulosum,  stricturte  mediw  margine  tumido,  npicibus  late  truucatis,  ultoro  sujpe  crouulato ; 
cytiodortnato  granulato-punctnto.  (H.)     Species  mihi  ignota. 

Diam.—O.OOr.i".    (R.) 

Syn. — r.  crenulalum,  (Eiiiin.)  Rahenhokst,  Flora  Kurnp.  Algarum,  Sect   111.  p.  142. 


i 


120  FIIKHII-W  ATKIl   AI.O.K   OF   TIIK    U  N  1  T  K  U   ST  A  TEH. 

.')itri(liiim  nndiilngum,  lliifcii,   Uai.ks.     IJrilinli  »)i'«mi(liii',  |i.  ir>ft. 
(.'Iiinlrriinn  trahriiilti,  IIaii.kv.     Ami'riuiiii  Jouidul  of  Srii'iirt',  1S41. 

JJab In  U(|uirt  (|iiii'lii*,  Houtli  ('itruliiiu;  (Ji'orgiu  ;  l-'lurulu;   lUiotiu  IhIuiiiI  ;  Uuiliiy.     IViiiiNyl- 

viiiiia;  Nt  w  Jt'THcy  J  WoocL 

(Dociiliitm  >ioiluli>Kiim.)  Kroiitl  very  Htoul,  tlio  tlili'kunvd  HutiircH  rDrinirifr  n  projoolinif  rim; 
iti')(im>iitH  four  to  hIx  tiiiivH  uh  lun^^uH  brmul,  Ncap'i'ly  ultriiiiiitiMl,  r<')(iiliu'ly  iiillatt'il  itt  iiitcrvaU 
HO  aH  to  I'oriii  an  uiiiliilati'd  inarKiii,  tint  l)Hsal  iiitlation  tliu  iiioxt  proinitii'iil,  tlio  ullivrH,  an  they 
u|)|)roa('li  llic  ciiil.s,  Ii'hh  hu,  where  tlicy  arts  iiidistiiK't  or  wuiiling;  cixln  eiitiru;  v.  f.  voarxi'ly 
puiictalu.     li.    (\f".    1).  ill"-  Archer,     rrilfliaril's //i/««or('a. 

RrmarlcH. — I  have  found  tliis  species  in  "  Sliephenl's  Alill  Pond,"  near  f  Jreenwicli, 
Cinnberland  (,'ounty,  New  Jersey,  and  idso  in  ii  Sprin;^  in  the  I'iiihidelpliiii  I'ark, 
n<'ar  Coliiniltia  l)ridj;(\ 

Fly.  1,  pi.  21,  represents  the  outline!  of"  a  frond  of  this  species  nnignified  IGO 
diunieters. 

P.  clnvnliim,  (Ktz.)  De  IUhy. 

I'.  Hiibeylindraueuin,  iiinltotios  (10-24)  lotiRhis  quam  hituin,  ad  utruinquo  poliim  soiisim  iiicrns- 
Hatiini,  Hiiliehivatum,  apieibiis  hito  tniiicalis;  fytiuderiuatu  Qrmu  aehrou,  dunsu  ct  irregiilaritur 
gramihito-piiiu'tuto.   (II.)     Sjn'cies  mihi  iijuoUi. 

;;/</m.— Max.  0.00 Kir)"— 0.00147";  mill.  «- 0,0010"— 0.00002".  (11.) 

Hyn. — P.  rlavalum,  (Ktz.)  De  lUav.     llAnENiioiisT,  Flora  Kurop.  Alfforueii,  Sect.  III.  p.  1 II. 
J)ori(liiimilnr(iliim,  Ki'TZiNO.  IIai.fh, British  DcHiiiiditD.  A>iciier.  I'ritchard's /H/'i(«o»va. 
Hub. — Suutli  Carolina  ;   Georgia  ;   Hailoy. 

Frond  Mlendor,  suture  nearccly  prominent,  scffmcnts  eight  to  ten  times  as  longf  os  l)road,  slightly 
clavate  near  the  endu,  and  ultimately  Honiewhal  attenuated,  basal  inflation  somelinie.s  sol'iiry, 
sometimes  having  another  slight  one  above  it;  cuds  entire;  e.  f.  punctate.     L.  jJj".    H.  jjj". 

P.  iindiilatiim,  (Bailky  ) 

I),  loivc,  graeilo  cylindrieum,  undulatum,  latitudine  lH-20  plo  longius,  medio  modico  coustrictum  ; 

cruribus  et  basi  ct  apic(t  truncatis  et  crcnatiH.  (II.)     (V/"''-'"'*  »"'"  i'J'iola. 
Sijii. — Docidium  undulatum,  Bailey.     Micros.  Observ.  p.  36. 
Hub. — Florida,  Bailey. 
"Scgnient.s  eight  to  ten  times  longer  than  broad,  constricted  six  to  eight  times  ol  regular  intervals 

throughout  their  entire  length,  with  the  base  ttn<l  ends  crenate,  smaller  ilmn  I).  tioiluloKiini, 

Bii^ii.,  with  more  fre(iuent  and  deeper  constrictions.     Tho  same  characters  distinguish  it  from 

D.  nodosum  and  D.  coni^lriclum." 

P.  nodosum,  (Bailey.) 

D.  validissininni,  undulatum,  spinulis  sparsis  liirsutum,  medio  valdo  constrictum,  diamctro  8-10 
plo  longius;  cruribus  c  basi  dilatata  levitcr  attcnuatis  4-uiulatis,  apieibus  ([uasi  produetis, 
latissimo  truncatis;  locello  apieali  rationo  parvo,  rotundo,  corpusculis  panels  (ut  videtnr) 
rcpleto.   (R.)     (Sprcies  mihi  irjnula.) 

Syn. — Docidium  nodosum,  Bailey.     Micr.  Obscrv.,  pi.  1,  fig.  4.      Kalfs,  British  Desmids, 
p   218. 

Hab. — United  States  ;  Bailey. 

"Frond  stout;  segments  with  four  prominent  noucr^  .separated  by  constrictions;  end  view 
crcnate.  An  end  view  shows  that  each  node  is  not  u  simple  swelling,  but  really  formed  by 
whorls  of  tubercles.  'This  species  is  easily  recognized  by  tho  deep  indentations  in  its  out- 
line, corresponding  to  the  constrictions  which  separate  the  transverse  rows  of  knob-like  pro- 
jections.    It  is  one  of  tho  largest  species  iu  the  genus,'  Bailey."  Kalfs. 


F  K  K  8  II .  VV  A  T  K  K    ALU  -K    O  F    T  III-;    UNI  T  10  I)    H  T  A  T  K  8 . 


121 


P.  conMtrirliim,  (IIak.kt) 

1).  Kuhviilidiim,  liBvu,  lutitiiilino  10-13  plo  lotiRiufi,  nifilio  volilo  (•niiHtrictiim,  Htrii'luriB  iimrgiiie 
uoii  |iroiiiiiiuiito  I  cruribuH  a  baxi  tuniiilu  iu  opitom  lulu  Iniiiuulum  uou  alteiiuutiH,  4  u-idu- 
lutiH.   (H.)  (.S/>fcu'«  nii/ii  i(/»o<a.) 

tij/n.—lJo<;idium  cunittrii    .m,  Uailey.     IUlvii,  Uritish  DcsinidH,  p.  218. 

Jlab, — UIkkIo  Island,  Bailey. 

"  Frond  stout,  RCRnuMitH  with  moderately  deep  constrictiong,  which  separate  four  ecpial,  go'-tly 
curTlnR  proniiiKMiccM ;  end  view  cnliro.  '  'I'IiIh  tipccics  Is  at  onco  dlHtiiinuiHlu'd  from  />.  »<«/(«» hi 
by  the  croMs  But'tioii  of  tliu  uoUcs  buiug  a  miuplo  circle  inulvud  of  au  iuUculud  ouc  '  l^uiloy  " 
llalfa.  -  /• 

P.  TerriicoMiiin,  (IUiley) 

D.  vuliduni,  jfranuloHo-verrucosum,  latitudino  10-12  plo  longiua,  uudulatuai,  apicibua  intogrii 
truncatis.  (K.)     (^I^pecies  inifii  iyiwta.) 

8yn — CoHmarium  verrurosum,  lUiLEr,  Amer.  Journ.  Soi.  and  Arts,  184(1. 

Docidium  w.rrurosum,  lUus,  Brit.  Duam.  ^.  218.     Bailky,  Miur.  Observ.  p.  28. 
i/o6.— Rhode  lala:,;;  Bailey 

"  Scprments,  with  numerous  whorls  of  small  prominences,  which  rIvo  tho  nmrBiiis  an  undulated 
appcuranct',  all  tlie  undulations  are  C(|uai.  '  Thi.s  in  a  very  pretty  Hpeeies  with  a  waved  oul- 
lir.e,  couHt'd  by  the  slight  projections,  which  are  arranged  iu  numerous  transverse  rincs  ' 
Builey."  lUlfs. 

P.  liirMutiim,  (Bailet) 

D.  spinuloso-hirsutum,  medio  valde  constrictura,  dinmetro  10-12  plo  longius;  cruribus  et  basi 
et  apico  subdilatatis,  truncatis.  (II.)  (Species  mihi  ignola.) 

Syn. — Docidium  hirsutum,  Bailey,  Micr.  Observ.  p.  36. 
Hub. — Florida;  Bailey. 

"Segments  many  times  longer  than  broad,  slightly  inflated  at  tho  base,  surface  hirsute.  A 
small  species  resembling  D.  Ehrenbergii  in  its  form,  but  strongly  hirsute  on  its  outer  sur- 
face."  Bailey. 

Genus  TIIIPLOCERAS,  Bailey, 

Cellulffi  singuloB,  rectie,  valdo  elongato),  processus  magnorura  seriebus  trausversis  armata;,  utroiiue 
polo  trilobatiu,  lobis  acute  bidentatis. 

Hyn. —  Triploceras,  Bailey,  Microscopical  Observations,  p.  37,  Smithsonian  Contributions,  1850. 

Cells  single,  straight,  very  much  elongate,  armed  with  transverse  series  of  largo  processes,  trilo- 
bate at  each  end,  lobes  acutely  bidentate. 

T.  Terticillatnm,  Bailey. 

T.  cellulis  subcylindricis,  sed  utroque  fine  Icviter  angustatis  et  nonnihil  fusiformibus,  modice 
robustia,  diametro  12-20  plo  longioribus;  processibus  latcralibus  robustis,  maguis,  apice 
emarginatis. 

Diam.—Qnm  process,  yib"  =  .00146" ;  sine  process.  ttVW  =00113". 

Byn. —  T.  vcrticillatum,  Bailey.    Microscopic  Observations.    Smithsonian  Contributions,  1850. 
Docidium  verlicillatum,  Ralfb,  British  Desmids,  p.  218. 
Pleuroteenium  verlicillatum,  Rabeniiorst,  Flora  Enrop.  Algar.,  Sect.  III.  p.  148. 

Bob. — Rhode  Island,  New  Jersey,  Georgia,  Florida ;  Bailey.     Saco  Lake,  (Dr.  Lewis)  Wood. 

Subcylindricftl,  but  slightly  narrowed  at  each  end,  and  therefore  somewhat  fusiform,  moderately 
robust,  12-20  times  longer  than  broad;  lateral  processes  large,  robust,  with  their  apices 
emarginate. 
16      June,  1873. 


1> 


I'  i;  i;  s  11  -  w  A  'r  k  ii  a  i-  u  .!■;  o  !•■  i'  ii  i:  u  .\  i  t  k  d  «  t  a  t  k s. 


T.  K^racillv,  Hailet. 

'I',  c'clluli.s  Mul)c)liii(lriris,  iitriKiiio  film  vix  iiiijjii.sliUiii,  grucilliiniM,  diumolro  25-30  plo  lougi- 
oribiis  ;  prucvsHilniH  lutvrulibuH  bruvilxis,  cDiiicis. 

/>.V/»i._Ciiiii  proi'i'ss.  7j"oo" —•»'"»   !  Biiio  i>r(ic.  ijgno"  =  •^•1*00". 

Si/ii — '/'.  (jrniillr,  Kaii.ky,  Smitlisoiiinn  Conlriliiitions. 

I>i)ii(lium  /irifliila;  lloiisoN,  Miifrii/.inc  Niitiinil  llislciry,  v.  |i    KIS. 
ritiiroln Ilium  (jriwilf,  Kaiikniuikst,  Flora  Kiini]).  Alj^ar.,  iSt'cl.  III.  p.  144. 

J/iih. —  III  iisdciii  ciiiii  aiitt'ci'ilciiti'  l(ici«. 

i^iil)rjliii<lriciil  .•iciirculy  narrowed  ut  lliu  emis,  25-30  times  longer  timn  broud ;  lateral  proeusues, 
short,  conical. 

.  Genus  SPIUOT.ENIA,  BRf:B. 

(^clliilic  rcclii',  cyliiiilricH!  vcl  .siiliriisifiiriiicM,  su^pc  in  imico  jfi'lalinoso  npprcpivtro,  niciiio  liaiiil  con- 
slriclii',  nlnxpic  polo  rolnndatic  vcl  aciuiiiimtiu.  Cytioplasina  cliloropliyllacciini  in  laiiiinis  Hpiralilms 
(lispositiiin. 

Cells  slnii};lit,  cylimlrical  or  i^iihfu.siforiii,  often  ngprepatcd  in  a  gclalinons  mucus,  not  constricted 
in  the  niiiUllc,  nniiiilcd  or  aciiniinate  at  each  end.  Chluruphyllous  eytioplasni  arranged  in  HpirnI 
laiiiiiia. 

Sp.  bryopliila,  vl'i'i'")  itAniMioiisT. 

[>p.  iiiiinina,  bryophila;  eclliilis  in  t;claliiia  niatricali  consociatis,  oMontro-cyliiidriciH,  rcctis  vel 
Kiiliciirvalis,  lii.s  vel  tcr  loiifrioriliiis  t[iiaiii  lalis,  ulroiiue  [)olo  rotiin<laU»  ;  lamina  ehlorophyl- 
lacea  .siii!;iila  nnrractii  I  -2^. 

y>„,,„._,,,i„„"  =  .0()0;!;{"  (0.0(1024"— .OOO'J!)".    P..) 

Si/ii. — Siiiroliiiiiii  liri/d/iliild.  (ISiiKii.)   Kaiikmioii.st,  Flora  K.irop.  Altiaru"',  Sect.  III.  p.  Hfi. 

//((/). — I'ropc  l*liila(lcl|>lna  ;   Wood. 

"  (S.  innseicola(I)c  IJury))  Frond  cylindrical  two  to  four  times  ns  loiif;  ns  broad,  ciuh  riMiiidcii; 
cndochronie  a  Hiiigle,  broad,  smoothly  ddincd,  widely  wouint  spiral  band,  its  revolutions  very 
few  (mic  or  two)."  (A.) 

RciiKtrlxn. — I  found  this  l)oautit"ui  little  desniid  on  the  North  r<'niisylvaniii  Uiiil- 
road,  near  C'helten  Hills,  f^'vowiiig  amongst  soine  mosses  whieli  were  kept  con- 
stimtly  wet  by  overhanging  dri|)[iiiig  roeks.  It  formed  little  transparent  masses  of 
idmost  colorless  j(dly  looking  mncli  like  drops  of  dew.  It  agrees  well  witli  tlie 
descriptions  of  tlic  I'anopean  form,  except  that  then;  were  generally  from  'i-'J^ 
turn,-!  of  tlu!  spiral,  and  th(>  cells  exceed  somewhat  the  measurements  of  Trof, 
Rid)eidiorst.     'i"he  cells  are  (dosely  pliiced  in  the  jelly. 

l''ig.  10,  pi.  1'2,  represents  some  plants  of  this  species. 

>>>p.  condrnNnt.i,  (Unftn  )     HAnKNiionsT. 

Sp.  ccllnli.s  cylindniccl.'^,  rccti.s  (vcl  leviter  <'iirvalis)  octica  vcl  decics  lontfioribu.s  (inaiii  latis, 
ntriMpic  polo  rotiindalia;  laniinlu  chlorophyll,  singulis,  anfraetibus  subarctis  (plcrnnuine  8-12). 

/>(((m.— O.OOO^^". 

tiijii. — ,S';).  coiiiUnxaIn,  (I!n(;ii  )     l?.\nr'.N!ioiisT,  Flora  Fiirop.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  1  i(>. 

Jldli. — Florida;   Khoile  Island  ;   IJailey.     Peiin.sylvaiiia;  Wood, 

Frond  cylindrical,  two  to  Pmr  times  as  lonjr  «■''  broad,  ends  rcnnded  ;  endoc'' ''nie  a  sinirle, 
broad,  closely  wound  spiral  band,  its  revolutions  iMiiicroiis.  Ii.  jjg'-  Hr.  lo'is  ■  Archer. 
J'ritcliard's  //i/H.sono. 


FUKSII-W  ATKIl    ALUJK    OK    TllK    UNITKD    STATKS. 


12;} 


Iicmarl:n.—'l]w  only  specimens  (hat  1  liavc  seen  of  this  spocios  were  found  in  a 
spiin^'  in  liic  I'iiiliuicipliiii  Cit.y  I'lirk,  near  ('olnnil)ia  l)ri(l{,'('. 
J''o-  ll»  pl-  1^»  was  drawn  from  owe  of  tlicso  spccinu-ns. 

Genus  SriLKUOZOSMA,  Couiu. 

CclliiliD  ■.•omprossm,  medio  tiniisvcr.siiii  iirofinido  iricisn-,  ita(|iic  l)il(il)atii',  in  (Hioinio  lobo  iimssn 
cliliiro|iiiyllosa  iiimclririulialii  iiiu'lcum  aiiiyliK'ciim  iTivolvcntc  pru'ilitm,  in  liliiiii  pluuum  tusniiformi'iii 
litiTulitcr  islliniis  coiijuiiila;.     /)K()s|H)hb  globosiy  vol  ovalcs,  glubru).   (U.) 

tii/n. — /.■<llimt).iira,  Kiz. 

Ottoiiltdlit;  N/zcr.,  Kiniii. 
iKlliiiiin;  Kjirr.,  Mknko. 
Spondi/lu.iiiim,  Hufcu. 

Cells  roni])resse{l,  Iraiinversely  vory  deqWy  ineised  in  Hip  rentro  nnd  (liflrcroro  liiloliale,  riirnislietl 
in  eacli  l()l)f  with  a  (ina(irinidial(^  ina.sn  of  cliloroiiliyl  HnrroutidinK  ii  slarcli  Riiiin,  cdnjciined  lalcrally 
liy  i<*linuises  in  a  tmiiiform  fUseiii. 

Remnrl-n. — I  have  never  found  any  fipecics  of  this  genus  in  America.  Professor 
Bailey  has,  however,  detected  ilu;  following: — 

INpli.  cxravatiiin,  Kai.fs. 

S|ili.  ]ileruni(|ii(!  niidnin  (sine  tiiho  iniieoso)  spli.  vortel)ratnni  nnilto  niinuR ;  eelliilirt  diainoirn 
dniil()-liiii(tiiiril)un,  medio  exej; ,alo-eonslrielis,  a  latere  elli|(li<'is  iilro(|iie  polo  roluiidalis;  loliis 
bi'evilias  trnneato-roluii^lalis,  la^viliiis  vel  pfi'anulato-dentii'iilalis ;  iritliniis  biiiis  pai'vis  verru- 
(•iformil)UH;  zyt'-;.i|)ori»  piornniiint!  ovatis.   (K  ) 

/.«///.  II',..  0.00047"— 0  0()0;f-2".  (K.) 

HijK. — Ny/i.  v.rcaviitinn,  Hai.ks,  Itritisli  Desniid.s,  p.  07. 

lltih.  —  Klorida;   (Jt'or^ia  ;   South  Carolina;   Rhode  Island  ;   Railcy. 

"Joints  longer  tlian  liroad,  having  a  deej)  niiins  on  both  .sides  and  two  se.sailo  Rliinds  nt  each 
iiuii'din  III  their  jiinetion,  very  iiiinnle,  seldom  more  llinn  twenty-live  joints  in  the  liliimeiit, 
which  is  fiT.jrile,  and  finally  S(^pan^tl^s  into  Hinj^lo  joints;  at  their  jiinetion.  in  tlie  front  v'tw 
nrt!  two  minute  (tlaiids  or  proces.ses,  situated  one  near  each  angle,  anil  nearly  invisible  helore 
tin;  CHeape  of  the  endoehroinc.  The  joints  arc  nearly  twice  as  long  as  liroad  and  mneli  eoii- 
fltrieled  in  the  middle;  tlu^  constrielion  is  like  an  e.xeavation  or  hrnad  sliiiis  on  each  side,  so 
that  the  margins  of  the  filaments  appiMir  sinnated.  The  endoclirome  is  pale  lilnLsh  jriccii 
with  minute  scattered  granules.  The  transverse  view  is  oblong  with  four  5essiU!  glands,  two 
on  eacli  side  nnd  situated  near  the  cud.?." — Uall's'  Brit.  Ucsm.,  p   07. 

Spli.  piilcliriiin,  lUii.KY. 

Sj  'i.  eellulis  oblongo-ipiadrangulnribus,  diametro  duplo-brcvioribiiR,  nriito  inr'isis,  a^cle  eon- 
iiexis;  lobis  oblongis  reclis,  aiiico  rotundatis;  istlunis  uullis,  vagiui.  mueoHa  ampla  dis- 
Dcla.   (U.) 

,S'y?i. — S.  jmlvhrum,  Railet.     Rai.fs,  British  Pcsmid.,  p.  209  (Cum  icone). 

Jlab. — West  Point,  New  York;  rrincctoii,  New  Jersey;  1?aii,ky. 

"Joints  twice  as  broad  as  U)ng,  deoi)Iy  incised  on  each  side;  junction  nnirgins  stniight,  con- 
nected by  short  bands." 

J^rvi'irl: — "  Trof.  Utiiley  informs  mo  that  this  species  is  twice;  as  large  as  Sph, 
vertcbnitiuny  Ualfs. 


124 


PIIESII-WATKR   ALG.E   OF   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


Sph.  serratum,  Bailey. 

S|)h.  ccllulis  diometro  dupio  brovioribiis,  profundc  ct  ncutc  cxcisis,  areto  conjunctis;  lobis 
utriuquo  vuspidatis,  |)uulum  couiiivciitibu.s  ;  iathmis  nullis  ;  vngiua  crassa.  (II.) 

Syn. — S]>h.  aerratuvi,  Bailey,  Micros.  Observation.    Smithsouiau  ContributioDS,  1850.     Cum 
iconc. 

Hab. — South  Carolina  ;  Georgia  ;  Florida ;  Bailey. 

"Joints  broader  than  long,  deeply  notched  or  divided  into  two  transverse  portions  with  acute 
projecting  ends,  which  give  a  serrated  outline  to  the  chain."  Bailey. 

Genus  HYALOTHECA. 

CellulsB  brevse,  cylindrieiB,  medio  non  profunde  con.strictce,  a  latere  disciformcs,  in  fda  confervacca 
sine  isthmis  arete  conjunctce  et  vagina  mucosa  anipla  achroa  intlusir.  Massa  cblorophyllosa  in 
qnaque  scinicellula  4-8,  5-10  radiata. 

Cells  short,  cylindrical,  not  profoundly  constricted  in  the  middle,  disciform  in  the  end  view, 
closely  united  without  intcvening  i.sthmuscs  into  a  ronfcrvoid  lilamcnt,  which  is  inclosed  iu  au 
ample  mucous  sheath.     Chlorophyl  masses  in  each  cell  4-8,  5-10  radiates. 

H.  disilliens,  (S.mitii)  Bu£b. 

H.  fasciis  prielongic ;  cellnlis  oblongo-quadrnngularibus,  dinmctro  suMnplo  brcvioribus,  inter- 
dura  ante  divisionem  suboiciualibus,  augulis  uouuihil  rotuudatis,  plcrumque  medio  obsolete 
constrictis,  sa;pe  baud  constrictis. 

Diam  —0.00089"— 0.00098".  (11.) 

Syn. — II.  disillienn,  (8yinn)  Bii£b.     Rabeniiorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  152. 

Uab. — South   Carolina ;    Florida ;    Rhode   Island ;    Bailey.     Rhode   Island   (S.  T.   Olney), 
Thwaites.     Pennsylvania ;  Wood. 

Filament  very  long,  cells  oblong,  quadrangular,  about  one-half  as  long  as  broad,  sometimes  before 
division  as  long  as  broad,  angles  somewhat  rounded,  mostly  obsolctuly  constricted  in  the 
middle,  often  not  constricted. 

Remarks. — Thu  specimens  which  I  have  identified  as  IT.  <UsUne7>/i,  agree  with 
the  variouc;  figures  and  descriptions  of  the  European  form,  in  every  thing  except 
that  in  many  cases  there  is  no  constriction  whatever  in  the  centre  of  the  cell,  and 
when  the  constriction  docs  exist,  it  is  never  so  pronounced,  as  some  of  the  descrii)- 
tions  indicated.  The  plant  is  very  common  about  Philadelphia,  growing  in  springs 
and  ditches. 

Fig.  12,  pi.  12,  represents  this  part  of  a  filament  of  this  species. 

H.  mucosa,  (Mert.)  Eurb. 

H.  fasciis  confervaceis,  minus  fragilibus;  ccllulis  qundrangularibus,  diamctro  oiqnalibus  vcl 
subKqualibus,  medio  non  constrictis,  ad  utruuique  Cucui  (auuuliformi-bicarinatisj  biduntatis. 
(R.)     Species  mihi  iijnula. 

i)iam—0.0OOT3"— 0.0008".  (R.) 

Syn. — Gtoeoprium  mucosum,  FIabbal,  Fresh  Water  Algte,  p.  340). 

II.  mucosa,  (Mert.)  Eurb.     Rabeniiorst,  Floro  Europ  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  132. 

.Ha6.— Rhode  I.iland ;  (S.  T.  Olney)  Thwaites. 

Filament  scarcely  fragile,  mucous  sheath  very  broad ;  joints  about  as  broad  as  long,  not  con- 
stricted, but  having  at  one  of  the  ends  a  minute  bidentato  projection  on  each  margin,  the 


FRESH-WATEU  ALO^  OF  THE  UMTED   STATES. 


125 


adjoining  ends  of  tj-.e  next  joint  being  similar,  these  projections  being  produced  by  an  annular 
'    ■         '        '    "     GOO".     U.  thW-ti'it"    (Arelier) 


grooved  rim.     L.  j^^j. 


Genus  BAMBUSINA. 


CeliuloB  oblongo-orculiformes,  in  filamenta  artlcnlata  nodosa  dense  conjunct®,  medio  vitta  trnns- 
vcrsa  carinia  duabus  annuliforraibus  limitata  instructuj,  itaque  supernc  et  inferno  bideutataj,  froule 
circularcs,  supra  et  infra  dento  unico  prominente.  (U.) 

Cells  oblong-orculiform,  densely  united  into  an  articulate  nodoso  filament,  surrounded  by  two 
median  bands. 

B.  Brebissonii,  Ktz. 

B.  filamentis  nodoso-articulatis  ;  cellulis  diametro  dnplo  longioribus.  (R.) 

iJiajn.—O.OOOn"— 0.00092".  (R.) 

Syn.—B.  Brebissonii,  KUtzino.     Rabenhorst,  Flora  Europ.,  Algnrum,  Sect.  III.  p.  152. 

/^a6._South  Carolina.  (Ravenelj  Wood.  South  Carolina;  Georgia;  Florida  ;  Rhode  Island. 
Bailey. 

(Didymopriura  Borreri,  (Ralfs))  Joints  inflated,  barrel-shaped,  longer  than  broad,  without  a 
thickened  border  at  their  junction;  angles  bicrenate,  crcnatures  rounded;  transierso  view 
circular ;  sporangium  elliptic,  formed  within  the  (for  some  time)  persistent  extensions  from 
the  conjugating  joints,  which  do  not  previously  break  up  into  single  joints,  but  couple,  still 
united  in  the  filament,  in  a  confused  or  zigzag  manner,  some  of  the  joints  remaining  unchanged. 

Remarks. — The  specimens  which  I  have  seen  agree  well  with  the  descriptions, 
except  in  regard  to  size ;  some  of  the  cells  which  I  measured  were  more  than 
T^Vir  *^f  ^^  "ich  in  diameter. 

Genus  DIDYMOPRIUM. 

Cellulffi  oblongo-ellipticoB,  modice  compressa;,  ancipites,  angulis  porrectis  inciso-bidentatis,  in  fila- 
menta articulata  biconvexa  et  torta  sine  isthnio  arete  conjunctoe,  et  in  vagina  mucnsa  inclu.sic. 
Cytioplasma  chlorophyllosa  cjllulee  a  fronte  cruciatim  disposita,  cujus  crura  e  laminis  duubus  pnrie- 
talibus  divergentibus  granum  amylaceum  unicum  involventibus  formantur. 

Cells  oblong-elliptical,  moderately  compressed,  two-edged,  with  the  produced  angles  inci.«ely-bid(>n- 
tate,  closely  united  into  a  biconvex  and  twisted  filament,  which  is  inc'oscd  in  a  mucoid  shoatli,  cytio- 
plasm  so  placed  as  to  be  cruciate  when  viewed  from  the  front  (end),  each  crus  composed  of  two 
parietal  divergent  lamina,  eacn  of  which  contains  a  single  starch  granule. 

D.  Orevillii,  Ktz. 

D.  cellulis  oblongis  diametro  duplo  brevioribus,  saturnte  viridibus.  (R.) 
i>iam.0.0024"— 0.0031."  (R.) 

Syn.—D.  GreviUii,  KtJTZiNa.     Rabenhorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarura,  Sect.  III.  p.  153. 
Hah. — Georgia,  South  Carolina;  Bailey.     Pennsylvania;  Wood. 

Sheath  distinct ;  joints  broader  than  long,  with  a  thickened  border  at  their  junction  ;  angles 

bidcntate;  teeth  angular;  transverse  view  broadly  elliptic.     Sporangium  orbicular,  formed 

^  within  one  of  the  two  conjugating  joints,  the  endochrome  possing  over  from  one  by  a  narrow 

\  connecting  tube  produced  between  the  otherwise,  but  little  oltered,  broken-up  single  joints.  (A.) 

Rcmarh.—Y\g.  13,  pi.  12,  represents  the  end  view  of  a  broken  filament  of  this 
species. 


126 


FIIKSII-WATKR   AlAiM  OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


Ill 


Uh 


Genus  DESMIDIUM. 

Collulaj  obloii(?o-t«1)ulnrps,  medio  iiiciso-bilobio,  lobis  inti'gris  vcl  irrepubiriter  dcntntia,  a  froiite 
tri-  vel  iiuudrangiilart's,  ongulis  ubtUHC  rotuiidutis,  in  flla  angulosa,  priulouffii,  tortu,  frntrilcs  arcle 
fomii'xu;.  Matisa  chloropliyllosa  (tt  cflluloe  froute  visii)  3-4  rudiuta  ;  qui!>(|uu  radius  c  laiuiuis 
dual)us  latcraiibus  divergeiitibus  cuiiijiositus.     Zygospore  globosio  vul  obloiiga;,  glubruj. 

Culls  oblong-tabular,  nicdlanly  iiiciscly  bilobatc,  witli  tbe  lobes  entire  or  irregularly  dentate,  aa 
seen  Troin  tlie  front  tri-  or  quadrangular,  and  Laving  the  angles  obtusely  rounded,  closely  conjoined 
into  an  angular,  fragile,  twisted  filament.  Cldoropbyl  (as  seen  from  tlie  front)  ;{-4  radiate;  each 
radius  eoiuposed  of  two  lateral  divergent  lamina;  zygospores  globoso  or  obloug,  smooth. 

D.  Swartzii,  Aa. 

D.  cellulis  a  fronte  triangularibus,  diamctro  2-3  plo  brevioribus.  (R.) 

Diom.—O.OOOOf)"— 0.00189".  (U.) 

St/)i- — 1>-  Strarlzii,  Aoaudii.     R.\iieniioiist,  Flora  Europ.  Algarnm,  Sect.  III.  p,  154. 

//(//>.  — Ill  iiquis  quietis,  Atlantic  States.     Florida;  Georgia;  South  Carolina;   Rbodo  Island; 
Bailey.       New  York;  Edwards.     I'eiinsylvania;  Wood. 

F'ilament  triangular,  C(pml,  vitli  a  single  longitudinal  waved,  dark  line,  formed  by  the  third 
angle;  joints  in  front  view  somewhat  quadrangular,  broader  than  long,  with  two  sliglilly 
angular  erenatures  on  each  lateral  margin,  united  at  the  whole  of  their  end  margins  by  a 
tL'"keued  border,  end  view  triangular;  eudothrome  three-rayed.  Archer.  I'ritchard's  i»/«- 
soria. 
D.  quadrantfiilatum,  Ktz. 

U.  (juadrangulare,  cellulis  oblongoqnadrangularibus,  diametro  2-3  plo  brevioribus,  lobis  dcnti- 
foniiibus  obtnsis,  a  fronte  sinualo-qunJrangularibuB,  angulis  lute  rotuudatis,  latcraiibus  cxca- 
vatis.  (K.)     Species  mihi  iijnola. 

Z)iam.— 0.0021"— 0.0029". 

Si/n. — D.  qiiadrangulatum,  Ki'JTZisa.     R.VBENriousT,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  Ill,  p.  1,55. 

Filament  quadrangular,  varying  in  breadth  from  its  twisting,  having  two  longitudinal  waved 
lines  ;  joints  in  f.  v.  broader  than  long,  with  two  somewhat  roniide'd  erenatures  on  each  lateral 
margin,  united  by  th'!  whole  of  their  end  margins;  e.  v.  quadrangular;  endochrome  four 
rayed.     L.  ^,\^".     B.  tfjj"— ih"-   (Archer) 

D.  aptogoniiini,  6r£b. 

I),  faseiis  plernnupic  subl)revi'ius,  nudis,  perforatis;  cellulis  quadrangularibns,  inciso-bilobis, 
latcraiibus  eoneavis,  lobis  erenatis,  a  fronte  triangularibus  (nonnun(|uam  biangularibus),  eentro 
concavo,  angulis  rotuudatis  protcusis  isthmum  brevissimum  triplieem  ellicicutibus.  (11.) 
Sjiecies  mihi  iijnula. 

Diam.—O.OOOS'J"— 0.00147".  (R.) 

Syn. — Ajiloijnniiim  ilcKiiiidium,  Ralfs,  British  Ppsmids. 

1).  aptogoniiini,  IJufcnissoN.     Rahknhorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  155. 

IIiiJ). — Georgia;  South  Carolina;  Bailey. 

Joints  in  f.  v.  quadrangular,  broader  than  long,  with  two  rounded  erenatures  on  each  lateral 
margin,  united  at  the  out'-r  portion  only  of  each  end  margin  by  mutual  projections,  thus  pio- 
dueing  intervening  central  oval  foramina.  Archer. 


Gcmis  APTOGONIUM,  Ralfs. 

Cellulaj  3-4   angnlares   vcl  conipressK,  non   eonstrieta; ;  niargine  laterali   plana!  vcl  erenatic.  ip 
fascias  pciforalo-artieulatas,  angnlares  conjunctue.  (U.) 


FRESII-WATEll   ALG.'K   OF   Til  K    UNITED   STATES. 


127 


Cells  3-4  angulnr  or  comprcssrd,  not  constricted,  their  lotcral  margins  plain  or  crenatc,  conjoined 
into  angular  porforately  articulate  fascia. 

A.  Baileyij  Ralfs. 

"  Filament  not  crenatcd  ;  joints  about  equal  in  length  and  breadth. 

Syn. — OdonlclM  tridentala,  Bailey,     la  lit.  cum  icone  (184G). 

llab — M'ordcn's  Pond,  ULodc  Island;  near  Princeton,  New  Jersey,  with  sporangia,"  Bailey. 

"  Filament  triangular;  joints  excavated  at  their  junction  like  those  of  Aptogonum  desniidium- 
The  joints  are  not  bicronutc,  hence  the  iimigins  of  the  filament  are  entire,  a  character  which 
distinguishes  it  from  that  species.  The  end  view  is  triangular,  with  rounded  augles."  Hali's, 
Jirilish  Dtismidicae,  p.  208. 

Genus  COSMARIUM,  (Corda) 

Ccllulas  ohlongoe,  oblongo-cylindrlcoe,  ellipticie,  vcl  orbicularcs,  medio  transverse  plus  minus  con- 
striciB,  utroque  polo  obtusus  vel  rotundatiB  et  integra;,  a  vertice  ellipticie.  Zygosporuj  muricatue  vel 
verrucosa!. 

Cells  oblong  cylindrical,  elliptical  or  orbicular,  more  or  less  transversely  constricted  in  the  middle, 
obtuse  or  rounded,  and  entire  at  each  end,  viewed  from  the  end  elliptical.  Zygospore  warty  or 
muricatc. 

1.    Cellulce  sejunctse. 

1.   Cells  separate. 

a.   Cellulee  ellipUcae,  vel  subellipUca: ;  semiccllula;  medio  nonventricosx. 

a.   Cells  elliptical  or  suhelliptical ;  semicells  medianly  not  ventricose. 

*  Cyliodermate  granuloso  vel  verruculoso. 

*  Cytioderm  granular  or  warty, 

C.  margaritireriim,  (Turp.)  Menoh. 

C.  paulo  longius  quam  latum,  profundo  constrictnm  ;  sinu  ample,  vcl  modice  angusto,  intcrdum 
intra  e.\cavato;  semiccllulis  semiorbicularibus,  vcl  reniformibus  vel  nonuihil  quadrangulls 
dorso  i)Icnimque  late  rotundatis  ;  cytiodermato  verruculoso. 

7>..nn.— Max.  5j«j/  =  .000G"  (O.OOOTS"— 0.0012".  R.) 

Syn.~Euastrum  marfjariliferuvi,  Ehrb.  Bailey,  Silliman's  Journal,  1841. 

Cosmarium  margariliferum  (Turpin),  Meneohini.    Uaueniiorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algar., 
Sect.  III.  p.  157. 

Hab — In  aquis  quietis.  South  Carolina  ;  Florida  ;  Mexico  ;  Bailey.     Pennsylvania,  Wood. 

A  little  longer  than  brood,  profoundly  constricted  ;  sinus  ample  or  moderately  narrow,  some- 
times widened  on  tho  inside;  semicells  semiorbicular,  rcniform  or  somewhat  quadrangular; 
dorsum  mostly  broadly  rounded ;  cytioderm  warty. 

Remarl-s. — I  have  found  a  form  of  this  species  growing  in  the  vicinity  of  tliis 
city,  which  I  at  first  was  disposed  to  look  upon  as  distinct,  but  whidi,  in  tiutli, 
grades  into  tlic  typical  form.  In  it  the  cells  are  almost  quadrangular,  often  with 
their  basal  angles  acute.  The  margin  of  the  frond  in  C,  margaritiferum ,  as  it 
occurs  with  us,  is  sometimes  distinctly  serrate  or,  more  correctly,  crenulate  from 
the  presence  of  the  granulations.  The  granules  arc  larger  than  in  C.  botrytis,  but 
smaller  than  in  C.  tetrojihtlialmnm.  'When  viewed  laterally  the  semi-cells  are 
roundish,  or  nearly  so  (according  to  llalfs'  elliptical),  and   closely  connected  by 


128 


FRESII-WATER   ALG^   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


a  very  broad  neck.     I  have  never  seen  the  sporangia,  but,  according  to  Mr.  Ralfs, 
they  are  orbicuhir  and  inclosed  in  a  granulated  cell. 

Fig.  8,  1*1.  21,  represents  half  of  an  empty  frond  of  this  species  magnified  750 
diameters;  and  fig.  21,  pi.  xii.,  a  frond  densely  filled  with  living  endochrome 

C.  Botryf  i8,  (Burt)  Menqh. 

C.  lato  ovale,  profundo  constrictum,  diametro  plorumqne  IJ — 2  plo  longiiis ;  siiiu  aii(jiisto, 
lincarc ;  acmicellulis  nonniliil  triatiguluribua,  apico  iuterdum  truucatia,  iiittirdum  late  rutun- 
datis ;  cytioderniate  niiiiulu  granulato. 

Z)iam.—BiB"  =  0.0019"  (0.0014"— 0.0023").  (R.) 

Syn. — C.  Bolrytis,  (Dory)  Meneoueni.     Kabenhorst,  Flora  Europ.   Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p. 
158. 

Ilah. — Pennsylvania,  Wood. 

C.  broadly  oval,  profoundly  constricted,  lJ-2  times  longer  than  broad;  sinus  narrow,  linear; 
(iemicells  somewhat  triangular,  with  the  apex  sometimes  truncate,  sometimes  broadly  rounded ; 
cytioderm  minutely  granulate. 

Remarlcs. — In  this  species  the  semicclls,  as  viewed  transversely,  arc  broadly 
elliptic  in  outline.  The  end  view  presents  a  longer  narrower  ellipse.  Their  out- 
line, when  seen  from  the  front,  varies  remarkably  from  that  of  a  very  broad  semi- 
oval  to  distinctly  triangular  with  a  truncate  apex.  The  granules  are  small  and 
arranged  regularly,  sometimes  they  are  very  obscure.  I  have  often  seen  the  endo- 
chrome so  arranged  as  to  leave  a  large  pyriform  central  vacuole  in  each  cell,  com- 
municating with  the  narrow  margin  between  it  and  the  cell-wall.  This  vacuole 
was  apparently  filled  witli  a  transparent  fluid,  in  which  were  minute  granules  in 
immense  numbers,  in  constant  active  motion  circling  among  one  another  and  pass- 
ing out,  into  and  along  the  marginal  connecting  space.  According  to  llalfs,  the 
sporangia  of  this  species  are  large  {-^^-5"),  with  branched  spines. 

Fig.  5,  pi.  21,  represents  an  empty  frond  of  this  species;  5  a,  outlines  of  semi- 
cells  to  show  the  variations,  and  fig.  14,  pi.  12,  represents  a  frond  crowded  with 
endochrome,  magnified  •460  diameters. 

C.  ovale,  Ralfs. 

C.  magnum,  ovale,  compressnm,  profunde  constrictum,  diametro  sabduplo  longius,  nmbitu  inte- 
gcrrimum  vol  crcnatuui,  a  vcrtice  )„te  oUipticum ;  fiemicellulis  basi  paulo  latioribus  qnam 
longis,  triangulo-rotundatis,  disco  puuctatis,  margiue  vcrrucis  margaritaceis  achrois  hyaliuis 
in  scries  4  cdinatis.  (R.) 

Diam.— hong.  0.0053"— 0.0007".     Lat.  plernmquo  0.0041".  (R.) 

Syn. — C.  ovale,  Ralfs,  British  Dcsmidicoj,  p.  98. 

Ilah. — South  Carolina  ;  Rhode  Island  ;  Bailey.     Cobble  Mountain,  Pa.  (Lewis)  Wood. 

Frond  v.  .y  largo,  elliptic,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  broad,  constriction  very  deep,  linear;  seg- 
ments somewhat  broader  than  long,  somewhat  triangular,  rounded  at  ends,  rough  near  tlie 
margin,  with  a  band  of  large  peerly  granules,  producin;.;  a  dentate  appearance,  the  disc  punc- 
tate; e.  V.  elliptic.  (A.) 

€.  Br6bis§onii,  MENEon. 

C.  paulo  longius  quam  latum  ;  semiccllulis  scmieircnlaribus,  diametro  paulo  longioribua,  angulia 
infcrioribus  obtu.sis  appro.vinintin,  ventre  modieo  concavis  subplania,  dorso  latis.sime  rotun- 
datis  i  cjtiodermate  muricato,  muricibus  conicis  in  ordinibus  regularibus  collocatis.  (R.) 


■■ 


FllKSII-WATER  ALQ^   OF   TUK   UNITED   STATES. 


129 


J}iam. — Semiccll,  0.0019" 0.0022".  (U.) 

S,n.-a.  nrmssonii,  Meneoheni.     llAnKN.ioasT,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  Ill   „   ,58 
i/„6._White  Mount«iu.s,  Xc,v  IIarap.sLiro,  (Dr.  V.  W.  Lewi«)  Wood 

C.  8uborbiculare,  Wood. 

-ica)  oxternis  c.va.i,  et  it  .Heh.  duah!;;^.!:  ^jir  Jt  ^S '  '""'"  ^•"^"'""" 
/'mm.-Lat.  „Vaff"  =  .0012" ;  lat.  „VU"  =  .001.3". 
K//)i.— C.  oriicu/ar«,  Wood,  Proceed.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  1870. 
Hab.—ln  lacu  "  Saco,"  New  Ilampslnre,  (Lewis.) 
Sninll,  suborbicular,  a  very  little  lonRcr  than  broad   with  ti,„  ^       •     • 

z::rts-— :-i-!:;£H  rfr^-r^ 

ii'«..a>-7...-The  arrangement  of  the  granules  in  this  desmid  is  peculiar  one  ov 
some  nnes  two  rows  of  large  obtuse  pearly  granules  are  placed  at'    ttr^d  'in 
tonal,  dong  the  whole  outer  margin,  and  then  in  the  centre  of  each  semil^H  i  " 
Kroup  of  two  or  three,  or  even  more  short  straight  rows  of  three  or  fou    si 
ut  nu  er  smaller  granules.     The  isthmus  is  rather  hroad  and  l:trs  ^ J^^^^^^^^^^ 
las  on  It  one  or  two  granules.  ""'"luihls  ii 

Fig^9,  pi.  21,  represents  an  empty  frond  of  this  species,  magnified  750  di^mo- 
1crs  ;  9  a,  the  outline  of  the  end  view  of  the  same.  ^ 

C.  tetroplithalmiim,  (Ktz.)  Bnfio 

d„.  ,.,.„„.„.,  e,,M.,„,.,„  ,,„™„.„,  „„,„„  _„„,  „„.„^  .i"*;i',';':;:~; 

^'"w— TS^oW  =  .0025". 

^  nT,!'  5;^'""'""'"""'  ^^'""''"^'  .^"^''''°''-     «^''^''«°»«^.  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect. 

i/b6,— New  Jersey  ;  Wood. 

Abont  one-tbird  longer  than  broad,  deeply  constricted  ;  sinus  narrow,  mostly  snblinenr  •  mur-.M, 
ob«.elycrenated,  sem.cells  somewhat  semicircular,  belly   nearl  -  even    dor    rr;uZ'l 
cytioderm  warty  ;  prominences  large,  obtuse,  arranged  so.newhat  regulai'ly  ' 

^ 7r"«^  °"'^  '^''^''''  ^  ^^''  «'^'^»'  ^^^  I  believe  the  only  ones  hitherto 


130 


I'  II  i:  !s  I [  -  \\  A  'r  E  II  A  I-  (i  .!•;  '. »  f  'i- 1 1  !•;  ii  .n  i  t  k  u  s  t  a  r  !•;  s . 


iW 


found  on  the  continent,  wcro  collected  by  niyself  in  "  Shepherd's  Mill  I'ond,"  near 
lifidj^cton,  C'uniherland  County,  New  Jersey. 

l'"iy.  1  (I,  pi.  21,  represents  the  outliuc  of  u  frond  magnified  -IGU  dianiotcrs. 

C.  ainiBnuin,  Vntn. 

C.  iiH'diocTo,  ol)Ii)iif,'iim  pylindriciim,  IcvittT  comprcssiim,  dianictro  diiplo  fere  triplovo  loiipiiiK, 
utro(|ii(.'  polo  I'otiiiKlaliini,  iiu'dio  proruiiilo  rniistrictuin,  siini  Kiijfiisto,  lincuri,  iiinliilii  );niiiillis 
umrgaritucois  iii'lirois  ub.sr.ssiiiu,  a  vcrticu  t'llipliciiiii ;  Kcinici'Iliilis  (il)loiigo-roUui(Iiilis,  dorKu 
nlto  coiivexiH,  liitt'ribiis  vcro  ri'ctis  i)nriillclis,  iiiij;iili»  inffriorilms  rcctis  et  Kiibnrutis ;  oytio- 
dormatu  graiiuloso-verrucuso,  vcrruois  liyaliiiis  in  sorics  reguluros  disposilis.  (K.)  Sjieciev 
mihi  i(jiiula. 

Long.  O.OOIT'— O.IOIC";  lat,  O.OOOSt".  (R.) 

i>i/ii — C.  niiKnniiii,  ISiiEiiissoN.     IIauknikiust,  Flora  Eiirop.  Algar.,  Sect.  III.  p.  ISO. 

//(//).— Floiidu;   liailcy.     Ithode  Island  (S.  T.  Oliicy)  j  Tlnvaite.s. 

rroiiil  twice  a.s  long  ns  broad,  Hides  parallel,  ends  rounded,  eonstriction  deep,  linear;  negnicnta 
rongh  with  crowded  obtnsc  iinpilla-like  pearly  granules;  8.  v.  much  compressed,  olwut  tlirico 
as  long  as  broad  ;  o.  v.  elliptic.  (.V.) 

**   Cytiodermate  ijlabro. 

**   Cylioderm  smuclh. 

C.  CllCUinis,  Ckhda. 

C.  ovule  elliptieiini,  utroqne  polo  late  rotiindatiim,  tcrtinra  partem  vel  dupio  longiiis  quam  latum, 
proriiude  eonstriclnni ;  sinu  llneari  ;  Kcuiieellulis  angulis  inf'erioribus  rotundalis,  cytiodermate 
glabro,  baud  piinetalo. 

Diam.—'Shw.  long.  ^Ij"  =  0.002(')"  ;  lat.  ^Jilo"  =  .0019". 

Syn. — G.C'ucumis,  Coiida.     Kaukniiorst,  Flora  Europ,  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  ICl. 

Iliib. — South  Carolina;  Georgia  ;  Florida;  IJailey.   Peunsylvania  ;  Wood.   Saco  Lake,  (Lewis.) 

Oval  or  elliptic,  at  each  end  broadly  rounded,  one-tbird  to  twice  as  long  as  broad,  profoundly 
constricted;  sinus  linear;  semicclls  with  their  inferior  angles  rouudcd;  cylioderm  snioolh, 
not  punctate. 

Evmarl-H. — This  species  is  very  abundant  arouiul  Philadelpliia.  Tlie  semicells 
generally  each  contain  two  largo  globelar  nnisses  placed  near  the  median  li:ie, 
wliich  are  sometimes  hidden  by  the  crowded  endochrome. 

Figs.  15,  15  rt,  pi.  I '2,  represent  this  species  with  their  endodiromo  in  difterent 
conditions;  15 /*,  represents  a  monstrous  frond,  which  had  attempted  to  divide,  but 
had  not  succeeded  in  so  doing. 

C.  depresmim,  liAii.Gr. 

"  Kllipticnl,  binate,  division  in  the  plonc  of  the  longest  axis.  Segments  entire,  nearly  twice  as 
loug  as  broad,  rounded  above,  very  much  flattened  at  base.        * 

Hub. — Lakes  in  Florida. 

This  species  resembles  G.  bionulatiim,  TiRttt.  ;  but  the  segments  are  much  closer  together,  and 
arc  angular,  not  rounded  at  the  basal  extremities."  Bailey.  Microscopica;  Observations. 
Sniitlisunian  Contributions. 

C.pyramidntiiiii,  nK£B. 

C.  mediocre,  ovale  vel  subovalc,  utroquc  polo  truncatum,  medio  profunde  constrictum,  duplo 


9 


■  \i 


\ 


:■ 


I"  II  K  S  II  -  W  A  T  lO  It   A  h  a  M   O  F   T  JI  K   U  N  I  T  K  I)   S  T  A  T  K  S  jgi 

fcrol„nKiiis  <|unm  liituin  ;  nfmicclluli.s  hrcvitrr  i>yniini(;..>,is,  nnpulirt  infrrioriliim  rotniidnlis, 
apku  (tloiso)  iiiixlo  tmiu'iiliH  iiuido  ruluiiiliilis,  n  vrrlico  lute  elliiitieis  ;  cytioUerumtu  imiio- 
talo  vol  siibtilissiiii.)  gramiliito.  (K.) 

Long.  0.0021"— 0.00;J7".     Lat.  nnix.  0.002f.". 

Syn.—C.  pyramidal  urn,  UK£nism..v.     lUi.KNiionsT,  Flora  Europ.  Algaruni,  Sect.  III.  p.  Ifi2. 
Ilab.—Oeor^ia  ;  Florida;  Uailcy.     I'(Miii..^ylvaiiia  ;   Wood. 

Frond  senrfoly  twice  us  long  u.s  bn.ud,  sul.oval  ;  constri.-tion  deep,  linear;  8eKtnent«  p^nuuidul 
rounded  at  basal  ongles,  soiiiowliut  iruneuto  at  the  end..,  punctate;  o.  v.  broudly  elliptic.   (.\.) 

Remark.— Vig.  U,  pi.  13,  is  a  drawing  of  this  spi-cies. 

C.  biociilatum,  Dueb. 

C.  parviter,  circiter  tarn  iongum  qnom  latum  vel  paulo  longiu.s,  profunde  constrietuni  sinu  ex- 
trornum  ampliato  ;  Hemicellulis  diumetro  dnpio  latioribus,  elliplieo-prope  be.x»g„nis  angnlls 
obtuse  rotundatis,  iutegerrin.is  nut  lovissiu.o  crenulatia ;  ejtiodermute  luivi  vel  subtilissime 
puuvtato.   (K.)     Species  mihiiijiwla. 

Long.  0.000G9".     Lat.  O.000G6".   (R.) 

Syn — C.  biociilatum,  RiifinissoN.     ISaueniiorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algaruni,  Sect.  III.  p!  103. 

Uab — Rliodo  Island,  (S.  T.  Olney)  Tliwaitcs. 

Frond  minute,  about  as  long  ns  broad,  constriction  deep,  producing  a  gaping  notch  at  each 
side ;  segments  about  twice  as  broad  as  long,  ellii)tie,  smooth  ;  s.  v.  compressed  s.  v.  elliptic 
Sporangium  orbicular  with  conical  spines      L.  „W' !  K- nVs"-    (A.) 

€•  Uleneglienii,  Bh£b. 

C.  parvum,  tarn  longum  quara  latum,  modo  paulo-longius,  modo  paulo-brovius,  profumle  e.m- 

"^•^''"^'^ «'""   ''"'•'"•'.  '"xtrorsum  non   ampliato  ;   seniieellulis  subquadratis,  leviter  sinuuto- 

hc.\ngonis ;  ungnlis  rotundatis,  cytiodermatc  laavi  vel  subtillissinic  punctato.  (R.) 

Long.  ,V"-5V"=  0.001 03"-0. 00 13";  lat.  ri/'-Ty  =  0.000,S1"_0.00089".    (R.) 
Syn.—C.  Mencfjhenii,  RutuwsoN.     Rabeniiobst,  Flora  Europ.  Algar.,  Sect.  III.  p.  1G3. 
Ilab. — Pennsylvaina;  Wood. 

Frond  very  minute,  rather  longer  than  broad,  constriction  linear;  segments  snbquadrate,  bicre- 
nate  at  the  aides  and  ends,  smooth  ;  e.  v.  elliptic.  (A.) 

^(Wo?7.;.— Fig.  18,  pi.   12,  represents   a   frond  of  this   species,   magnified  750 
diameters. 

€.  crenatnm,  Ralfb. 

C.  oblongum,  tertiani  partem  circa  longins  quam  latum,  profunde  constrietuni,  sinu  linear!  an- 
gusto;  scmicellulis  c  bnsi  lata  subscmieircularibus,  dor.so  plus  minus  depressis  vel  truncatis, 
nmbitu  cronatis  vel  regulariter  undulato  crenatis,  crcnis  10-14;  cytiodermate  pnuctato.  (R.) 
Species  inihi  ignota. 

Long.  0.0021"— 0.0023";  Int.  0.0015".    (R.) 

Syn. — C.  crenatum,  Rai.fs,  British  Pesmidieoj,  p.  90. 

.Ha6.— Rhode  Island ;  (S.  T.  OIney)  Thwaites. 

Frond  slightly  longer  than  broad,  conatriction  linear ;  segments  scmiorbicular,  ends  niid  sides 
broadly  rounded,  erenate  or  minutely  undulate  at  niarf-in  ;  e.  v.  elliptic.  Sporangium  orbi- 
cular, spinf  us ;  spines  elongate,  slender,  swollen  at  the  base  and  divided  at  the  apex.  L.  ,[j" ; 
B.  5}j  . 


139 


V  K  !•;  s  II -  w  A  r  K  u  A  I-  (1  .!■;  o  i'  r  ii  i:  i  s  i  r  i;  i»  s  t  a  t  k  s. 


'  t. 


IJI 


C.  iindiilatiiin,  r<>iii>A. 

C.  HultiiK'd lucre,  uliloiifruin,  iliiiiiii'Iro  miI)iIii|iIci  Iimi^Iiin,  iilrii(|ii('  imln  liil<'  riitiiiitliitum,  nnililtu 
luvltiT  Hliiiiiito-uiKliiliiliiiii,  |ii'i>riiii(l(-  ciiiisli'Mliiiii,  NiiMi  liiii'iii'i  i'\1  roi'siiiii  |iaiilliim  niiipliiiti) ; 
8(MiiU'elliilis  Mciiiiorlik'ulariliiis,  ct  <lor.so  vi  lali'rilins  lali>  roluiiilatis,  iiiargiiic  iiiuliiiatii-cri'iiatlH, 
crt'iiiH  (I,  KuMalis;  cyllDiiuniiatc  lii-vi ;  zygosporla  HplnuriclM  (tpiiiin  vIongntlM,  aplcu  bi-tri-Udis 
obsitis.  (U.)     Sjiiciin  iitilii  i(jnula. 

Long.  0.0034".     Lut.  0.0017".  (11.) 

Syn. — V.  widiilaliiiii,  C'oiiin.     Kahe.miihisi',  Flora  Kurop.  Algnriim,  Sect.  III.  p.  ICiCt. 

Hab, — South  Carolina  ;  Uliode  Lshiiid  ;   Itttllcy. 

Frond  ratluT  liirgcr  tliaii  tliat  of  C.  nrnnliim,  .xlijilitly  longer  timn  lirond,  ronstriction.s  linear; 
8Cgiiirnt.s  Neniiorliiciilar,  ends  and  sides  broadly  ronnded,  ercnate  or  minutely  iindulatu  at  llio 
margin;  e.  v.  <dliptie.  Sporangium  orbicular,  spinous;  spiuus  tdongute,  slender,  swollen  at 
the  boso  and  divided  at.  the  ape.x.  (A.) 

6.  Semicellulee  mcilio-venlricoiso  injlalu. 

b.  Hcmifvlh  medianly  vi'iilricuse. 

*  Cytioihrmalf  lavi. 

*  t'l/tiuilfnii  Hinoolh. 

C.  siiblobaliiiii,  (BitKii.)  AitniEK. 

C.  purvum,  ubiongo  snb(|uadratnm,  diametro  .subduplo  longiii»,  sinn  angusto  lincari ;  neniicel- 
lulis  sub(|iiadnitis,  e  linsi  dilatuta  ad  vertieeni  sensini  angustatis,  anguils  et  inferioribus  et 
Buperioribu.s  rotundalis,  dorno  late  trunuatis  lateribusiiue  leviler  sinuaiis ;  cyliodernnitu 
Iievissimo.   (U.) 

Long.  O.OOIT'J"— O.OOlOfi".     Lat.  ma.\.  0.0015"— O.OOl.'iT".  (U.) 

^'^(1. — C  miblubalum,  (ni(£niHS0N)  AitciiEn.     I'riteliord's  InTusoria,  p.  TSl. 

Uab. — Qcorgia;  Florida;  It  Lode  Island  ;  Bailey. 

Frond  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  broad,  oblong;  constriction  linear,  segments  subquadrato, 
somewhat  wider  at  the  base,  lateral  and  cud  margins  slightly  concave,  smooth  and  Iraus- 
vcrsc  vein  cruciform.  (A.) 

*  *   Cyliodermole  (jraniilato. 

*  *   Cylimhrm  tjrainilate.  « 

C.  ornatiiin,  U.m.fh. 

C.  pnrvuni,  plerumquc  tam  longiim  quam  latum;   spniiccllnlis  reniformibns,  diametro  duplo  • 
longioribus,  angulis  inferioribus  una  cum  lateribus  rotundalis;  dorso  sub-prodiicto  late  trun- 
catis ;  cytiodermate  granulato-verruculoso  ;  zygosporis  longc  spiuosis,  spinis  elongatis  apieu 
furcatis.  (R.)    Species  mild  ignota. 

Long.  0.0010"— 0.0015".     Lat.  O.OOKi".   (U.) 

Syn. — C.  oriiatitm,  Kalfs,  liritish  Desmidieio,  p.  104. 

y/afc.— Khode  Island;  (S.  T.  Oluey)    Thwaites. 

Frond  in  f.  v.  about  as  long  as  broad,  constriction  deep,  linear;  segments  seniiorbicnior  or 
subreniforni,  with  a  central  truncate  |)rojection  at  the  ends  produced  by  the  continn.ation  of  a 
central  iidlatioii,  rough  towards  the  margin  and  on  the  inflation  with  pearly  granules;  e.  v. 
with  a  rounded  lobe  on  each  side.  Siiorangium  orbiculai,  spinous;  spines  elongated,  dilated 
at  the  base  and  slightly  divided  at  the  extremity,  jjj".  (Archer.) 

€.  commissiirale,  (Bn^n.) 

C.  ndnuluin,  fere  dimidio  latins  qnani  longnm,  profundissimo  constrictum,  sinn  nmpio  basi  ex- 
cnvato;  scniicellulis  angiistc  renifonnibn.t,  diame'  •■)  paenc^  triplo  longioribus,  leviler  incurvis. 


PttEHH-VVATKU  ALO^]  OF  THE   UNITED  8TATK8.  13;J 

anRuli^  n.tii...l.iti.s,  (l„r«o  tiunfato-rolumliUiH,  niurKino  iTumilatoHleiitatiH,  a  dorno  obloiigiK, 
UK'diu  vu.Urifo«i8,  utroiiUL  i.ulo  ,.lu8  mimirt  luuii.lis  ;  fytimtuiuiulu  gruiiululo  umrgiiritif.ir.).' 
(U.) 

Long.  0.0010"— 0.0012."     Lat.  0.0013"— 0.0016".  (11.) 

8yn.—  C.  vummUmrale,  HKfciiism..N.     Kaukniiorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algar.im,  Scot.  III.  p.  170. 

Hub — lu  locu.     VVIiilu  Mountains,  Xuw  llampshiro ;  (Dr.  F.  W.  Luwin) 

Frond  Hmall,  in  f,  v.  ono.ti.ird  broader  tiian  long;  constriction  very  deop,  rounded  ;  segmenta 
nariw-reniform,  will,  a  central,  .soniewlmt  truncate  projection,  i)ro(lueed  l.y  tlie  continuation 
or  the  central  inllation,  rough  on  Iho  inflation  and  on  the  extreniilicH,  with  Hon.ewl.at  largo 
pearly  granules,  o.  v.  three  times  longer  than  broad,  constricted  between  thu  central  inUation 
and  the  rounded  extremities.     Sporangium  as  in  0.  ornalum.   (A.) 

Remarks.— I  have  scon  but  a  single  specimen  of  this  species  which  differed  from 
the  typical  form,  iu  having  the  siuiLs  very  narrow  in  its  outer  portion,  and  in  beinc 
shorter.  ° 

Fig.  16,  pi.  13,  represents  the  frond  of  this  specimen,  magnified  750  diameters. 
C  caelaliini,  Ualfh. 

C.  Huborbicniare,  profundo  constrictnm ;  sinu  angustissimo  linear!;  somicellnlis  inciso-crcnatis 
angulis  rotundatis,  a  vcrtice  medio  uonnibil  iuflatis;  cytiodermato  granulato,  granulis  in 
scries  rcgulnriter  circularoa  positis. 

Z)tom.— Long.  ^^■^%,"  =  .0017".     Lat.  „VffB"  =  .0014". 

Syn — C.  calalum,  Ualfs,  British  Dusmidiea;,  p.  103. 

Hub — In  Btagnis  propu  Aiken,  South  Carolina.     (Uavond.) 

Suborbicular,   profoundly  constricted;    sinus  very  narrow,  linear;   semicells  inciso-crcnato, 

angles  rounded,  when  seen  from  the  end  somewhat  inflated  iu  the  middle:  cytioderm  Kranu- 

late,  granules  placed  in  circular  series. 

RemarN.-rhis  species  was  collected  by  Prof.  Ravcnel  in  a  quiet  ditch  near 
Aiken,  South  Carolina,  sparsely  scattered  amidst  innumerable  diiitoms  and  desmids 
The  number  of  the  crenations  appears  to  vary.  In  the  few  individuals  I  have  seen 
there  were  six  end  ones  besides  the  two  very  broad  basal  ones,  if  the  latter  can  be 
called  crenatures.  Ralfs  j^ives  six  as  the  total  number,  and  yet  every  one  of  his 
figures  has  many  more.  So  I  think  the  number  a  cliaracter  of  but  little  imiwrt- 
ance.  The  circular  arrangement  of  the  granules  is  not  so  positive  and  regular  in 
the  specimens  I  have  seen,  as  is  represented  in  the  figure  of  llidfs,  otherwise  the 
agreement  is  perfect. 

C  Broomei,  Thwaites. 

C.  subparvum,  plerumque  tnra  longum  quam  latum,  nonnnnqnam  paulo  longins,  obtuse  quad- 
rangulare,  prcfunde  constrictnm,  sinu  angn.stissimo  lineari ;  .scniicellulis  oblongo-.p.adran.ruli.^ 
diametro  dnplo  longioribus,  angulis  et  inft-rioribus  et  superioribus  obtuse  rotnndati.^  ventre 
subplanis,  dorso  latissimo  tnincatis  ct  SKpius  leniter  rctusis  vel  i)lane  eonvexis:  cytioder- 
mato grnnulnto-mnrgnritaceo,  granulis  in  sericbua  subrectis  collocatis.  (11.) 

Long.  0.00194"— 0.0022".     Lat.  max.  .002",  thick  .0015". 

Syn — G.  Ilroomei,  Thwaites.     Ralfs,  British  Desniidicaj,  p.  103. 

floft.— Georgia ;  Bailey.     Prope  Philadelphia  ;  Wood. 


^ 


If 


134  KllKSII-VVATKll   ALU^   OF   T  II  K   UNITED   HTATKH. 

Frond  in  (.  v.  nlmiit  nn  Umg  ah  hrond,  ronntrlotion  d«cp,  liiicnr;  fii'irmpiiti*  i|iiudrilatcriil,  onda 
Rlrai^lit,  iiii^li's  niiiiiilcil,  riiii);li  nil  hvit  with  niiiiiili'  ^laiiiili'ii ;  <>.  v.  twin'  ih  Iiiii>(  uh  liriiiul, 
Mliglilly  iiilliiliMi  111  tliu  midUlu  uiid  rouiuliMl  ui  tiiu  uiuU,    S|iiii'ittigiiiiii  urliiciiliir,  hiiKiiith,  (,A.) 

RimiirkK. — Tlic  only  spcrimcns  wliich  I  liiivo  seen  wero  found  in  ii  luick-pond 
below  tlio  city  in  the  month  of  June.  'I'liry  iif^icc  well  with  i\u'  dcsriiiitions,  ex- 
cepting in  that  I  should  describe!  their  central  iiiHittion  us  pronoun(M<  .  Thu  HinuscH 
ids.)  are  anipliate  or  hollowed  out  within.  Tliu  granulations  uro  quitu  hirge,  and 
lire  arranged  soniewliut  irreguhirly  in  rows. 

Fig.  1.J,  pi.  l;j,  is  a  view  of  tlie  front  of  the  frond  niagnitied  4G0  diameters; 
fig.  10,  pi.  21,  the  outline  uf  thu  lateral  view. 

o.   Ccllitlai /iiiii/orme»,  cylindricte  vel  ovalen,  in  medio  leviler  connlrictm. 
0.    Ci'llsf uniform,  cylindrifdl,  or  oiial,  liijlilly  roiiMricled  in  the  middle. 

€.  ThwaiteMii,  Kauu 

C.  iiu'dloiTi',  diiiiiii'iro  l)i-tripl<)  loiijfins,  fiisifoniii-cyllndriK'i'uni,  medio  lovitor  constripliim,  nm- 
bitu  iiitr^crriiiiuiii,  uti'(ii|ii('  ]iol()  i'i>tiiii(lutiiiii ;  hfriiirilliilis  v  ryliiiilnu'co  Niilii'iiiilcis,  ii  iiii'dio 
iu  npiocm  Huiisiiii  Ht'iii«iriii|U(!  (svd  niodiuu)  uttuiiuutuiii;  cytiudt'i'iuulu  liuvi  vui  iudisliiictu  |iuuc- 
Into.  (U.)     SpeckH  milii  ijnola. 

Loiif,'.  0.0imT'—O.m-2Ht'.     Lilt.  max.  O.dOl-i".  (R.) 

Sijn. — C.  I'hwailenii,  Halfs,  KritiHli  DcHinidicie,  p.  109. 

Jlab Floridii  f  nuihy. 

Frond  in  f.  v.  two  or  tlircc  limos  Innprr  timn  brood;  ponstrintion  a  very  sliallow  (froovo ;  bo(?- 
ineiils  sul)cyliiidriciil,  witli  vonndcd  ends  ;  ciidocliroim!  Hciillcrcd  ;  o  v.  uircular,  or  very  itligbtly 
comprcsst'd  ;  e.  f.  not  punctate,  or  ])iinctu  very  iinlistiiict.  (A.) 

€.  connatiiiii,  liii^o. 

C.  viilidinn,  sul)ninKniim,  leviter  comprcHHiim,  diamotro  diiplo  circa  longins,  Bnbpanduriforme, 
phis  niiiiiis  constrictiini,  utrii(|ii(^  polo  late  n>liiii(latiiiii,  a  vcrlicu  lato  ellipticum;  HcmiuclluliB 
Bublieniispliiericiit,  aiiiliitu  luiiuabilittT  rotuudutis,  integerriiiiis ;  cytiudurmutu  puuctatu.  (II.) 
Si'uvies  milii  iijnula. 

Long.  0.0035".     Lot.  max.  0.001G5"— 0.0019".  (R.) 

Syn. —  C.  connaliim,  Ru£nissoN.     Kalfs,  Rritinli  DesiuidieiE,  p.  lOS. 

Uab. — Florida  ;   Hailey. 

Frond  large,  in  f.  v.  ntiout  one-half  lonfjer  tlian  liroad  ;  constriction  shallow;  segments  aboat 
two-third.s  of  a  circle,  coarsely  punctate,  and  wilb  a  distinct,  sometimes  striated,  liordor;  e.  v. 
circular.  (A  ) 

d.   Cellulm  infamilias  connexae. 

d.   Cells  united  into  families. 
€.  Qiiimbyii,  Wood.  (sp.  nov.) 

C.  cclhilis  parvis,  sub-cllipiieis,  medio  profnndo  cons'rictis,  in  familiaa  copulis  hyalinis  con- 
nexis ;  semieellulis  a  froritc  clliiiticis  ct  diainetro  snlidiiplo  longioriluis,  a  vcrtice  elliptieis,  a 
latere  rotundatis;  sinu  lato;  marsis  cliloro-pbyllaceis  in  (|uai|iic  scmiccllula  singulis;  cytio- 
dermate  tenue,  glabro. 

/)tom.— Long.  j^V'  =  0.001".    Lat.  a  fronte  ,„^j5"  =  0.00075"  ;  a  latere  ,jJo(r"  =  0.00042". 

Hob. — In  aquis  purls.  New  Jersey. 


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FUKHII-WATEU   ALUJ:!   OF   TllK    UNITED   HTATE8. 


135 


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; 


Cells  small,  suliclll|itical,  iirofouiidly  conslrletod  in  Iho  mUlilIo,  joiiiml  by  trfinHlucdiit  IiuiiiIn  into 
fttiiiliics;  HCMiicrtll.s  Hccn  frmn  llio  front  rlli|(tical,  iinil  ui'iiriy  twicii  us  liin)^  an  liroiul,  from  tliu 
Tvrti^x  olii|itii'iil,  from  tliu  hIUc  ruuudiHii ;  HJnuit  broud  ;  cliluropliyl  uiaKHCH  xinKlu  In  tui'li  cell ; 
cytiuderm  tliin,  Hn<ootli. 

Remarks. — Tliis  plant  wiis  found  by  my  friend  Mr.  Quiinby  growing  in  a  beau- 
tiful  Npriiif?  iibovi;  CJimulcn,  upon  \vlios(!  bottom  it  lormcd  ii  gelatinous,  trans- 
huu'nt,  greenish  nniss.  Tlu!  cells  reHomblo  in  (diape  thosu  of  O.  eitcumin,  nltliough 
mncli  smaller.  Tliey  are  joined  by  bands  into  little  families,  in  which  the  original 
parent-cell  is  generally  very  distinct,  it,  or  rather  the  two  cells  into  wliicli  it  first 
divides,  remaining  in  the  centre  of  the  group.  The  bands  are  so  hyaline  that  their 
edges  can  nlonn  bo  distinctly  seen,  and  hence  th(>  latter  often  look  as  tliough  they 
were  threads — there  appearing  to  be  two  parallel  threads,  or  two  tlin-ads  crossing 
one  anotlier,  or  a  single  thread,  according  !is  tlw;  band  is  Hat,  twisted,  or  on  edge. 

It  gives  me  great  pleasiu'e  to  dedicate  the  species  to  my  friend  Mr.  Quind)y,  by 
whom  it  was  collected. 

Fig.  9,  pi.  1,  represents  one  of  the  family  groups  of  this  plant. 

Genus  EUASTRUM,  Eukb. 

C'illiilio  vol  oblun^iB  VL'I  ollipticio,  medio  profuiido  incisiu,  synunctrieu  Hinantie,  Tcl  lobatiB,  f  nmori- 
bus  li.'liitis  cirt'oliiriiiua  (rui'o  ubsulutis)  iustruclue,  ulruquu  polo  iiinualo-umar|j;inutu)  vol  inciso-bilo- 
batte,  u  vortice  (illiplice. 

Cells  cither  oblong  or  elliptic,  profoundly  incised  in  the  middle,  symmotrieally  siiiuate  or  lobed, 
provided  with  circular  iniliUed  proluberancefi  (which  uro  rurcly  absent),  ut  euch  end  siuuutuly  cmar- 
giiiutu  or  ineiHcly-bilobute,  from  the  vertex  clliptiu. 

A.  Lubo  polare»  in  apice  late  uinualo-exngi. 

A.  Polar  lobe  with  lis  apex  broadly  sinualelt/  excised. 

E.  miiltilobntiini,  Wood. 

E.  niiignum,  fere  dupio  longius  qnnni  latum,  medio  profnnde  constrictnra,  et  cum  sinu  modice 
umplo;  a  latere  medio  ventricosnm  ct  diiplo  biumbormtum,  ad  verticem  dilatatum  ot  emnr- 
ginatum  ;  seniicellulis  a  fronte  trilobatis,  lobis  Hinns  nniplissimis  inter  se  Bcjniictis ;  lolii  basiile 
distinete  late  emarginato,  lobo  eeiitraie  obtuso,  lobo  polare  late  leviter  siuuato-cmarginato; 
Bcmieellnlis  a  vertice  (|iiiti()ue  lobulatiH;  cytiodermate  lievi. 

iJtam.— Long.  „Vo5"  =  .00475".     Lat.  j,%%js"  =  0025". 

8yn.—E.  mullilobatim,  Wood,  Proc.  A.  N.  S.,  1869. 

Mab. — In  lacu  "Saco;"  New  Hampshire;  (Lewis.) 

E.  largo,  about  twice  as  long  as  brond,  in  the  centre  profoondly  constricted,  with  the  sinus 
moderately  large ;  from  the  lateral  view  somewhat  enlarged  and  doubly  biumbonate  in  the 
middle  ;  scmicells  from  the  front  trilobate,  the  lobes  separated  by  very  wide  sinu.ses,  the  basal 
lobe  broadly  emarginato,  the  central  lobe  obtuse,  the  end  lobo  broadly  and  shallowly  sinuately 
emarginate ;  eemicclls  from  the  vertex  five-lobed  ;  cytioderra  smooth. 

Pemnrki. — The  basal  lobes  of  thivS  beautiful  desmid  arc  distinctly  five  lobulate, 
the  lateral  lobules  being  longer  and  broader  than  the  others,  which,  instead  of 
being  emarginate,  are  obtuse.  The  sinuses,  separating  lobes  and  lobules,  are  very 
broad,  with  very  obtuse  angles.  When  the  desmid  is  viewed  from  two-thirds 
round,  so  as  to  show  the  anterior  and  posterior  lobidcs  especially,  it  presents  an 


i;"M 


13(1 


FllKSlI-WATKK   ALO.K    OF   T  11  K    U  N  ITK  1>   STATK8. 


outliiu'  ill  wliitli  all  the  sinuses  arc  of  similar  form,  ami  the  central  and  basal  lobes 
are  about  ('(jual  size;  whereas,  when  viewed  from  tlie  front,  the  basal  lobe  is  miicli 
the  broader,  ^^'ilen  the  desmid  is  vi(>wed  from  tlu-  side  it  is  sei-n  to  be  enlarjjfed 
in  the  eentr",  and  provided  with  two  distinct  und)onations  each  side  of  the  eom- 
paratively  narrow  central  sinus. 

l''ii;.  r.),  \)\.  \'2,  rejiresents  the  front  view  of  a  frond  of  this  plant;  fi;^.  T),  pi.  '20, 
the  outline  of  a  two-thirds  view,  und  tiy.  fxi,  the  outline  of  a  lateral  view,  all  mag- 
niti^'d  450  diameters. 

E.  vrrriii'UMiiiii,  Knuii. 

K.  inH^iniin,  Ink'  DViittini,  vix  lo  <,,'ius  qnnni  liitiini,  moclio  prurinido  conHtrii'tuni,  ninil  oxtrorsuiii 
(liliitiUo;  ^cniicfllulis  Irildliiilis,  luliis  triiiiiuriiliirilms,  divi'i-sft'iitilnis,  iipicn  Iiilc  ct  proriimlo 
Hinuiitis;  a  liilriv  iiviilii-oliloniriiin,  siiiiiiito-lolialiiin,  luliis  oi'ln  iu  iipicf  roluiidiUis,  |ii)liii'il)iis 
sinijulis  poiTfi'tis,  liUiralihiis  loruis;  cylioiiunuulu  gruiiululo-vcrriK'UMi.  (H.)  .S/nc/i'.s  iiiilii 
iijiiota. 

Loiij?.  o.(io;!tr— oo!!t".  (U.) 

iS'y/i. — /■;.  [vrnivintiim,  lOiiitKNiiKmi.     Uauknuoust,  Flunv  Tsurop.  Alj^iirum,  S'ccl.  III.  p.  17". 

Hall. — Soutii  ("iil'iilina ;  (u'urjriii ;  Kluriila  ;  Ulnnlc  Island;   Haili'y. 

Frond  soincwliat  lonircr  llian  l)r>iad,  nmijli  all  ovor  with  conic  grannlos ;  si-jjinciila  H-lolird, 
SDUiiwIial  divtrpnt,  all  lln'  luln's  Inoad,  fnni'ali',  with  i\.  vcrv  limad,  sliallmv,  or  fxiciind 
sinus.  Kniptv  iVoml ;  f.  v.  Sfjinionls  willi  one  laijio  riivular  hasal  inllalion  im  sniliico,  tintt 
sumllor  en  t'ach  side,  and  two  oUuts  on  tho  imuI  loho  ;  ».  v.  m'^nuMils  inllalod  al  llu-  hast-, 
narrowed  into  a  siiort  neck,  ond  dilated  with  a  eenlral  sinus;  o.  v.  olilouj;,  with  lluee  iidla- 
lions  at  eiieh  side,  ono  al  eaeli  end,  cud  lobo  having  4  divergent  lobolets.   (A.) 

K.  niedioeri',  dianieiro  dnplo  longins,  profnndo  eonstrietnni,  sinn  anpnsto  linear!,  n  vertieo  ovato- 
ol)lonKnni,  ainl)itii  sinuato-loliatum,  Kiliis  8  conlViituiliiis,  rotuiidatis  ;  seniieellnlis  tiilohalis, 
basi  lunioi'ilins  ;{  iu  serieiu  disposilis,  lobisi  iu  apiee  prol'nndo  eniar^inatis,  lol)ulis  rotnndalis, 
liilio  ]>olari  dllalato  et  pauluni  pmdueto;  eytioderinale  in  tuniot'ibu8  et  lobulis  granuluto- 
punelalo,  eaMeruin  la'vi.   (K.)      Sjicri,-n  mihi  iijiuita. 

Long.  O.OO'iil"— l).00:.".t".     Lat.  (t.001.')7'— 0.0(117".  (K.) 

Syn.  —  K.  (jiiiimnliiiii,  1!k£iiisson.     Kadknuoiist,  Flora  Kurop.  Algar.,  Seet.  III.  p.  ISO. 

Jlrh. — Hliode  Island  ;    Uailey. 

Frond  seareely  twieo  as  long  an  broad;  spgments  .S-lobed,  lateral  lobes  horizontal,  deeply  emar- 
ginnte,  the  proluberaneea  niiiinlely  granulate;  end  lobe  dilated,  its  dilatations  inclined 
upwaids,  and  minutely  grannlate ;  ends  with  n  deep  rounded  einargini'tion.  I'jnply  I'rond 
slightly  punetate  ;  I",  v.  segments  with  three  granulate  iiillalinns  in'ar  the  base;  Ir.  v.  Imiadly 
clliptie,  with  three  granulate  inllalious  at  caeh  side  and  one  at  eaeh  end;  e.  v.  end  lobe  cruel- 
form,  lobelels  rounded,  granulate.  (A.) 

E.  ObloilKIIIH)  ((}itKV.)  Kai.ps. 

K.  magnum,  diamelFo  dnplo  triplovo  longius,  ;^  onguin,  profnnde  constrictuni,  sinn  angnsto, 
a  latere  oblongo-laneenlatnni,  utroipie  pido  trnneato  leniter  retusum,  ninbitu  nuduhilo- 
Biuuatum;  seniieellulis  (fronle)  simmlo-ipiimpielobis,  basi  et  iu  (piiKpie  lobo  tumore  instriu'tis, 
lubis  luleralibus  in  apiee  dilalalo  siuuato-relusis,  inlerioribus  lalioribns  (pnim  superior.,  lobo 
polari  late  eunea'o  in  apiee  profunde  iiieiso,  angnlis  omnibus  rotnndalis,  eyliodermate  bevi  ; 
zygo.spori.,  globosis  verrueoshs,  verrueis  obtiiso  conieis  uehroia  liyaiiuis.  (K.)  t>i>i'rirti  mihi 
itjnota. 


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FUlCSll-M'ATER   ALGJi  OP   T 11  K   UNITED   STATES. 


137 


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1 


Fioiiff.  0.()Or>r'— O.OOfiS".     Lat.  nmx.  0.00340". 

Si/ii.—i:.  Momjuin,  (lliifivii.i.K)  Uai.ks'  Uritish  Dosmiilicie,  p.  80. 

Uab — Klioiie  Islaml ;   Uiiili-y. 

Frond  riitl.or  n.or.!  Il.iui  Iwico  a«  Iohr  us  broiul,  smooth,  oblong' ;  soRimMits  5-lol)oil ;  lobos  nonvly 
.Miuul,  nmculei  hxti-riii  lol.os,  or  tlic  bii.sal  only,  will,  ,i  hn.u.l,  simllow,  imirgi.ml  oo.iaivilv, 
nil  tliL'ir  iui}?lf«  roiiiidiMl,  (trmlmil  iiotcli  IIiiimu-. 

Kinply  IVor.d;  f.  v.  sc^.  pimrlul,.,  wi(li  throe  larRO  Inlhitiona,  on  surfaco  noar  tho  base,  («.. 
others  above  and  two  on  tfraiinal  lobo ;  tr.  v.  thri.o  times  ns  Iomk  as  broad,  with  tlui'.'  siil. 
di.-lant  marginal  inllatioiis  at  each  side,  and  one  at  eaoh  end,  in  (J,  broa.h.r  in  propiMtioii, 
nioro  clliptio,  ami  intlalions  close;  c.  v.  end  lobo  n.)lchcd  at  opposite  external  margins. 
Sporan^'inni  orbicular,  beset  with  numerous  conical  tubercles.  (A.) 

/'.    /.()/)(  fiularcs  iviilnilcr  (li.ifreli  H  in  ai>ici'  tiiiijiiKlf  iiirini. 

11.   End  hbeg  evidiiUly  nfimnili-d  and  nai-ruwly  incised  in  the  centre. 

E<  craMMiiiii,  (Uii^n.)  Kr/. 

E.  obloii;j;um,  dianictro  subl.-ipio  lonjtins,  profundo  oonstrictnm,  sinu  nnguato  line-.,',  o  verlico 
sulxpiadnuijjnlarc,  utroipie  ;  olo  prot'nnde  e.\cisiim,  aii,i;nlis  rolundatis;  scmiccllnlis  (IVontc) 
'.dobia,  basi  et  in  qnoipio  anRulo  lunioro  inslruclis,  lobis  hitcralibus  latl.s.Kimis  iniisinnatis, 
b)I)o  polari  i)aulluiu  proniinenle,  in  apicc  bilido,  sctrnientis  late  rotundatisj  cytiodernnito  dis- 
tincto  puMctato,  pundis  in  scries  transvcrsas  ordiuati.s.   ^U.) 

Loni,'.  0.0t)51"— 0  007;r.     Lat.  nmx.  0.0041".  (11.) 

Si/n.—H.  rrnx.ium,  (linfcni.xsoN)  Kir/.i.M!      Uaheniioust,  Flora  Enrop.  Algannn,  Sect.  111. 
p.   I. SI. 

y/<'/>.— United  States. 

Frond  aliout  twice  as  lon.u;  as  broad,  subiinadrilateral,  smooth;  sPRmcnta  3-lobcd;  basal  lobi's 
very  broad,  with  a  very  broad,  shallow  niarifiiial  sinus,  in  which  there  is  somctiines  a  slij^hl 
intermediate  rounded  projection  ;  end  lolie  crencate,  ronmled,  lerniinal  notch  linear. 

Empty  frond;  f.  v.  punctate,  segments  with  three  inllatioiis  below  and  two  above;  tr.  v.  two  or 
lliree  times  Iiiiij;er  than  liroad,  w  ilh  three  lobes  or  inllatioiis  at  each  side  and  one  at  each  end  ; 
c.  V.  end  lobo  sinuate  at  opposite  external  niarjjfin.s.  (.V.) 

E.  Ornnllllll,  Wood. 

E.  obloimiim,  dianictro  diipio  loii^jiiis,  profiiiide  eolislrietiini,  siiin  aiiirnsto  liiieari  ;  k 'iiiicelliilis 
n  froiilc  Irildbalis;  lobis  liasalibus  latissiiiiis,  noiiiiiliil  siiiiiato-emarfciiiatis,  aii;fiiiis  plus  iiiiiiii.s 
prodiielis  el  roliindalis;  lobo  pulari  medio  prot'iiiide  liiiearc  iiieisD,  sennieiilis  late  rotiiiidalis  ; 
semicellulis  a  lalere  bilobalis,  loliis  basalilius  prol'iiiido  cniarginatis  ct  cum  angulis  plus  minus 
acniis;  cyliodcrnuilc  distiiicle  ordinatini  pnnctato. 

7)/Hm.— ,,V,.o"=--tH10-->!r'. 

Si/n. — /■;.  ornaliim,  \Vooi>,  rroe.  .\.  N.  S.,  1SI19. 

Jlah. — SacoTjake;   New  Ilampshiro.     Lewis. 

!■;.  oblouir,  twice  ns  Ioii;j:  as  broad,  proronmlly  eonslrieted  ;  seniieolls  from  the  front  trilobate  ; 
basal  lobe  very  broad,  slif;lilly  siinmtely-einargiiiatc,  angles  more  or  less  produced  and 
rounded;  polar  lolie  niediaiily  profoundly  linearly  incised,  segments  brnailly  roniided  ;  seiiii- 
oells  bilobato  at  the  sides,  basal  lolics  profoundly  cinargimite  and  with  the  angles  more  or 
less  acute;  eytiodcriii  distinctly  regularly  piiiictale. 

liniiarl-i^. — This  species  is  cldso  to  E.  rrassmii,  from  which  it  differs  in  tlie  pro- 
|)ortionate  h'ii;j;th,  b"iii<^  only  twice  iiisteml  of  tliree  times  us  hHiji^  "«  hroiul ;  in  tho 
si/e  heinii;  only  Hire 'fourths  as  hir';;e ;  ivnil  especially  in  the  peculiar  lateral  split- 
tinj,',  as  it  weri>,  of  the  basal  lobes. 

IS       July,  IHVa. 


mi" 


138  PRESII-WATKR   ALG.*:   OP    THE   UNITED   STATES. 

Fi<,'.  \'2,  pi.  21,  represents  the  front  view  of  an  empty  hiilf  frond  of  this  species, 
magnitiid  4oO  diameters;  fig.  12  a,  the  side  view  of  an  empty  frond. 

E.  aillue,  Rai  fs. 

E.  E.  liumcrosuin  afflne,  paulo  minus  ;  acraicelluIoB  quinqueloboB ;  lobi  basales  qualea  in  E.  hurao- 
rosuni  si'd  tuinoros  qualuor  in  scM'iuni  truiisvornuin  Kinipliwin  dispoHiU,  lohi  iiilcriiu>(lii  valiie 
abbn'viali  coruincinc  ba.si  tumoribus  Uuoiius  instnicti,  li<bus  pularis  niagis  porrct'tus  et  in 
apice  minus  dilatatus;  cytioderma  subtilissimu  punctatum  subiieve.   (H.) 

Long.  0.0038"— 0.0041".   (I!.) 

Syn. — E.  affiiii',  Halfs,  British  Desniidfte,  p.  82. 

Hab. — South  Carolina  ;  Georgia  ;  Bailey. 

Frond  about  twice  as  long  as  broad ;  sogmonts  3-Iobcd  ;  bnsal  lobes  slightly  eniarginato, 
havinK  iiiternicdiato  l)etwt'('n  tliem  iind  tlie  end  lobe  on  eaili  side  a  tul)erele  representing 
middle  lob;s,  tlie  upper  aiargiu  of  which  is  horizontal ;  end  lobe  c.xserted,  dilated,  its  noteh 
linear. 

Empty  frond  ;  f,  v.  minutely  punctate  ;  the  segments  with  four  basal  inflations,  two  above  and 
two  on  end  lobe ;  tr.  v.  elliptic,  with  four  inllations  on  each  side  and  one  at  each  end  ;  e.  v. 
end  lobe  cmnrginate  at  oi)posite  ;  e.  v.  cud  lobe  cmargiuate  at  opposite  external  margins, 
producing  four  shallow  lobulets.  (A.) 

E.Didelta,  (Tuupin)  Ralfs. 

E.  robustuin,  diametro  duplo  longius  etiam  supra,  in  sectione  transversa  ellipticum,  anibita  un- 
dulato-crenatum,  in  utro(iue  latere  crenisciuaternis  ;  seniicellulis  pyrainidalibus,  quin(|uelobis, 
tuinoribus  9  in  scries  Ires  alternantibus  ordiiiatis,  lobis  inferioribusobliciue  truncato-rotundatis 
nonnunquam  leniter  relusis,  iiilerniediis  .«ubadseendentibus,  rotnndatis,  lodo  polari  minus 
dilatato,  bifido,  segnientis  rotuudato-truncalis,  connivcntibus,  in  apice  tiiniidis  ;  cytiodennato 
distinctc  punctato,  punctis  modo  irregulariler  sparsis  modo  iu  seriebus  reetis  eolloeati.s.  (R.) 

Long.  0.0055".     Lat.  0.00279". 

Syn. — E.Didella,  (Turpin)  Ralfs,  British  Pcsmidca!,  p.  84. 

Hah. — South  Carolina  ;  Georgia  ;  Rhode  Island  ;  Bailey.     Pennsylvania;  Wood. 

Frond  rather  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad;  segments  pyramidal,  inflated  at  the  baj-x-  and 

again  at  the  middle,  end  scarcely  dilated,  rounded,  il.s  notch  linear. 
Enijjty  frond  [junctatc;  f  v.  segments  with  several  inllations  in  lines  and  two  at  the  end  ;  tr.  v. 

elliptic  with  four  inflations  at  each  side  and  one  at  each  end  ;  e.  v.  eud  lobe  entire  at  margin. 

Sporangium  orbicular,  with  subulate  spines.   (A.) 

Remark. — Fig.  13,  pi.  21,  represents  this  species. 

E.  ainpiillnceiini,  Ualfs. 

E.  diametro  duplo  lungius  ;  scmiccllulis  trilobis,  ad  basin  tnmidi.s,  e  basi  latissima  snbito  in  lobi 
polari.s  collum  attenuatis,  liibis  basalibus  ma.xiniis  inlegris,  loco  loborum  inlennedidruiii  pro- 
cessu  deutifornii,  lobo  polari  euncato,  in  apice  bifido,  segnientis  late  truncatu-ruluudalis; 
cytiodcrniato  subtilitcr  punctate.   (R.) 

Long.  0.0035"— 0.0038".     Lat.  max.  .002fi"  ;  lat.  in  eolli  (lobi  polar.)  0.0008,5".  (R.) 

Syn. — E.  ampulliwriim,  RAj.rs,  British  Pesmideaj,  p.  83. 

Eab. — South  Carolina  ;   Florida  ;   Bailey. 

Froml  rather  more  than  one-half  longer  than  broad  ;  segmerita  obscurely  3-lobcd,  short,  with 
broad  inflated  base  ;  basal  lobes  not,  emnrginate,  having  on  each  upper  side  a  small  inter- 
mediate tubercle  between  each  and  the  end  lobe  ;  end  loljo  c.tserted  and  dilated,  its  notch 


1 

8 


FRE8U-VVATER  AhQM    OP  THE  UNITED  STATES.     I39 

linear.  Empty  fronr]  minutely  punrtiito ;  f.  v.  narrow  elliptic,  willi  sivcral  iiillnled  protube- 
rances, ends  scarcely  aiiateiJ,  rouuiled ;  tr.  v.  with  four  iuUatious  at  sides  and  one  ut  each 
end.  (A.) 

circulare,  IIassai.. 

E.  mediocre,  diametroduplolonKius;  semicclhilis  trilobis  (at  non  semper  distincte),  nd  basin 
versus  tumoribus  quini.s  aut  pluribus  in  series  dua.s  v.  tres  alternantes  nut  siuKulo  centrali 
quaterni.s  scmicirculariter  ordinatis  instructis,  lobis  basajibus  sinuato-eniarginati.s,  snbito  in 
lobum  polarom  apice  paullum  dilutatum  i   tenuatis;  cytiodermate  subtiliter  punctato.  (R.) 

Sy» — E.  circulare,  IIassal,  Fresh-Water  Alga:,  p.  3a3. 

JIab. — Providence,  Rhode  Island  ;  Bailey. 

"  Frond  about  twice  as  long  as  broad,  tapering  upwards  into  a  ncek,  end  not  dik.trfi,  its  notch 
an  acute  incision.  Empty  frond,  scgnionts  with  five  basal  inflatious,  four  in  a  half  circle 
around  the  fifth  and  two  others  at  the  extremity."  Archer. 

(Var.  Uairsii) 

Semicellula  tumoribus  minimis  11  in  series  tres  alternantes  ordinatis. 

Hab. — Saco  Lake,  New  Ilampsliiro;  (F.  W.  Lewis)  Wood. 

E.  Jenneri,  nobis.  Frond  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  broad ;  segments  3-lobcd,  basal  portions 
subquadrate,  emarginate  at  the  sides;  end  lobe,  its  notch  linear.  Empty  frond  punctate 
segments  with  several  inflations  arranged  in  alternate  lines.  (Archer.)  ' 

E.  inaigne,  IIassall. 

E.  subgracile,  diametro  duplo-triplove  longius,  a  vertice  fere  qiindratum,  lateribus  concavis 
angulis  rotundatis;  semicellulisbasi  inflatis,  intcgris,  e  bnsi  subrenifornii  in  collum  elongatum' 
cuius  atteuuatis,  lobo  polari  dilatato  bifido  truncato  ;  cytiodermate  subtiliter  punclato.    (R.) 

Long.  0.0039"— 0.0043".     Lat.  max.  0.0023C''.   (II.) 

Si/n. — F.  in^icjiic,  IIassall,  Fresh-Water  Algaj,  p.  21. 

Hub. — Florida;  Rhode  Island;  Bailey. 

Frond  rather  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad  ;  segments  inflated  at  base,  sides  entire,  without 
lateral  tubercles,  and  tapering  into  a  long  slender  nock;  end  lobe  dilated,  it.s  notch  linear 
Emi)ty  frond  minutely  punctate  ;  f.  v.  segments  with  two  Inflations  at  the  base  ;  f  v  narrower 
gradually  tapering  to  the  end,  which  is  considerably  dilated;  projections  rounded  with  a 
sums  between  ;  tr.  v.  subquadrate,  slightly  concave  at  sides,  with  a  round.Ml  lobe  at  the 
centre  of  each  end  ;  e.  v.  end  lobe  with  a  sinus  ut  opposite  external  margins,  angles  thus 
protruded  into  four  divergent  rounded  lobelets.   (A) 

E.  Rairsii,  Rabenq. 

E.  mediocre,  levitcr  comprcssum,  medio  inflntum,  diametro  duplo  circiter  longius;  seniicellulls 
pyramldalibus,  e  basi  ventricosa  in  lobum  polareni  rectum  truncatuni  sinuato-atlenuatis  • 
cytiodermate  subtiliter  punctato,  punctis  in  lineas  rectaa  ordinatis.  (U.)  ' 

Syn.—E.  an^atum,   Eiir.    etauctores.   Rabeniioust,  Flora  Europ.  A Igarnm,  Sect.  IIL  p   184 
E.  Ralfsii,  Rauenhobst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  184. 

i7o6._Sonth  Carolina ;  Rhode  Island ;  Bailey.     White  Mountains,  Now  Hampshire  (P   W 
Lewi.s).  ^ 

"E.  n„«atum,  Ehrb.  Frond  about  twice  as  lon«r  as  broad  ;  segments  inflated  at  the  base  taper- 
mg  upwards  without  sluuations  into  a  neck,  cud  not  dilated,  rounded,  its  notch  linear.    '  Empty 


140  ERBSII-WATER  AhQJE  OP   THE   UNITED   STATES. 

frond  punctate;  f.  v.  scgmcnta  turgid  on  the  surface,  at  the  middle  without  circular  inflations ; 
tr.  V.  elliptic,  with  a  single  large  inflation  at  each  tiidu ;  o.  v.  end  lubu  entire  at  the  margin, 
its  divisions  circular.   (A.) 

Eemarhs. — I  have  seen  only  a  very  few  specimens  in  a  gatliering  made  in  Saco 
Lake,  New  Ilampsliire,  by  Dr.  Lewis,  which  differ  considerably  from  the  typical 
form  in  the  proportion  of  the  breadth  and  length.  There  arc  also  certainly  four, 
if  not  more,  umbonations  on  the  face  of  each  half-cell.  These  are  nowhere  dis- 
tinctly  spoken  of  as  existing,  and  ^Ir.  Archer  states  there  arc  none  visible  in  the 
front  view  of  E.  ansatum.  Tlicy  are,  however,  represented  in  the  side  view  of  the 
original  figure,  and  are  said  to  be  very  noticeable  by  Mr.  Archer  himself,  when 
the  dcsmid  is  so  looked  at.  In  the  Saco  Lake  specimens  they  are  always  seen  in 
the  front  view  with  great  difficulty,  and  in  some  cases  I  failed  entirely  to  demon-' 
strate  them,  so  that  tliey  do  not  aftbrd  a  good  character  for  the  indication  of  a  neW 
species. 

Fig.  1,  pi.  13,  represents  a  front  view  of  a  Saco  specimen,  magnified  450  dia- 
meters. 

C.  Lobi  polares  non-evidentcr  discreti. 
C.  End  lobes  not  evidently  distinct. 

E.  elegans,  (Breb.)  Ktz. 

E.  minus,  oblonguni,  dianietro  diiplo  longins,  utroquo  polo  bifidum,  scgmentis  intror.snm  rotun- 
datis;  semicellulis  sursnni  modico  attonuatis,  utroque  nuirgine  laterali  bi- vel  tri-sinnatis, 
sinu  superior!  vel  intermcdio  profundiori,  sub  polo  utriiKpie  doiite  acuto  |)roniinente ;  eytio- 
dermato  subtiliter  piinetato,  punctis  irregularitcr  sparsis ;  zygospuris  globosis  aculcatis, 
aculcis  clongato-subulatis.  (U.) 

Long.  0.0012" 0.002".     Lat.  max.  circitcr  0.0011".  (U.) 

Syn. — E.  elerjans,  (Bu£bisson,)  Kijtzino.     Rabeniioust,  Flora  Europ.  Algaruni,  Sect   III.  p. 
185. 

nab. — South  Carolina;  Georgia;  Florida;  RhoJe  Island;  Bailey.     White  Mountains,  (P.  W. 
Lewis). 

Frond  minute,  scarcely  twice  a.s  long  as  broad,  oblong;  segments  with  their  basal  portion  cmar- 
ginato  at  the  sides,  connected  by  a  broad  neck  with  the  terminal  portion;  ends  protuberant, 
rounded,  acutely  cmarginate  at  the  centre,  pouting;  s.  v.  'vith  on  inflation  at  the  base  of  the 
segments,  sides  concave,  ends  rounded.     Sporangium  orbicular,  spinous    (A.) 

Hemarhs. — According  to  Prof  llabenhorst  E.  rontratum,  Ealfs,  which  is  noted 
as  an  American  species  by  Bailey,  is  a  variety  of  E.  eUjans.  Its  pecidiarities,  ac- 
cording to  Rabenhorst,  are  as  follows:  "Forma  magis  evoluta,  profundior  sinuata, 
segnientis  polaribus  latioribus,  angulis  acutis,  dente  paulo  longiore." 

Fig.  14,  pi.  21,  represents  the  outline  of  the  frond  as  viewed  laterally;  fig.  2, 
pi.  13,  a  front  view  of  the  frond,  magnified  750  diameters. 

E.  Iiinnle,  (Tuupin)  Bai.fs. 

E.  niiniiiuini,  dianiciro  paulo  vel  subdnjilo  longins,  in  sect,  transversa  oblongo-rylindricnm, 
medio  tuuiidum,  utroque  polo  rotundatum  ;  semicellulis  indistinete  trilobis,  lobis  baaalibus 


FRESn-WATER  ALG.E   OP  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


141 


latia,  rotundatis  vol  sinuato-bi- tricrciiatis ;  lobo  polari  abl)rc'viiit()  lute  triiiiciilo.  lovitcr  cniar- 
giuato,  aiigulis  acutia  latoraliter  plus  niimis  porrcctis ;  cyliuUunuatc  sublilissiiiie  puuctato. 

Syn. — E.  binale,  (Tubpin)  Ralfs,  British  Dcsniidca),  p.  90. 

//a6.— Florida;  Bailey.     Rbodo  Island,  (S.  T.  Olney J  Tiiwaites.     Pennsylvania ;  Wood. 

Frond  very  minute,  scarcely  twice  as  long  ns  broad,  oblong  ;  segments  with  their  basal  |)ortiiin 
cither  entire  or  bicrenato  at  the  side.'^,  slightly  contracted  beneath  the  ends  ;  ends  diliili'd,  not 
protuberant  beyond  the  angles,  its  central  notch  acute,  broad  ;  tr.  v.  with  two  lateral  infla- 
tions, ends  truncate,  angles  rounded.   (A.) 

Iicmai7,:—Y\g.  3,  pi.  13,  reprcsfnts  the  front  view  of  a  froiul,  magnified  750 
diameters. 

Genus  MICRASTERIAS,  Ac.  (1827). 

Colliilie  comprcssa;,  profunde  constrietm,  a  fronto  orbirularcs  vcl  late  ellipticiD,  a  verlicc  fusiformes 
cum  utroque  polo  ncnto,  scmicelluliD  tri-  vel  quirupie-loba! ;  lobi  basales  nut  integri  ant  pluripliciter 
incLso-lobnlati ;  lobus  polaris  aut  integer  nut  sinualus  ant  cmarginatiis,  ct  iiitcrduni  nngulls  produc- 
tU8  ct  bilidus.  Cytioplasma  chloro))liyllncea  in  cclitilai  Innien  snbn;qualiler  dif'triiiula,  grannla 
amylaeea  sparsa  involvens.  Cytiodernia  plerumque  lajve,  noununquam  punctatum,  granulaluni  vel 
mucronatuni. 

Zygosporaj  gloI)osa;,  tetate  provecta  aculeis  simplicibus,  apice  bi-mulli-fidis,  noununquam  repotito- 
niultifiidis  armatoj. 

Cells  compressed,  profoundly  constricted,  viewed  from  the  front  orbicular  or  broadly  elliptic,  from 
the  vertex  fusiform  with  acute  ends.  Semicclls  3-  or  5-lobed  ;  basal  lobes  cither  entire  or  many 
times  inciscly-lobnlate  ;  end  lobo  either  entire  or  sinuate  or  eraarginate,  and  sometimes  with  its  angles 
produced  and  bilid.  Clilorophyllous  c^uoplashi  distributed  nearly  uniformly  in  the  cavity  of  the 
cell,  surrounding  scattered  starch  granules.  Cytioderm  mostly  smooth;  sometimes  punctate; 
granulate  or  niucronate. 

Zygospores  globose,  at  maturity  armed  with  simple  spines,  whoso  ends  bilid  or  multiQd,  and  some- 
times repeatedly  multifld. 

A.  Semicellulee  trilobie.     Lobi  bamles  horizon  Inks  ;  lobiis  polaris  valde  dilctalus,  dorso  plane 
convexus,  Iruncalus  vcl  leviler  reliisus,  a  lobis  basalihiis  .sunt  amjilissimo  discrettts. 

A.  Semicells  trilobate.     Jjnsnl  lobes  horizontal ;  end  lobe  stronyly  dilated,  with  the  buck  con- 
vex,  truncate,  or  slightly  retuse. 

mr.  arciialn,  Bailey. 

M.  mcdiocris,  quadrangnlaris,  paulo  latior  quam  longa,  profunde  pinnatlfida;  lobis  basalibus 
angustis  clongalis,  arcualis,  in  apicein  aciituiu  attcnuatis,  divergcntilms;  lobis  i)olaribus 
angustusimis,  utrinriuo  gracilitor  productis,  iu  apicem  acutum  atlenuatis,  in  medio  dorso 
modice  retusis.   (R.) 

Sijn. — M.  arcuata,  Bailey,  Microscopical  Observations :  Smithsonian  Contributions,  vol.  ii. 

Ilab. — In  stagnis.     Florida;  Bailey. 

"Quadrangular,  segments  tliree-lobcd,  the  basal  lobes  long  and  nrcuate,  subtended  t)ythe  trans- 
verse projections  from  the  ends  of  the  slightly  notched  terminal  lobes."  (Bailey.) 

m.  expanNa,  Bailey. 

M.  mcdiocris,  tuni  longa  quam  lata,  lobis  stellatim  c.xpansis;  lobis  basalibus  angustis  in  apicem 
acutura  attcnuatis,  divergcntibus,  rcctis;  lobis  polaribua  e  basi  nngu.sta  sensini  dilatatis,  iu 
medio  dorso  late  sinuatis,  angulis  acutis  (.sed  mutieis).   (R.) 

Syn. — ^r  fxpansa,  BAtLEY,  Microscopical  Observations :  Smithsonian  Contributions,  vol.  ii. 
Hub. — In  stagnis,  Florida;  Bailey, 


i]'l 


142  FUK8II-WATE11   ALG^:    OF   TUB   UNITED   STATES. 

Segments  tlireo-lobed,  basal  lobes  long,  aubconienl,  nculc;  tormina,  lobes  slender,  forked  at  the 
end,  witli  iLe  divisions  mueU  shorU^r  tliiiii  tliu  busal  Iciijus    (ISalli'y.) 

M.  qiiadratn,  Baii.ev. 

Al.  iircuatu3  Biiiiilin,  sed  duplo  major,  somicollnlnriini  lobi  basulca  minus  arcuuti,  busi  inllati, 
apice  bidcntali  et  cytiuderma  irregularitur  grunulutum.   (11.) 

DiOHi.— 0.0043"— 0.0040". 

Si/n. — ..If.  quadrala,  Haii.ev,  Microscopical  Observations:  Smitlisoniun  Contributions,  vol.  ii. 
Large  quiulrangnlar,  tlirce-Iobcd,  l)asiil  lobc.-i  eloiigiilod,  slightly  curved,  bidentate ;  terminal 
lubes  with  two  slender  traiisver.su  bidentate  projections,  lluiley. 

n.  dispiitatn,  Wuod. 

>1.  magna,  feretani  longnquam  lata,8nbpinnatiseeta,  sinu  acute,  lobisrcqiialibus;  Remiccllulispro- 
funde  trilobis,  lobis  basalibus  in  a|iiccm  acute  biilcntatum  valde  alteiiuatis;  lulio  polari  valde 
dilatato,  durso  rotundato,  angulis  lateralibns  aeulis.siniis. 
Lo'ig-  tbJo"  =-005".     Lat.  v2S/  =  004". 

S>jn. — JUicraMerias  iiuina,  Kti.    U.mi.kv,  -Micro.scopical  Observations:  Smithsonian  Contribu- 
tions, 1850. 
Haud  Micrasleria  incimi,  Kltzin(1,  Spec.  Algaruin,  p.  171. 
Telrachaalrum  Americanum,  AucUEn,  ruiTCilAiiii's  Infusoria,  18fi0,  p.  725. 
Ilab. — South  Carolina;  Georgia;  Florida;  llhodc  Island  ;  Bailey.     I'ennsylvauia  ;  Wood. 

M.  largo,  about  as  long  as  broad,  subpinmuisccted;  sinuses  acute;  seniicells  profoundly  trilo- 
bate ;  basal  lobes  strongly  attenuate  into  the  acutely  bidentate  ape.x ;  distal  lobes  strongly 
dilated,  rounded,  with  their  lateral  angles  bidentate  ;  end  lube  broadly  dilated,  lateral  angles 
very  acute. 

Remarks. — This  desmid  was  first  figured  by  the  late  Prof.  Bailey  in  his  Micro- 
scopical Observations  (Smithsonian  Contributions),  as  M.  liiclsa  of  Ktz.,  and  Ra- 
bcnhovst,  in  liis  Flora  Europa?a  Algarum,  confirms  this  identification.  lie  has 
probably,  however,  never  seen  the  plant  itself,  but  merely  accepts  the  opinion  of 
Professor  Bailey.  Mr.  Archer  (Pritchard's  Iii/umria),  thinks  the  American  plant 
is  certainly  distinct  from  tlie  European,  and  this  seems  to  nie  correct.  Tlie  points 
of  diftercnce  are — t'lc  American  form  is  nearly  twice  the  size  of  the  European,  the 
sinuses  are  much  ^  widened  outwardly,  and  the  lobes  are  reduced  rapidly  in 

breadth  to  a  meic  \t  at  the  end,  the  dorsum  of  the  distal  lobes  is  also,  I  believe, 
more  rounded.  In  hu  description  of  T.  Amcricaimm,  as  he  calls  it,  Mr.  Arclier 
states  the  end  lobe  has  its  angles  bidentate.  In  the  only  specimen  I  have  seen, 
the  angles  end  in  a  very  sharp,  almost  spine-like  point.  Dr.  Leidy  found  tlie  spe- 
cies abundantly  at  Newport,  Illiode  Island,  and  his  figure  agrees  with  mine  in  this 
r(>spect.  In  regard  to  the  name,  as  tliere  is  idready  an  M.  Americanum.  the  specific 
ntime  of  Archer  cannot  be  adopted,  and  for  a  similar  reason  it  would  not  do  to  call 
it  J/.  Ball<'/i.     I  have  tlien  been  forced  to  give  it  a  new  title. 

Fig.  4,  pi.  i;3,  was  drawn  by  myself  from  the  single  specimen  I  have  seen;  fig. 
4  a  was  drawn  by  Dr.  Leidy  from  a  Newport  specimen. 

n.  osicitans,  Kai.fs. 

M.  magna,  paino  tarn  longa  quam  lata,  subpinnatisecta,  a  verticc  elliptico  fusiformis,  ntroqne 
polo  bilida;  lobis  basalibus  liorizontalibns  coiiico-productis,  apico  bifidis;  labo  polari  a  lobi-s 
ba.'^alibns  sinn  nnipio  ac  rolundato  discrcto,  plus  minus  convcxo,  hand  raro  truncato,  rarius 
leviter  rctuso,  utriiupic  ])roilucto  acuminato,  plerumqae  bidcntato.  (R.) 


FllESU-WATER  ALG^   OP   TUB    UNITED   STATES.  I43 

Diam.—O.OOiV.     Long.  0.0039".  (R.) 

Syn.—M.  oacitang,  Kalfs,  British  Dcsniidieao,  p.  76.     Rabeniiokst,  Flora  Europ.  Alearum 
Sect.  III.  p.  119. 
M.  pinnatijida  Ktz.     Rabeniioubt,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  119. 
i7a6.— Florida;  Rhode  Island;  Bailey. 

Frond  about  as  broad  as  long,  pinnatifld;  lateral  lobes  separated  from  the  terminal  by  aronndcd 
sinus,  horizontal,  conical,  their  extremities  bidontate ;  cud  lobe  short,  broad,  its  lateral  pro- 
jections short,  conical,  usually  bidentatc,  narrower  and  shorter  than  the  lateral  lobes ;  ends 
convex  at  the  centre;  tr.  v.  fusiform,  c.  f.  punctate.  (A.) 

.ffe/Ha?-^-s.— According  to  Prof,  llabenhorst  M.  i>innatifi(Ja,  Ktz.,  is  a  variety  of  M. 
oscitana,  different  from  the  typical  form  only  in  being  smaller,  and  in  having  the 
lobes  narrower. 

B.  Hemicelluiw  S-vvl  Mobse,  plerumque  radiatim  inciao-lobulatie.     Lohi  basalea  assurgentea 
aut  non  attt  minus  a  lobo  polari  remuti. 

B.  Semicells  3,  or  b-lobalc,  moslly  railialrh/  iiiciiiehj  lobulate.     Basal  lobes  assurgenl,  either 
close  to,  or  but  sliijIUly  remote  from  the  end  lobes. 

*  Semicellulie  trilobae. 

*  Semicells  trilobate. 

n.  Americana,  (Eiirb.)  Ktz. 

M.  magna,  oblonga,  subpinnatiseeta,  lobis  polaribns  panlnm  rcmotis,  ptene  duplo  longlor  quam 
lata;  cytiodermate  spinuloso  unde  laboriira  niurginca  dentato-scrrati  conspiciuntur ;  cellula 
e  latere  conspecta  oblonga,  in  medio  Icviter  constricta.  utroquc  polo  bicornuta ;  semicellulaj 
basi  tumoreplns  minus  distincto  instructo),  fere  quinquclobic,  lobis  biisales  latissiini  iisdemque 
profundo  bilobati,  lobulis  late  excisis,  sograentis  dentato-serratis;  lobis  polaribus  plus  minus 
produetis,  in  medio  late  excisis,  segm^ntis  profunde  bifldis.  (R.) 

X»i'om.— 0.0041".     Long,  circa  0.0051".  (R.) 

S///I.— J/:  Americana,  Kutzinq.     Rabenhobst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  189. 

Ilab.—hi  stagnis.  South  Carolina;  Florida;  Bailey. 

Frond  angular  elliptic,  more  or  less  punctate  ;  segments  3-lobed  ;  lateral  lobes  broad,  cuneate, 
their  margins  concave,  inciso-scrratc  ;  and  lobe  broad,  cuneate,  end  exscrted,  bijjartite  at  the 
angles,  the  subdivisions  narrow,  and  minutely  dentate  at  the  extremities;  end  concave.  (A.) 

liemark. — Fig.  17,  pi.  12,  represents  a  plate  of  this  species. 

in.  Baileyi,  Ralfs. 

M.  parva,  oblonga,  granulata ;  semiccllulis  trilobis,  lobis  basalibus  a  lobo  polari  sinu  ampio 
discretis,  excisura  acute  triangulari  id  duas  lacinias  partitis,  laeiniis  e  basi  latiori  in  apieem 
truncatum  bidentatum  attennatis;  lobo  polnri  e  basi  angnsta  longe  porrccto,  sursum  valde 
dilatato,  in  vertice  Icviter  et  late  sinuato,  nngulis  truncato,  bidentato.  (11.) 
Si/n.—K  linileyi,  Ralfs,  British  Desmidieas,  p.  211. 
//a/A— New  York ;  Rhode  Island  ;  South  Carolina;  Florida;  Bailey. 
Frond  granulated ;  segments  three-lobed  ;  lobes  bipartite,  end  one  much  exserted.  (Ralfs.) 
in.  rinj^ens,  Bailey. 

M.  incdioeris,  oblonga,  margino  granulata;  seraicellulis  trilobis;  lobis  latcralihus  bipartitis, 
laeiniis  divaricatis,  npjcc  obtusis,  trnncatis  vel  bidentatis;  lobo  polari  c  ba.si  ang,  sta  sursum 
valde  dilatato,  exserto,  in  vertice  Icniter  sinuato,  angulis  truncato.  (R.) 


Tf^^^f^yV^ 


m 


1:1 


1 


14^  FUESII-WATER   ALQ^E    OP  THK    UNITKD   STATES. 

Syn.—M.  riwjenit,  IUilev,  Microscopical    Oliacrvations,  pi.  1,  fig.    11:    Siuitb.soniiiii  Coiitri- 
butiuiis,  vol.  ii. 

ffab Florida;  Bailey. 

Oblong,  scRiiiciit.s  tbroc-lobcd,  coar.scly  granulated  near  tho  edge  ;  basal  lobes  subdivided  by  a 

deep  iioleb  into  two  rather  broad  and  oblu.se  or  xliglitly  biduntutc  projoclions ;  teriuinal  lobua 

cxserted,  ciimrginate  ;  extremities  bideiilatu  or  obluso. 

*  *  Scmicellulie  (jiiiitque-lubalw. 

♦  *  Scmicelln  b-lobed. 

n.  triincatn,  (Corda)  Bueb. 

M.  magna,  orbieuhiri.'i,  aut  liBvi.s  aut  subtiliter  punctata;  semiecllulis  quinquclobis,  lobis  inter 
so  sinti  obtusaiigulo  subangusto  di.seretiw,  basalibus  et  inlenuiMliis  iuei.so-lobiilatis,  segmentis 
aeutc  bideiitati.s;  lobo  polari  late  euneato,  in  dor.so  truncate,  uiodo  loviter  couvexo,  uiodo 
Itiviter  retuso,  angulis  aut  bideutatis  aut  integris.  (K.) 

Diam.— 0.003"     Long.  .003fi". 

Syn. — iV.  Iruncata,  (Corda,)  Brebisson.     H.vbeniiorst,  Flora  Eurnp.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p. 

191. 
//a6.— Georgia ;    Florida;    Kiiodc  Islaml ;    Bailey.     Pennsylvania;   Wood.      llliodo  Island 

(S.  T.  Oluc));  Tbwaites. 
Frond  orbicular,  smootli ;  segments  S-lobed  ;  basal   and  middle  lobes  obscurely  biparl'to,  ex- 
tremities bident  <e  ;  end  lobe  very  broadly  cuneate,  bidentate  at  tbe  angles,  and  witli  asligbtly 
central  concavitj    (A.) 

Itcmarks. — The  dimensions  given  above  wore  taken  fion  the  largest  specimens 
I  liave  seen,  but  do  not  at  all  e(iual  those  given  by  I'lof.  llaboiihorst,  liis  breadth 
is  .0011".  According  to  the  same  autliority,  M.  cranata,  lireb.,  is  merely  a  variety 
of  this  species. 

Fig.  15,  pi.  21,  represents  the  outline  of  a  frond  of  this  plant. 

in.  Aircata,  Ac. 

M.  pormagna  paulo  longior  quam  lata,  levis ;  semieellulia  quinque  lobis  (pajne  t-Iobis)  ;  lobis 
omnibus  rectis ;  lobis  basalibus  angustioribus,  bilobulatis,  lobulis  bilidis,  sinu  obtusangulo 
vcl  acutangulo,  segmentis  lincaribus  bidentalis  (dentieulis  sicpo  inie(|uilongis);  lobis  inter- 
mcdiis  duplo  latioribus,  inciso-bilobis,  lobulis  ii.sdem  ac  loborum  basalium  ;  lobo  ])c>lari  non- 
uihil  angusto  cuncato,  promiuulo,  in  apicu  plus  minus  profuude  siuuato-vel  unduluto  iuciso, 
angulis  bideutatis. 

X»,am.— TgSo"  =  -008". 

Syn. — 31.  rolala,  Ualfs,  British  Desraidieoi,  p.  VI. 

M.  furcata,  Agaudii.     Hauenuurst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  191. 

Hah. — South  Carolina;  Georgia;  Florida;  Rhode  Island ;  Bailey.     New  Jersey;  Wood. 

M.  very  large,  a  little  longer  than  broad,  .smooth ;  semieells  6-lobcd  (scarcely  T-lobcd)  ;  lobes 
all  straight;  basal  lobe  narrower  than  the  intermediate,  bilobulate,  lobules  bifid,  their  siimses 
acute  or  obtuse,  segments  linear,  bidentate ;  teeth  often  long  and  unequal ;  intermediate  lobes 
twice  as  wide  as  the  basal,  bilobate,  their  lobules  of  the  same  form  as  the  basal  lobe  ;  end 
lobes  narrowly  cuneate,  prominent,  more  or  less  profoundly  sinuately  or  undulately  cut  at 
the  apex,  angles  bidentate. 

Rrmnrhs. — According  to  Rahenhorst  and  oth 'rs,  there  is  a  European  form  of 
this  species   in  which   the  marginal  teeth  are  wanting.     This  may  exist  in  this 


^f   ^i 


I 


FRESII-WATRR  ALO^  OP   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


145 


country,  but  I  have  never  met  with  it.  All  the  specimens  which  have  come  under 
my  notice  were  obtained  in  "Shepherd's  Dam,"  near  (Jreenwich,  Cumberland 
County,  New  Jersey.  None  of  them  were  r»s  liirge  as  the  maximum  of  the  European 
measurements  of  which  llabenhorst  gives  0.010!)"  as  the  diameter. 

Fig.  6,  pi.  13,  represents  a  frond  of  this  species,  magnified  'iGO  diameters. 

in.  denticiilnta,  nn^ii.  7 

M.  pcriiingiin,  paiilo  longior  qnam  Inta,  locvis;  somicellulis  quinqnelohis  (piciie  9  lobis) ;  lohm 
iiitormcdiU  ct  bnsulibua  BiniilliiniH,  bilubiitis,  liibiilia  item  in  lobiilis  bif'ulis  dtiobim  divisis ; 
lobo  polaro  angusto,  cuncato,  in  apico  plus  miiiua  iuciso ;  marginc  luiuuto  deuticuluto. 

Diam.—IM.  .0092".     Long.  .011." 

Ihjn M.  denticulata,  BufcBissoN.     Ralfs,  British  Pcsmidicte,  p.  TO,  et  Auciier,  Pbitciiaud's 

Infusoria. 
M.  deiUiculala,  Biifeui.s.soN.  ?     Radeniiorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  192. 

i/a6.— Pennsylvania;  Wood.     Florida;  Bailey. 

Tory  largo,  a  littlo  longer  than  broad,  Ritiooth^  Brmicclls  with  five  lobes  (searcoly  9);  basal 
and  intermediate  lobes  alike  bilobut(!,  lobnlcs  also  divided  into  two  biild  lobules;  end  lobe 
narrow,  wedgc-sbapcd,  more  or  less  ineised  at  its  apex ;  margin  minutely  denticulate. 

Remarlcs. — Prof.  Rabenhorst  gives  M.  dentiadata,  Biieb.  as  merely  a  variety  of 
M.  furcala,  Ac,  stating  that  it  only  differs  from  the  latter  in  the  marginal  incisions 
and  teeth.  Not  having  access  to  the  original  description  of  Brebisson  I  cannot 
express  an  opinion  as  to  whether  Prof  II.  is  correct  or  not,  but  the  specimen  from 
which  the  above  description  was  drawn  up  (and  which  is  figured  on  plate  1 3)  cer- 
tainly differs  from  M.  fnrcata  very  essentially  in  the  arrangement  of  its  lobes,  and 
is,  I  feel  confident,  M.  dcntlmdata,  Bkeb.  of  Kalfs  and  Auchek. 

Fig.  6,  pi.  13,  is  a  drawing  of  this  plant,  as  seen  by  myself,  magnified  200 
diameters. 


in.  radiosa,  Aa. 

M.  maxima,  orbicularis,  la!vis,  antccodcnti  simillima,  dilTert  inprimis  segmcnti.s  ultiniis  tumidis 
in  apicem  bi-  tri-  liduni  attenualis,  lol)o  poliiri  vix  prumiuulo,  apico  sinuuto,  ad  utrunKpie 
unguium  bi-tri-dentato.  (11.)     Species  mihii<jiwla. 

/)wm.— O.OCiO".   (R.) 

Syn. — M.  radiosa,  Aoabdii.     Rabenhorst,  Flora  Kurop.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  192. 

Hab. — Florida ;  Bailey. 

Frond  orbicular,  i5mooth  ;  sogmenta  5-lobcd ;  basal  lobes  twice,  middle  lobes  generally  thrico 
dichotomous,  ultimate  subdivisions  inflated,  attenuate  towards  the  end,  bideutate;  end  lobes 
cmarginate,  its  angles  dentate.  (A.) 

M.  flmbriata,  Ralfs. 

M.  magna,  orbicularis,  laivis  (nonnunqnara  'Shpcrficie  aeuleis  singulis  pparsis);  semiccllulis 
quinquelobis,  lobis  omnibus  conlenis,  ba.saiibus  angustioribus,  repelito  bilobulatis,  lobis  iutcr- 
mediis  duple  latioribus,  repr.tito-bilobulatis,  lacinulis  extremis  levitcr  cmorginatis,  in  aiigulis 
spinis  elongatis  armalis;  lobo  polari  prominulo,  in  opice  obtuse  sinuato-vel- undulato-cmar- 
ginuto,  angulis  lateralibus  rotundatis,  ad  marginem  superiorera  spiais  singulis  vul  geminis 
obsito  (rariua  nudo).  (R.)  Species  mihi  ujnota. 
19      August,  1873. 


146 


FllKSn.AVATKU   A  L  U  .K   O  1'   T  II  K    UNITED   STATKS. 


Viam.—  OOJl"— .0078".   (K.) 

Syn. — M.  jimhriala,  Uai.fm,  UriiUli  DcHiiiidit'ic,  p.  11,  vl  11au£N1UU18T,  Flora  Kiinip.  Al);uruiii, 

Sect.  III.  p.  lua. 

//(lb. — Siiiith  Caruliim  ;  Florida;   Itiiilcy. 

Frond  orl)iculor,  Btnoolh  ;  Bcfrnicnls  6-lobfd,  bosal  lobca  twice,  tniddlu  lolica  thrice  dii'liotomniin ; 
ullimiilc  Hididivisiotm  acutely  bldcntuti';  cud  lobe  very  »ll(,'h(ly  e.x.xerted,  lla  angles  very 
slijflilly  |irii<luccd,  bideiilale,  eiidrt  eniargiimle.  in  transverso  view  is  «een  uii  inlliited  pro- 
tiiberniii'c  ju.st  over  the  cuiilrul  ibtlimuH,  whicli  uiuy  poniiibly  oxUt  iu  utlior  upocieii  of  Jlicraii- 
Icriiis.  (A.) 

n.  pnpilliri'rn,  nit^ni. 

Al.orliiciiliu'is,  Hiiiiei'lielc  lievi.-i,  iimrKiiic  c.xlrciiic)  dciitato  pnplllifcrft;  soniicclluliH  (|uinc|iielol)i8; 
lobis  basalibiis  cl  iiitermediU  a'(|iiilutl.s,  biliiliali.i ;  lolnili.s  liil'idiH,  laeinlis  lliieuribii.s  liideiilalis, 
dulitlbus  ])apillireriH;  loliu  polari  vi.\  proiiilmilo,  iu  upice  biuuatu,  uiiguliH  et  luargiue  deutalo- 
luueronatin.   (U.)     Uptcivs  inihi  ijnutii. 

J)iam.—O.OOVi>".  (K.) 

Sijii. — M.  pnjtiUifvra,  I>itKiir.sMov.  IIalfh,  IJritlsli  DeHiuidiea!,  p.  72,  ct  llAUKNiioiiNr,  Flora 
Kurop.  Alguruui,  heel.  III.  p.  1U4. 

lliib. — Florida;   Uliode  l.slaud  ;   Itailcy. 

Frond  orbicular,  iiaviiif?  llie  priiieiiial  sinuses  bordered  by  a  row  of  minulo  granules,  oUierwiso 
fiuiootli ;  segments  fi-lobed  ;  basal  and  middle  IoIich  twice  dicbotomous,  their  ultimate  shal- 
low subdivisions  terminated  by  two,  sometimes  throe,  gland-liko  teeth;  end  lobe  eniarginatc, 
its  angles  deutato.     Sporangium  aL<  iu  M.  denliculala,  but  cousidcrubly  smaller.  (A.) 

]fl.  grnniilatn,  Wnon  (sp.  nov.) 

Al.  magna,  auborbicularis,  nretc  grannbita  ;  pcniicellulis  qninqnelobis,  lobis  interne  Hinu  anguslo 
di.-ieretis,  basalibus  et  iutermediis  pleruniipie  iiitegris,  lobo  poluri  supra  valde  dilatato,  in 
dorso  medio  leviter  reluso  ;   niaigiiiibus  valde  erenalis. 

Diam.—Umg.  5J5"  =  .0043".     Lat.  tsoV  =  •«03(i". 

I/uh. — South  Carolina,  (Uavcncl) 

Large,  suborbieular,  closely  granulate;  scmicells  5-lobed,  lobc!  separated  by  narrow  sinuses; 
basal  aiul  intermediate  lobes  mostly  entire;  end  lobc  distally  broadly  dilated,  broadly  and 
very  sliallowly  enmrginate  ;  margin  of  frond  strongly  crcnatc. 

ni'innrhfi. — Tlio  only  spocinuMis  of  this  sprries  that  I  liavr  seen  woro  rollcctcd  by 
Prof,  llavcud  in  a  shallow  ditcii  near  Aiken,  South  Ciivolina,  where  thi-y  formed  a 
greenish,  gelatinous  mass,  with  numerous  desmids  and  diatoms.  It  is  most  closely 
allied  to  M.  (nnicala,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  its  entire  lateral  lobes,  by  its 
graiudated  surface,  and  its  crenated  margins.  It  also  does  not  apparently  attiiiu 
as  large  a  size  as  that  speci(-s.  The  grannies  an;  very  smidl  in  the  central  portion 
of  the  frond,  but  beroiii(>  jurger  as  they  approach  the  margin. 

Fig.  16,  pi.  21,  represents  an  empty  frond  of  this  species,  magnified  4()0  diam- 
eters. 

M.  Jennei'i,  Rai.fs.  ** 

M.  magna,  oMnnga,  plermiunte  snbliliter  grnnnlata;  scraicellulis  qnintinelobi.s  ;  lobis  basalibua 
et  interniediis  a'qnilatis,  eonfertis,  ennealis,  bilobulatis ;  lobo  polari  late  tninento  vcl  late 
rolimdnto,  in  medio  interduni  leviter  et  obtuse  eniarginato,  interdnm  nonniliil  i>rofundo  eraar- 
ginato. 

Din,„.—hal.  , J3 J '— , ,V„/  =  .00f,"_,00G3".     Long.  t?Sb"— „Vno"  =  .0002"-. 0087". 


PUE81I-WATKU   W.GJR  OP   THK   U  N  I  T  K  D   STATES. 


147 


f^i/n. — ^f.  Jiitiirri,  lUi.rs,  British  DemiiitllciP,  p.  70. 

j/itli. — I'ropo  riiiliKlclpliia  ;  Woml.     Smitli  CiirolliKi ;  (Uiivciicl) 

Iiiir>?o,  oblonjf,  for  iLe  nioHl  |>art  liiicly  );ruimlulu  j  noiiiirclls  ii-liibt'd  ;  IoIh's  wcdnt'-bliupt'tl ;  Immil 
iiiiil  iiiliTiiicilinto,  alioiit  ixiuuliy  liri>u(l ;  oiiil  lobu  brundly  tniiicutu  or  lirdiiilly  rouiulud,  in  lliu 
luiddln  liumi'tiiuus  Hiiglitly  uiid  ubtuscly  uuiargiimtu,  goinvtiiiifH  rather  dueply  uuiurgiiiutu. 

Ifi"mnrl-». — 1  have  found  this  simmmcs  near  riiiliitlolpliiii,  niitl  ulao  received  it  from 
Prof.  Riivenel,  hy  whom  it  was  colh-cted  in  South  Carolina.  The  Anurieau  jihuit 
differs  from  tlie  tyi)i(al  form  in  not  liaving  the  idtimate  h)liuh'8  emar<,Mnate,  they 
being  merely  a  little  hollowed  out  in  the  eeiitre,  and  sonietinies  scarcely  this.  The 
angles  in  some  specimens  are  also  more  acute;.  Mr.  Archer,  howc.'ver,  speaks  of  a 
variety  occurring  in  England,  in  which  these  lobides  are  not  emarginate,  and  I  do 
not  think  characters  can  be  found  separating  the  American  from  the  European 
forms.  The  median  siiture  is  in  all  the  specimens  very  narrow  and  deep,  u  mere 
line,  as  it  were,  •extending  nearly  to  the  centre. 

Fig.  7,  pi.  13,  represents  a  frond  of  this  species. 

m.  Torrcyi,  H.vii.Ky. 

M.  pcrmniiim,  oblonffo-orMcidaris,  lirvis,  profnndissimo  lobata;  Bcmioollulis  qiiinqnclobia,  lobij 
basalibiia  profuiido  bilidlH,  luciniis  iiilVriuribus  npico  biduntatiH,  Hiiperiiiriliiis  iiitt!K>'>''*>  '"''i''  >»* 
terniediis  prufiiiidu  triruli:),  liii'iiiii.s  siipi-riuribuH  biduiitatis,  iiilerioribiis  iiitcgris,  luc.  oiiiiiibim 
laiu'i-dliitia  acuniinatls,  inrvriorilxis  pauliiiii  iiiciirvlH,  siipvriorllm.s  reciirvid  ;  lubii  polari  nun 
proiuini'iito,  c  busi  angiista  Housim  dilututo,  in  viirticu  acute  Kinuato,  uugulis  iiitcgiis  acuiuiii- 
atis.   (11.)     SjiCfies  miht  iijiwia. 

Syn. — M.  Torrei/i,  ]5.\ii,ey.     Kalfs,  Brit.  Desinidiea;,  p.  210. 

J/ah. — Propo  I'riiicotown,  New  Jersey  ;  Bailey. 

Frond  Hnioolli ;  (jcpmeiils  5-lolied  ;  basal  IoIh's  bilid,  niiildln  lobon  trifid,  tho  pubdi  visions  nearest 
the  uppo.site  segment.^  and  lliosu  nearest  tlie  terminal  lolic  bidentale  at  the  ape.x  ;  the  inter- 
niedialu  three  terminating  in  aentc  points ;  nil  Konicwhat  inllated  and  taperitig ;  terminal 
lobe  narrow,  not  exserled,  spreading  ut  the  angle.s  into  divergent  tapering  points,  finds 
sliglitly  emarginate.  (A.) 

ira.  roliarea,  Bailey. 

M.  parva,  subcpiadrata,  Itcvis;  ficmicellulis  trilobis,  lobia  latoralibns  proriinde  bifidis  (nnde  ree- 
tior  semieell.  quiiuiuclobie),  lobnli.4  ina!((ualiter  ineiso-dentalis,  lobulis  inlcrioribns  rceli.i, 
Buporioribus  recurvia;  lobo  polari  plus  minus  proniinente,  angU!<tc  cuncato,  in  vert  ice  plus) 
minusvo  cmarginato,  angulis  aut  acutis  integria  aut  i)roduetia,  bidentatis.  11.  Si>r<ii's  milii 
iijnula. 

Sijn. — M.  foliacca,  Baii.ev.     Ualfs,  British  De.smidieffi,  p.  210. 

Uah. — "  Worden's  Pond,  lUiudc  Island;  Bailey." 

Frond  snbipiadrato,  smooth  ;  segments  3-lolied  ;  lateriil  lobe.s  deei)ly  bipartilo,  iiieiso-dentatc, 
their  margins  concave,  ineiso-serrate;  end  lobe  broad,  euneate,  and  exserled,  bipartite  at  tho 
angles,  tho  subdivisions  narrow,  and  minutely  dentate  at  the  extremities ;  cud  concave.  (A.) 

Genus  STAURASTllUM,  IMeyen. 

CelluliD  liberc  natantes,  in  medio  pins  minus  ]irofundc  constrictu; ;  semicellnbe  a  verticc  3-Cangn- 
lares  vcl  radiatio.  Cytioderma  aut  lu3vc  aut  punctatum  aut  verrueosuni  aut  aculeatum,  nonuun((uani 
ciliis  vel  pilia  obsessum. 

Cells  swimming  free,  more  or  Ic-s  profoundly  constricted  in  the  middle;  semieells  when  seen 
from  tho  vertex  3  to  C  angular  or  radiate.  Cytiodoriu  either  smooth  or  punctate,  or  verrucose  or 
aculeate,  sometimes  covered  with  hairs  or  ciliu. 


'i  I 


i  I 

;   I 

n 


Ill 


148 


FUES 11  WATER   ALd.K   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


A.    CVTIODERMA  L^VR  VKr.  RARIMHIMR  MIMITII.ITER  I'UNOTATUM. 
CyTIUUCUM  HMdli'lri  nil  VKItV  HAllKLY  VKUY  flNKLY  rUNUTATB. 

1.   Siimicellularum  ainjiiU  rulumlali. 
Anijlca  of  the  uriiiicetln  rounded. 

St.  mutiriini,  liittit. 

St.  a  fronte  orbifiilnro,  Itovo,  profiinilo  rniiRtriutum,  niuliim,  toI  muro  pliw  niiniiHro  firnio  Invo- 
lutuni  ;  HcinicclliiliH  clliptivin,  a  vrrtici!  ('onHprclm  8-4  nii^uliiriliUH  (riiriiis  quiii<|iiiinKularil>iis) 
aiigulia  rotuiiilntiH,  liitcrilnis  Icvitcr  simiiito-rctiiHix;  zyguHporiH  uoulcutiH,  uuuloit)  vluiigatis, 
Bubniatis,  furcatim  fiKais.  (U.)     Sjiecita  viihi  iynula. 

Diam— 0.0013"— 0  000147".  (R.) 

Syn — S.  mtiliciim,  IliifciiissdN.     ItAnKNiiniiHT,  Flora  Kiimii.  Alpnr.,  Sect.  III.  p.  200. 

JIab. — Suutli  C'liroliiia;  IIIkkIc  I.slniiil ;   lluilcy. 

Segments  in  f.  v.  elliptic,  Btnootli,  without  npinoK;  c.  v,  willi  tliriM-  or  four  Iiromlly  rounded 
nii(;l('s,  siilos  coiicavo.  Sporangium  buHct  witli  nuiuvrouH  uloiigatu  soinewlmt  Htout  xpinvH, 
forked  nt  tlio  npc.x.   (A.) 

St.  orbiciilnre,  (Mmui.)  Rai.fb. 

St.  8ul)orbicular(',  lievc,  sn'piiis  iiiuco  nintrlcnli  iiiTolutnm  ;  oemieellulis  divergentibiis,  Rcnii. 
orliicularibus,  (torso  iioMnuii(|iiuiii  cleviitis,  ungulis  plus  minus  lale  roluiidnlis,  luluribua  plus 
uiinua  8inuuto-rclUiii.s ;  zyguupururum  uculuis  vluugatid,  bubulutis,  intugria.  (.11.) 

Di'am— .002". 

Syn 6V.  orhiriilarc,  (Kintii.)  Rai.fs,  British  Dcsniidieio,  p.  125.     Rabeniiorst,  Flora  Europ. 

Algurum,  Scet.  111.  p.  200. 

Ilab. — Rhodu  Island;  Builey.     Pennsylvania;  Wood.     lEIiodo  Island;  (S.  T.  OIney)  Tliwaites. 

Segments  in  f  v.  semiorbicnlnr,  smooth,  without  spines  ;  e.  v.  with  thrco  broadly  rounded  angles, 
sides  sliglitly  concave.  (A.) 

JiemarJcK. — Fif^.  17,  \t\.  21,  represents  the  outline  of  the  end  view  of  a  frond  of 
this  species.     l'"ig.  8,  pi.  1;},  is  a  drawing  of  the  front  view  of  a  livitig  frond. 

2.   Semivellulariim  aiiijiili  mucronali  vel  aridali. 
Angles  of  the  semicells  viucronale  or  hrially, 
flit.  loiigiMpiiiiim,  (Haii.ey)   Arciikk. 

St.  magnum  triunnnlarc,  lievo,  angiilis  in  aculoos  grminos  validos  subuIatoB  longo  priiductum, 
lateribus  ,sul)i)lunuin.   (H.)     fijiccies  milii  iijniila. 

fiyn. — DidymocliiiJon  hmgispinum,  Bailey,  Microscopical  Obscrvationa 

i/a6.— Florida;   IJailcy 

"  Large,  smootii,  triangular,  with  two  long  spines  at  each  angle."  Bailey. 

St.  dcjet'tnin,  HiiEmssoN. 

St.  Iiuvc,  ])arvum,  sinu  amplo,  obtusangulo  (vol  acutangulo);  scuiic(dlulis  cllipticia  (vol  fiubtri- 
angularibus),  dorso  nonnihil  convcxo,  ulnuiue  fine  in  aculctini  achrouir  rectum  vel  vario  cur- 
vatis  productis;  a  vertico  triangularibus  (vel  (juadrangularibus),  angulis  8u"])0  rotundatis 
Bculco  interdum  obsolcto  imposito. 

D/am.— I.at.  t' 8o"— Tu'.nKr"  =  0008"— .001".     I;ong.  TTiVan"— TuVoa"  =  .0008"— .0001". 
gyn. — Slinirtii'trum  diicitum,  Bli^uissoN.     Rabeniiohst,  Flora  Furop.  Algaruni,  Sect.  III. 
p.  203. 


FRESFI-WATKIt    Al.UM   OF   T  II  K   U  N  IT  K  D   STATK8. 


149 


/lab South  Carolina  ;  (lUvcncl)  Wood, 

Sluootli,  Niiiiill  I  Miiiurt  iiiii|ilc,  (ililiiHo  luiKli'd  (somi'flmofl  actito  ntifflod  f) ;  Hcmlccl'H  rlllptic  (nr 
BUbtriaiiKulur  ?),  willi  tliu  (Ioi'niiii)  slightly  cniivcx,  iit  tlii^  iiii).'lc'.s  witli  a  Hli'ai^:lit  or  riirvi'il 
trunHpari'iit  Mpliiu  ;  from  tho  vurtvx  triiiiigular  (ur  quudruiigulur  ?),  uiiglcH  ul'tuii  romuk'd, 
with  u  Humetiinus  ubiiulvtn  gpino  BU|iL'riiupuii<)d. 

Rimarlcs. — This  Rpccics  was  rollcctcrl  near  Aikoii,  South  Carolina,  by  I'rof. 
Ilavcncl,  who  foiiiul  it  roriniii^  with  varu/us  diatoiiis  tnul  (Ic.si.iids  a  NJiiuy  mass  in 
a  feebly  running  ditch.  It  agrees  very  well  with  the  European  form,  except  that 
it  is  not  so  large  (at  least  the  largest  I  ever  measured  did  not  come  up  to  the 
size  of  their  transatlantic  brethren),  neither  does  it  appear  to  vary  quite  so  much. 
In  the  description,  1  have  placed  in  brackets  those  characters  iu  which  tho  European 
form  varies,  and  tho  specimens  I  have  seen  do  not. 

Fig.  18,  pi.  21,  represents  outline  of  end  of  a  semirell,  magnified  7')()  diameters. 
Fig.  9,  pi.  l;i,  a  front  view,  and  9  a  the  end  view,  of  tho  living  frond,  magnified 
diameters. 

St.  nriHtifi;riini,  IIalfb. 

St.  iiDve,  St.  cuspidiitiim  fpiodntnmodo  similp,  ot  cndem  innRiiitiulino  nod  ititlimo  destitutuin ; 
scmiocliuiis  tuiiiidi^!,  in  media  i)arti'  8iilii'(i(iiiidalin,  latiTiilitiT  in  lulmni,  hasi  constrictuni, 
iipice  aristtttiiiii  pruductis,  lohi.s  diviTgciitlliiis,  u  verlici!  tri-(|iia<li'ili)l)()-nullatiH,  radilH  strictiB 
iL'(piidiiiluutibus  cruciatim  dispositis,  iutcrstitiis  prufundu  cxcisis.  (,U.)    tiitecien  milii  iijnuta. 

/)/nm.— Incl.  arist.  0.0014".   (R  ) 

Syii. — St.aristifcnim,  Uai.fs,  Uritisb  DcsmidiviB,  p.  123.  Rabkniioust,  Flora  Europ.  Algariira, 
Sect.  HI,  p.  204. 

//all. — Georgia  ;  Rhode  Island  ;  Bailey. 

Segments  smooth,  in  f.  v.  prolonged  at  each  lateral  extremity  intoRmaniillate  projVetion,  wliirh 
is  terminated  by  n  .subulate,  aeute  straiglit  awn,  the  awns  diverp'iit,  e.  v.  with  three  or  fmir 
angles ;  angles  inllalcd  luuuiillate,  termiuated  by  uu  awu,  sides  deeply  euucave  in  the  centre. 
(A.) 

St.  TiCWisii,  Wood. 

St.  hevc;  sinu  ampli.ssimo,  spinulo  parvo  armato  et  cum  nngulo  obtuso ;  isthmo  nullo ;  Benii- 
cellulid  a  fronte  late  triungularibus,  a  vcrtieo  triangularibus  et  euni  angulis  uonnibil  tuuiidis, 
ct  rotundutis;  angulis  spino  maxinio,  rubusto,  aeuto  arniati.s. 

Diam. — Long.  euni.  spin.  f\^"  =  .0025";  lat.  cum.  sjtin.  ti?oW  "=  -OOaa.")".     Sine  spin.  :  long. 
J  J,"  =.001066";  lat.  ti^oW       -001606".  Spin.:  long,  .fj',,/ =  .000660" 

Syn.—St.  Lewisii,  Wood,  Proc.  Acad.  N.  S.  1870. 

Hab. — In  lacu  Saeo;  (Lewis)  Wood. 

Smooth,  with  a  very  ample  sinus,  whieh  is  armed  with  a  small  spine  and  has  a  Tory  obtuse 
angle;  isthmus  al)Pent;  scmieells  from  the  front  broadly  triangular,  from  tho  vertex  trian- 
gular, with  the  angles  somewhat  tumid  and  rounded;  angles  armed  with  a  very  large  aeuto 
rolmst  spine. 

Remarlcs, — This  dcsmid  is  most  closely  allied  to  St.  arist ifcnnn,  Ilalfs,  but  diff"ers 
from  it  in  outline  as  seen  from  the  front,  there  being  no  maniellation  of  the  ends. 
The  spines  in  the  sinuses  are  always  wanting  in  the  Eun^pean  species. 

Fig.  19,  pi.  21,  represents  the  outline  of  the  end  of  a  scmicell,  magnified  750 
diameters.  Fig.  11,  pi.  13,  represents  the  perfectly  formed  frond,  magnified  750 
diameters. 


mpH 


MHIf 


I  'I        !■ 


160  FHKSII-WATEU  ALGyE   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES. 

B.    CVTIOnEUMA  ORANUI.ATUM  VF.t,  VEBUUCOSUM. 
CVTIliUKKM  UUANULATE  Ott  WAUTY. 

1.    Sfinicfllitla:  a  verticc  3-7  aiKjiittircs  ;  anijuU  i>liit>  miiiiin  radialim  rlongali. 

ticmicclls  gfcii /rum  the  voiex  3-7  aiigkU;  aiujlcs  mure  or  Icsb  radtalchj  produced. 

8f.  m.irffarifaceiiiii,  Ehub. 

SI.  iiii'iliocre,  griimiliitum ;  semicellulis  convcrpoiitibiis,  subrusifurmibiisi,  iu  iiuidio  tumidis, 
utririqiii'  produiti.-',  Iruiicatis,  n  verticc  orbiculuribus,  5-7  riulii'lis,  rudiis  obtuse  truiU'Utis 
"L-lirois,  liyaliiiis,  gramilato-imirgarituceis.  (,11.)    Upccien  mihi  iijnota. 

Djam.— 0.00135"— 0,0017".  (K.) 

Syn. Ht.  marijarilaceum,  (Kuim.)  AIeneoueni.     Uabenuurst,  Flora  Europ.  Algaruiu,  Sect. 

III.  p.  'JOC. 

Uab. — South  Carolina;  IJoorgia;  Florida;  Uhodo  Islaud  ;  IJailcy. 

Si'gniciits  iu  f.  V.  gradually  widouing  upwards,  n)U;;h  with  pearly  grauulos,  outer  margin  con- 
vex, pnidueed  at  eaeli  .side  into  a  colorless,  nioro  or  le.-is  altenuato,  short  process,  having  tliu 
grannies  in  transverse  lines,  blunt  and  entire  at  the  apex,  e.  v.  circular,  bordered  by  from  livo 
to  seven  short,  narrow,  obtuse,  colorless,  granulate  nuirginal  rays.     (Archer.) 

i>it.  dilafatiim,  Kimn. 

St.  pai-vuni,  granulatnni ;  aoniicellalis  rcctia,  cylindrico-fnaiformibns,  non  luniidis,  utroquo  fino 
obtusis  vel  sublrniiealis,  a  vertiee  3-4-5  radialis,  ra<liis  lalioribus,  truucalis  vel  rotuudatis, 
uehrois,  hyalinis,  granulato-margaritaceis.   (U.)     Species  milii  iijnola. 

Z)mm.—O.OOOS"— 0.0011".    (U  ) 

Var.  alfernans. 
Seniieellulis  elliptieis  rorlis,  utroquc  Hnc  rotundatis,  avciiicc  triradiatis,  radiia  obtusis,  altcr- 
uautibus  cum  semiccllultu  iuferioris.  (11.) 

Var.  tricornc. 

Semicellulis  fusiforniilms,  nonnnnquam  in  medio  snbtumidis,  hand  raro  isthino  distinoto  con- 
junetis,  ii  ^  .tice  3-4  angularibus,  angulis  truncutis  ve'  obtusis,  plus  minus  radiatim  pro- 
ductis.  (II.) 

Hah. — Georgia;  Florida  ;  IJhode  Island;  Failey. 

Syn. — S.  alternaii!'.  liiiEnisso.v.      Var.  allernans   et  Iricorne.      I{AnF..MioRsr,   Flora  Fnrop. 
Alganim,  Sect.  III.  p.  207. 

ii'-  »i(ir/io. — I'rof.  U;il)iMili()rst  ronsidcrs  St.  altrrnaiiK  and  trlc(y,!>i\  as  simple  vnx'w- 
tios  of  St.  tUhitudnii,  wliilst  both  AtcIut  and  llalfs  dcscrilu-  them  as  distinct.  I 
have  not  scon  citlicr  of  tlicm,  and  am  not  therefore  entitled  to  offer  an  opinion. 
Mr.  Archer  describes  the  two  species  as  follows: — 


St.  alicrnau^,  T^nlin. 

Segments  in  front  view  elliptic  or  oblong,  two  or  three  times  ns  brmd  as  'ong,  separated  by  a 
wide  sinus,  twisted,  ur:eqnai ;  rough  wilh  very  minute  peaily  granules;  e.  v.  with  three 
obtuse  and  rounded  angles,  forming  short,  not  colorless  rays,  alternating  with  those  of  the 
other  segments,  sides  concave.     L.  io'jt"-     ^i"'  ti'oj"- 

St.  tr^rorn  r,  Hufcii. 

Segments  in  f.  v,  sonu'what  fusiform,  often  twisted,  rough  with  minute  pnnca-like  gran\des, 
tapering  at  eiieh  side  into   a  short,  usually  colorlesi:  proet-ss,  blunt  or  <iivid''d  at  the  iijh'X  ; 


I 


^f 


FllFSU-WATER   ALG^   OF   TUE   UNITED   STATES. 


151 


0.  V.  tri-  or  quadrirniliato,  prooossps  short,  UHimlly  colorless,  sides  sonicwliat  coiieavc.     Spo. 
rHiijjfimn   orbieular,  beset  with  Kpiuea  iiltimulely  bruuehed  ut  the  apex.     li.  u'js' — btj"- 

2.  Semicellulce  triangulares  ;  anguli  non  producti,  obluai  vel  rolundali. 
Semicells  triangular ;  the  angles  not  produced,  obtuse  or  rounded. 

$$t.  piinctiilatiiiu,  l!ii£n. 

St  patrum,  punctulato-graiiulosiim ;  srmrccllulis  cnorniitor  olliplieis,  dorso  lah-  rolumbitis,  a 
vcrtico  triaugularibus ;  angulia  uuu  produelis,  ubluse  rutuadulis ;  lulei'ibus  luodice  rolusid. 

Diam.— hat.  ,jVij"  ""-OOli". 

Syii. — £i.  punctulatum,  liu^mssoN.     IIalfb,  British  Desmidieo),     Uauknuuiist,  Flora  Europ. 
Algaruiu,  Sect.  111.  p.  208. 

Ilab. — Pennsylvania;  AVood. 

Snnill,  pmu'tulato-granulate ;  seniiooUs  irregnlarly  elliptic,  with  tlio  dorsum  broadly  rounded 
from  tho  verte.\  triangular;  nnglcs  not  produced,  obtusely  rounded;  sides  soniewluit  retuso. 

IicmarJca. — Tliis  dosmid  is  oxceedingly  common  around  riiiliidt'lpliia,  growing 
in  tho  groiitost  abundance  upon  the  face  of  wet  dripping  rocks.  It  is  represented, 
tig.  10,  pi.  13. 

St.  crenatiim,  IUiley. 

St.  dui)lo  eirciter  longiua  qnara  latum,  in  medio  utrinquo  o.xaectiono  profunda  rotundafa; 
seniicellnlis  e  basi  euneata  llabelliforniibus,  niargine  superiore  ereiuiti.'*,  a  vertiee  Iriaiiguliiribus, 
nngulis  rotundato-truneatis,  crenatis,  lateribus  siiiuatis  glabria.  (U.)     tiperies  viihi  iijnota. 

Si/n. — ,157.  crcnalum,  Uailky.     IS.m.ks,  l.ritish  Dosniidiea;,  p.  214.     Uaueniioust,  Flora  Eurup. 
Algarum,  Sect.  111.  p.  2-20. 

"  Segments  cuneato  ;  outer  margins  crenate ;  end  view  with  three  truncate  and  erennto  angles." 

3.  li^fmiccUula;  vertiee  3-7  radiativ ;  radii  in  apice  plerumque  hi-  tri-  fidi  vel  hi-  tri-  i>pini. 
Semicells  3-7  radiate  at  the  vcrlejr ;  radii  hi-  or  tri-jid,  or  hi-  or  tri-xpinous  at  the  apex. 

Hi.  polyniorphiini,  Huto. 

St.  sicniieellulis  elliiiticis,  subtiliter  granulatis  Tel  tenuissinie  spinulosis,  in  medio  inniris  niinusvo 
inflatis,  baud  raro  ventricosis,  rectin,  nonnuiiqunin  incurvia,  utriiKpie  processu  plus  iiiinus 
elonpnto,  linear!,  in  npicc  3-4  lido  vel  spinulis  3-4  leiuiissiniis  instruelis,  a  vertiee  3-4-5-(>-7 
radiatia,  radiis  aehrois,  out  trilidis  out  ratundatis,  trispinis.  (U.)    t^pccics  tnihi  igiwta. 

Spi. — St.  poh/morphinn,  liuKuissoN.     15AI.F8,  British  Desiuidieu),  p.  135.    Kaiienuoubt,  Flora 

Kurop.  Algarum,  Sect.  111.  p.  209. 
7)i«m.— Long.  0.001".  Lot.  0.00087".  (U.) 
Hub. — Florida;  liailey. 

Segments  in  f  v.  broadly  elliptic  or  almost  circular,  rough  with  minute  grannies  (sometinicH 
with  a  few  minute  scattered  spines),  processes  short,  stout,  tipped  by  three  or  four  di\ergcnt 
spines  ;  e.  v.  with  three,  four,  live,  or  si.\  angles  each  produced  into  a  short,  stout  jirocess. 
Sporangium  orbicular,  beset  with  elongate  spines,  forked  or  branched  ot  the  apex.  Archer. 

Var.  cyrloccrilin.     (.S7.  n/Wocen/m,  Bufcn.) 
Majus,  ad  j'g"',  longum,  semicellulis  introrsum  ventricosis,  dorso  late  rotnndatis,  utriiKpic  pro- 
cessu elongulo,  plerumque  iiu'urvo  apice  bi- vrl  tri-cusjiidato  instruelis,  a  vi'ilice  tiinuliatis, 
rudiis  rcclis  vel  Icniter  curvatis,  in  apice  aul  bi-  uul  tri-eu.-^pidulis.   (\\  ) 


152  FIIESII-WATKR  ALGAi  OF  TUE   UNITED   STATES. 

Syn. —  Var.  SI.  ri/.tlocerum,  1Ju£bis.son.    Rabeniiorst,  Flora  Europ.  Alganim,  Sect.  III.  p.  210. 

Ilah. — Rliudo  Isluiul ;  (S.  T.  Olucy)  Tlnvaite.s. 

Segments  iii  f.  v.  subcuncatc,  gradually  wiilciiing  upwards,  truiK'atc  at  the  end  murgiii,  rough 
with  minute  grunuli.'s,  tho  lateral  proec^^.ses  incurved,  divided  at  the  apex;  c.  v.  triradiato, 
processes  short,  curved,  sides  slightly  coucavo.     L.  gJu".     R-  bJo"-   (Archer.) 

St.  parodoiiim,  .Meyen. 

St.  seniieellulis  inllatis,  dorso  rotundatis  vel  rcotilincnribn.s,  angulis  Biiporiorihus  in  radium 
L'longatnm  achrouni  hispiduni,  apieo  tritiircatiiM  ])roilueli.s,  sa'pius  radio  UMiuali  inlerposilo 
a  vcrtice  tri-  vel  ipiadrinidiatis,  radiis  Btrictis,  trilurcalis,  longitudine  corporis  diam.  uiiiuau- 
tibus  vel  .superantibus.    (R.) 

Diam.—Cmn  rad.  .0015". 

Si/ii. — iSV.  parodoxum,  Meven.     R.viieniioust,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  210. 

Ilab. — In  laeu  Saeo,  New  Hampshire;   (Lewis)  \Vood. 

Seniicells  inflated,  dorsum  rounded  or  rectilinear,  with  superior  angles  produced  into  elongate, 
tran.^jiarent,  lii.-^pid  radii  with  trifiircale  apices,  often  furnished  also  willi  intermediate  e(pu\I 
radii ;  from  the  vertex  three  or  four  radiate,  radii  straight,  trifurcate,  eciualliiig  or  longer  thaa 
the  diameter  of  tlie  body. 

Remarks. — I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  Lewis  for  specimens  of  this  species,  which  he 
collected  at  Saco  Lake. 

Fig.  20,   pi.  21,  represents  the  end  view  of  an  empty  frond. 

St.  arachnr  Ralfs. 

St.  parvum,  gracile,  granulato-asporum ;  seniieellulis  introrsum  ventrieoso-globosis,  angulis 
superioribus  in  cornu  gracile,  incurvuin,  a|)ice  obtusum,  elongatis,  a  verticc  i)entagonis, 
(piin(|ue-radiatis,  radiis  elongatis  lincaribus  uchrois,  obtusis,  rcctis  vel  leniter  curvatis  asperis. 
(1!.) 

/)jam.— Sine  rad.  .OOOu",  cum  rad.  .OOICT". 

Syn. — .S7.  arachne,  Rai.fs,  British  Desmidiea^,  p.  130.     Rabeniioust,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum, 
Sect.  III.  p.  210. 

Jlab. — In  lacu  Saco,  New  Ilarapshirc,  (Lewis)  Wood. 

Scgment.s  in  f.  v.  suborbicular,  rough  with  minute  granules,  lower  margin  turgid,  outer  convex, 
taperinj;  at  each  side  into  an  elongate,  slender,  incurved  process  having  the  granules  thereon 
in  tra-isversc  lines,  entire  at  the  ape.x;  c.  v.  circular,  bordered  by  live  slender,  linear,  colorless 
marginal  rays. 

Remark. — Fig.  21,  pi.  21,  represents  an  outline  of  the  end  view  of  the  semicell. 

St.  8:racile,  Ralfs. 

St.  mediocre,  granulato  asperum,  granulis  in  series  transversa.^  ordinatis ;  seniieellulis  ventre 
valde  inllatis,  dorso  truneatis,  angulis  in  cornu  rectum  achroum  gracile  apice  trilidum  pro- 
ductis,  a  vertiee  (■•iradiatis,  lateribus  sinuatis.   (R.)    Species  mihi  iijnota. 

Z»,v,m.— 0.00-.'2".  (R.) 

S>jn. — ,SV.  (jrnrile,  Rai.fs,  British  Desraidicas,  p.  1.30.     RABENiionsT,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum, 
Sect.  III.  p.  211. 

Ildb. — South  Carolina;  Florida;  Georgia;  Rbodo  Island;  Bailey.     Rhode  Island;  (Olney) 
Tliwaites. 


i' 


FRESII-WATKR   ALO^   OF   TlIK   UNITKD   STATES. 


153 


Segments  in  f.  v.  triangular,  ends  truncate,  rougli  witli  minute  grannies,  tapering  at  each  side 
into  elongate,  straight,  slender,  horizontal  proeesspH,  terminated  by  three  or  four  minuto 
spines;  o.  v.  triradiate,  processes  straight,  sides  concave.  (A.) 

C.  Cytioderma  pilosum,  spinulosum  vel  aculeatum. 

CVTIODEBiM  PILOSE,  SPINULOSE  OR  THORNY. 

Ht.  polyf  riclium,  Perty. 

St.  mediocre,  tarn  longum  quam  latum,  profnndc  constrictum,  slnu  acutnngulo  ampliato,  super- 
lieie  undi(|uo  setosuni ;  semiccllulis  ellipticis  vcl  subellipticis,  divcrgcntihus,  dorso  Kuhphmis, 
ventre  tuniidis,  marginc  seloso-ciliatis,  a  vertico  triaugularibus,  angulis  obtusis,  laleribu.s 
subrectis.  (U.) 

i>/am.— j^i;i,"  =  .0()ir. 

Si/n. — ,S7.  ]}uli/lrichuiH,  Terty.     IIabeniiorst,  Flora  Kurop.  Algnrum,  Sect.  III.  p.  214. 

JIab. — I'rope  Philadelphia  ;   Wood. 

Moderately  large,  about  as  long  as  broad,  profonndly  constricted,  with  the  acute  angled  sinus 
widened,  suH'ace  everywhere  furnished  with  setic;  scniicells  ellii)tical  or  subelliptical,  diver- 
gent, the  dorsum  nearly  plane,  their  belly  swollen,  the  margin  setose-ciliatc,  from  the  vertex 
triangular,  the  angles  obtuse. 

Bemar/i-8. — This  dosmid  appears  to  be  rare  in  this  country,  as  it  probably  is  also 
in  Europe.  I  have  seen  but  a  single  specimen,  which  I  found  amongst  other  algtc 
near  Chelten  Hills,  north  of  the  city.  It  agreed  in  all  respects  with  the  descrip- 
tion of  llabenhorst,  as  given  above. 

Fig.  12,  pi.  13,  is  a  drawing  of  this  plant,  also  fig.  23,  pi.  21, 

St.  Havcnelii,  Wood.  (sp.  nov.) 

St.  mediocre,  paulo  longins  quam  latum ;  srmicellulis  a  frontc  ellipticis,  a  vcrtice  triaugularibus 
cum  lateribus  convc.xis  vel  Icniter  retusis  et  angulis  rolundalis ;  isthmo  conne.\ivo  subnullo, 
lato  ;  sinu  acr..,ingulo  ;  cytiodermate  spinis  aeutis,  robustis  numerosia  armato. 

i>/flm.— Long.  ^^s\u"  =  0.0014".     Lat.  ToVff"  =  O.OOl". 
Jfiih. — .South  Carolina  ;  (Uavencl)  Wood. 

Mediocre,  a  little  longer  than  broad  ;  semicclls  from  the  front  elliptical,  from  the  vertex  trian- 
gular, with  the  .sides  convex  or  slightly  refuse,  and  the  angles  rounded  ;  connecting  isthmus 
obsolete,  broad  sinus  acute-angled  ;  cytiodcrni  armed  with  numerous  acute  robust  spines. 

Retmvli. — Fig.  22,  pi.  21,  represents  the  front  view  of  an  empty  frond  of  this 
plant ;  fig.  22  a,  the  side  view,  and  fig.  22  h,  the  cad.  all  miignified  750  diameters. 

St.  liirsiitiiin,  (EiiRD.)  IlREa 

St.  magnum,  tertiiun  partem  circitcr  quam  longius  quam  latum,  plus  minus  dense  spinulosum, 
sinu  plus  minu  lineari,  neutaiigulo  ;  semicelluli.s  late  ellipticis  vel  subscmiorbicularibus, 
spinis  tenuibn.«  strietia  hirsutis,  a  vcrtice  triangularibus,  angulis  obtuse  rotundatis,  lateribus 
rcctis  vcl  leniter  convexis.    (U  )     Species  mihi  ignota. 

I    7m.— Sine  spinis  0.0015".     Zygospor.  0.0022".  (11.) 

S;/    — St.  hirgulum,  (KiiRENiiEUd)   Itii^uisso.v.     Uabeniiorst,  Flora  Furop.  Algarum,  Sect. 
III.  p.  211. 

Hab. — Florida;  Hhnde  Island;   liailey.      lUiode  Island;  (S.  T.  Olney)  Tliwaitcs. 
20       August,  1873. 


Bffii&UgHS 


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(^ 


:  I 

li 
I 


154  I'K  lis  II -WAT  10  11   ALU.K    OF    T  II  K    U  M  T  K  1)   «TATKS. 

Sfi^iiic'uts  ill  f.  V.  si'iiiiorbiculnr,  sopnnitcil  liy  a  liiioiir  iMinstriftion,  oovcri'il  willi  very  iiiiiiiiti', 
very  mimornus  ddsc  set  Imir-liku  .-^iiiiics  ;  o.  v.  willi  llireu  lii-oiully  njuiulfil  luijjli's,  tlic  (iiiiiics 
evfiily  and  iiuiiit'i'DUsly  sciitliTed  ;  sides  sliglilly  cuuvex.  tjiiorungium  inbieiilui',  beaul  willi 
siion  spines,  brunclied  ut  llie  upex.   (A.) 

8t.  Dystrix,  Halfs. 

St.  parvuin,  tei'tiani  parleiii  Idiigiii.s  ([iiiini  lalniii,  aii)j:uli.s  aeiilealuni  (eieleruni  la've),  tiiiiu  neu- 
tanj^nlii;  tieiuieellnlis  snb(piaili'alis,  an};nlis  lalu  I'oliiiidalis,  dorsi)  planis,  a  verlice  ;i-4  angu- 
lai'ilms,  ttni,nili.s  lato  rotnndatis,  plus  minus  dense  ueiileulis.   (K.)     Sjiecien  milii  iijnuta. 

D(am.— 0.001"— 0  0008!)".   (U.) 

Syn. — SI.  Ilysln'.r,  IIai.fs,  lJi-ilisli  Desmidieiu,  p.  128.     II.miemioiist,  Flora  lOurop.  AlKartini, 

.Sect.  III.  J).  '-'l;i. 
//«6.— Uliode  Island  ;  (S.  T.  OIney)  'I'liwaites. 

Sep;inents  in  f.  v.  siibqiiadrato,  e.xlreiiiilics  soiiiewliat  ninndeil,  end  niari^in  nearly  .sIraiRlit,  fiir- 
ni.'ilied  with  a  few  seatlered,  siibnlale,  acute  spines,  diielly  cduliiied  to  llie  lateral  e.\treiiiilies ; 
e.  V.  with  three  or  four  broadly  niunded  angles,  the  spines  scattered,  chiefly  confined  to  the 
extremities,  sides  concave.     L.  toVs' — nW-     I'""-  TiVi" — vW- 

St. Cerberus,  (H.\ii.ky)  Auchkr. 

St.  parvuin,  tain  lonpuni  qnani  laliini,  siim  rdlundato,  superficle  livvi  ;  seniicellulis  oblnngis 
utroipie  line  sinnato-lrnucatis,  aiigiilis  in  aculeiiin  euspidaluin  prodiielis,  in  medio  snrsiim  et 
deorsuni  pmniiiiciitiis  geminis  in  aeiilenin  elongatis  iiistruetis,  a  vertice  triangiilaribns,  aiigiilis 
in  apice  truiieato- vel  siiiuato-bi-cuspidutis,  sub  opicu  aculeis  geiuiuis  brcvibus  pricditis.  (K.) 
Slides  iitihi  iijnota. 

Diam.—CttM    acul.  0.001  U"— 0.001.3".    (P..) 

Syi).  —  Ditli/iii'irhidon Cerberus,  U.mi.kv,  Miero.-;ropieal  Observal ions. 

St.  Cevvhirus,  (B.mi.ky)  Aiuhku.     It.MiKNiinu.sr,  Flora  lOnrop.  Algar.,  Sect.  III.  p.  '215. 
llab. — Florida  ;  Bailey. 

Small,  deeply  conslrictcd,  segnieiils  Ihree-lobed,  lobes  willi  four  teelli,  two  of  wliiili  project 
upwards  and  two  dowinvards  at  eacdi  Iruneiiled  anjrle.   (.\.) 

I),    CvrioDEUM.V    rUOCKSSllllS     NIMF.UllSlS,     AI'ICK     IM.KUIMlJII-:     ■riUNCATIS     KT    PKNTATO-FISSIS 
Ml  NITl'M. 
CvriollKllM    WITH    NrMKltllVS    I'lloeESSKS,    whose    Al'ICES    AHE    Mli.STI.V    'riirMATE    AMI    1>E\- 
TATEI.V  ToltN. 

$$t.  nircii^eriiiii,  Wmm. 

St.  validum,  .snbiiiaj'iiuin,  circiler  tani  longniii  qiiam  latum,  hvve  vel  siibiititer  gi.^.ioilalHiii, 
pleriiini|iie  profnndissiine  eiiiislrietum.  siriii  luignsto  lineari  ;  seniieellnlis  (ililongo-elliplieis, 
plus  minus  tuniidis,  anpiilis  in  processus  bifiireuiii  aiit  rectum  ant  divergentem  huige  jiro- 
diictis,  dorso  proeessibus  similibiis  3,  3,  4,  iiistruetis,  omnibus  processibus  aclirois  grannlato- 
dentatis,  granulis  in  series  transvcrsas  ordiimtis,  a  vertice  'A-,  i-,  (i-,  1-,  8-,  !)-aiigularibus  ve 
radiatis,  angulis  pln.s  luinu.i  tumidi.s,  in  processus  crassuin  achroum  nsperum  in  apico  fissiim 
productis    (It  )      Spei'if.'i  mihi  iijmiln. 

Long.   Sine  process,    0  0018"— 0.0010"  ;  c.    pr.   0  00:!"'— 0.00.".2".     Lat.  sine  proc.  O.OOls,')"; 

c.  pr.  0.0027".  (U.) 
Syn — Stauraxirum  fiirrigerum,  I!ii(:iiiss()N.     Rabeniioust,  I'^lora  Kiirop.  Algar.,  Sect.  III. 

p.  210. 

Didymiirlailtin  flirt  irtcruit,  Rai.fs,  liritish  Desinidieia 
//„/). — South  riindina  ;  Florida;   lUiode  Island;  Bailey. 

St.  iniiiiiliiiii,  Wiioii. 

St   subinaguum,  fere  J  plo  longins  (niam  .atiim,  medio  leviter  conslrietum,  semieelliilis  a  fronte 


J 


FRKSII-WATER  ALO.«  OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


155 


enonuitcr  lioxngonis,  niipiilis  in  processus  rectos  ct  divcrpentes  prodiiotis,  dorse  prot'cssiliin 
Kiiiiililius  4-:")  iiislniclo;  seiiiicellulis  a  vcrlice  polyguuis  vtl  suliorliiciiliirilniK  iiiurj^iiK!  prticcs- 
sibiis  miiiicrosis,  ploruiiHiue  !)  iii.structo;  dorso  proL'e.s.sibus  5-S  instnictis ;  processibiis  oiiini- 
bufi  Bimilibus,  gruiiulatu-deutati.4,  apicu  aclirou  siiuplicibus,  bifurcutis  vol  Usiiis. 

Diam. — A  vertice  cum  processibu.s,  tiVjc"  =  •0O4'75".     Sine  process.  TuVifs"  =  -002". 

Syn. — Si.  vutnitum,  Wood,  Proceed.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc,  18G9. 

Huh. — III  liicu  Saco,  New  Ilanip.shire ;  (Lcwi.s)  Wood. 

S.  ratlier  large,  about  one-half  longer  tlmn  broad,  slightly  constricted  in  the  middle ;  scniieells 
from  the  front  irrcgidarly  hexagonal,  the  argles  prolonged  in  .straight  divergent  proces.«e.s, 
and  the  surface  furnished  with  four  or  five  s'inilar  ones;  seniieells  from  the  verte.\  polygonal 
or  suborbieular,  the  margin  furnished  with  numerous  processes,  mostly  about  nine,  and  also 
with  5-8  on  the  dorsum;  proce.s.scs  all  s'niilar,  granulate-dentate,  their  transparent  apices 
simple,  bifurcate  or  torn. 

ItemarlcH. — This  species  is  most  closely  allied  to  St.  furcigcrum,  Bivb.,  from 
■\vhi(Oi  it  is  at  once  distinguished  by  the  orbicular  vertex.  The  constriction  between 
the  semicells  is  also  very  different.  In  St.  nuDiilum  it  is  a  gradual,  not  very  deep, 
hour-glass  contraction ;  in  St.  farciyrrvni  it  is  very  narrow  and  linear. 

Fig.  13  a,  pi.  13,  is  a  front  view  of  this  plant  magnified  2G0  diameters;  fig.  13  h, 
the  end  view  of  the  same. 

St.  eiistcplianiim,  (Eunn.)  Ualfs. 

St.  lalerum  integrorum  aiigulis  prodnctis  apicc  spinulo.sis,  spinularum  furcatarum  corona  nudui 

dorsali.  (11.)     Sjiecics  mihi  ignola. 
Syn. — Deamidium  eualephanum.   EnRENnEUO,  Vcrbreitung  und  Kinlluss  der  Mikro.sk.  Leiicn.s 
in  Siid-  und  Xord-Amerika,  t.  4,  f.  23. 
Slauraiilruiii  fU)<lii}/iaiitim,  (Einus. )  Kai.fs,  Itritisli  De.smidiea>,  p.  215. 
Stephanoj-anthiumeustephanum,  KCtzi.nu.     Iv.vue.niiorst,  Flora  Knrop.  Algarum,  Sect. 

III.  p.  221. 
Slaurnslrttm  euslephanum,  Ualfs.     IIabe.n'Houst  (lot:  cit.) 
Hah. — West  Point,  New  York  ;   IJailey. 

End  view  triangular  with  si.\  eniarginate  spines  on  the  upper  surface;  each  angle  terminated 
by  a  short  ray  tipped  with  spines.  (Ualfs) 

St.  tsenarinm,  (Euub  )  Ualfs. 

Antecedenti  simile  sed  latcrum  parictibus  spinuliti  furcatis  binis  (sex),  corona  dorsali  senaria. 
(U.)     Spcvies  milii  ujiiula. 

Syn. — JkKinidium  senarium,  Ehrenbero,  Verbreitnng.     T.  IV. 

Sicplianojayil/iiumsenarium,  KiJTZi.NO.   Uabe-siiorst,  Flora  Enrop.  Algarum,  Sect.  III. 

p.  220. 
Slaura.Hirum  scnai-ium,  (FintB.)  Uai.fs,  Rritish  Pcsmidieav     Uahenhoust,  (Inc.  cil.) 

Segments  smooth  in  end  view  with  three  angle.',  each  terminating  in  a  short  process  tipped  by 
minute  spines,  without  lateral  processes,  but  with  six  others  conlluent  at  tlieir  bases  on  tlie 
upper  surface,  divergent  and  forked.   (.Vrcher.) 

Genus  XANTIIIDIUM,  Euub. 

Cellnla;  singuhe  vol  gcniinai  concatenatie,  iiiflato-rotundata",  profundc  constricto!;  seniicelluhc 
coinprcssm,  ol)l(niga>,  hemisplitericiu  vel  subquadrangulares,  ecntro  in  tubcnulum  rotundalum  vel 
trnneatum  ct  dentieulatuni  protuberantcs,  ex  transverse  oblongo-rotnndatio.  Cytiodernni  firnunn 
set  is,  aculeis  vel  spinis  siinplicibus  aut  bi-  tri-furcato-divisis  armatum.  Massa  chlorophyllacea 
radialim  cxpansa.     Zygosponu  arnuit;u.   (U.) 


V  11  !■;  S  11  -  W  A  T  i;  K    A  I,  (i  ,!•;    O  1'    T  II  !•;    U  N  1  •[■  K  D    a  T  A  T  K  8. 


IGl 


til.' 
hiilctl 


mid  fliis  cniitinnos  until  only  tin;  cciitics  of  the  vutU  arc  in  n])poi-iti()ii,  and  in  ii 
little  wiiili!  v\rn  t\u'si\  scpiiruti!.  'I'iiis  certainly,  at  least,  in  the;  proct.vs.s  iu  certain 
species;  but  I  have  thought,  that  in  other  cases  cells  were  separated  by  ii  siinplo 
splitting  of  tho  end  wall,  oaeh  cell  retainiuf,'  its  half  of  iIk-  partition. 

The  zi/<jnn/)r)n:n  are  i)ro(luced  by  a  process  of  union  of  two  cells,  to  which  the 
name  of  ctHijinjiitldn  has  been  ;,'iven.  \'ery  rarely,  if  ever,  is  then;  any  ditleriMico 
between  the  cells  before  eonjuf^'ation,  and  it  has  not  existed  in  any  species  which  has 
conu!  under  my  notice;  l)ut,  after  conjugation,  tiie  receiving  cell  is  frecpiently 
enlarged,  the  otiier  remaining  cylindrical.  De  IJary,  however,  states  that  he  has 
found  a  small  but  constant  diff(>rence  between  the  fertile  and  sterile  cells  of 
Spinxji/ra  Jlirrlaim. 

The  first  penieptible  change  in  a  cell  about  to  produce  a  resting  spore,  appears 
to  be  a  loosening  of  the  i)rim()rdial  utricle  from  tlie  outer  wall,  aiul  a  contraction 
of  it  upon  the  cell  contents,  wliich  thus  iue  crowded  together  and  more  or  less 
deforuu'd.  Simultaneously  with  this,  or  a  little  after  or  before  it,  the  side  wall  of 
the  cell  is  ruptured  and  a  little  pullulation  or  process  is  pushed  out,  which  directly 
coats  itself  with  cellulose  and  rapidly  enlarges  to  a  considerable  diameter,  at  the 
same  time  growing  in  length  until  it  meets  a  similar  process  pushing  out  from  an 
oi)]>osing  cell,  or  has  attained  as  great  a  length  as  its  laws  of  developnu'ut  will 
allow.  A\'heu  two  processes  nuM-t  they  become  fused  together,  the  end  walls  are 
ruptured,  and  the  contents  of  one  cell  passing  over  arc  received  within  those  of  the 
other,  or  else  the  contents  of  both  cells  meet  within  the  connecting  tube  and  there 
fuse  together.  This  is  the  more  common  mode  of  conjugation,  in  which  two  cells 
of  distinct  filaments  become  joined  together  by  a  connecting  tube.  It  is  evident, 
that,  if  the  filaments  are  fertile  to  their  fullest  extent,  there  will  bo  as  many  of  these 
<r)nnectiug  tubes  as  then^  are  pairs  of  cells  iu  the  iilaments,  and  a  ladder-like  body 
will  bo  formed,  tin;  original  filaments  corresponding  to  tin;  side  pieces,  the  connect- 
ing tubes  to  the  rounds.  Hence  this  method,  of  conjugation  has  received  the  name 
of  ftcalarl/cnn. 

Ill  the  so-called  '■^lateral  vmijiujatltm,'"  instead  of  cells  of  diflercnt  filaments  join- 
ing, adjacent  cells  of  one  filament  unite  together  to  complete  the  process.  The 
union  of  the  two  cells  a])pears  to  take  ])lace  in  several  ways.  In  accordance  with 
one  plan  (fig.  1  o,  \)\.  14),  connecting  tubes,  ])nshcd  out  from  near  the  ends  of 
the  cells,  grow  for  a  short  distance  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  long  axis  of  the 
filaments,  and  then  bend  at  a  right  angle  to  themselves  so  as  to  run  parallel  to 
the  filament-cells.  The  ends  of  these  processes  are,  of  course,  opposed  to  one 
another,  and  coming  in  contact  fuse  together  so  as  to  form  a  continuous  tube  for 
the  passage  of  the  cndochrome.  Another  method  by  which  neighboring  cells  are 
sometimes  connected  is  by  the  formation  of  coadjacent  pouch-like  enlargements  of 
tlie  opposing  ends,  and  a  subsequent  fusion  of  these  newly  formed  enlargements 
by  the  absorption  of  the  end  wall  between  them.     (Sec  fig.  2,  pi.  1 4.) 

Sometimes  I  think  the  union  of  two  neighboring  cells  is  facilitated  by  a  curved 
neck  forming  to  one  or  both  of  them,  so  that  they  arc  bent  at  an  angle  to  one 
another,  and  can  readily  be  united  by  means  of  a  straight  tube. 

There  is  still  another  method  of  conjugation,  the  so-called  (jrimJlcxKous,  iu  which, 

21       August,  1872, 


ji 


1U3 


FIIKMII-W  A  Ti:  II    A  I,  (!,!■:    (M     T  II  K    UNITKI)   ST  ATMS. 


iuNfciiil  (if  a  cotincrtinpf  tulio  bciiij^  loiiiicd  uh  the  iiicdimii  nf  union,  two  cells  of 
u|i|jiisiii:^r  iihiiiii'iili  lii'conic  Nliiir|ily  Ixiil  li^ii  Kw.uils,  mi  lli;it  tlicir  ccnti'iil  poitious 
lire  stionylj  .linist  loiward  as  oUtiiso  poinls,  «lii(li,  coining;  in  contact,  aillicrc  and 
allow  of  a  |ias.saj,'t'-way  between  tUc  celU  being  made  by  the  absorption  of  their 
cohering'  walls. 

A  curious  nuidilication  of,  or  dcparlure  from,  the  ordinary  method  of  conju^^atiou 
is  sonietinu's  neen,  in  the  union  of  three  insteml  of  two  cells.  'I'liis  is,  I  liiiuU, 
very  •..re,  but  Inis  been  seen  by  Meyeii  in  the  genus  Xi/;jiirnni,  us  well  as  by 
JSchleideu  and  l)e  Mary  in  S/iliin/i/ni.  1  nivself  haM-  observed  it  oiic(!  or  twice  in 
the  latter  genus.  One  of  the  cells  plays  the  part  of  the  female,  receixing  the  cun- 
trnfs  of  the  other  two,  so  that  in  it  the  primordial  utricles  of  the  three,  with  their 
contracted  protoplasm,  are  fused  into  a  zygospore. 

'I'he  zygospore,  however  fornu'd,  \aries  in  sha|)e,  liut  is  mostly  oval  or  globular, 
Kometinu's  cyliudrical,  ami  when  rip(!  is  in  most  if  not  all  species  of  a  dark  brown- 
ish color.  It  is  described  both  by  I'ringsheim  and  De  IJary  as  having  three  coats, 
but  1  have  fre(iuently  iouud  it  impossible  to  demonstrate  the  presence  of  all  of 
these,  and  1  believe  that  not  rarely  one  of  them  is  ai)sent.  The  outer  coat  is 
developed  first  and  is  the  thickest  and  firmest.  Occasionally  it  is  doulile,  /.  c. 
composed  of  two  distinct  layers  or  parts,  as  in  S/>.  prolicln,  in  which  species  the 
outer  of  tliese  layers  is  the  thickest,  iirnu'st,  and  most  evident,  whdst  the  inner 
layer  is  traUNluceut  and  much  less  apparent.  Tlu-  second  <'oat  contains  tiie 
coloring  matter,  which  is  sona'tinu-s  brown,  sometinu.-s  decidedly  yellowish.  Thi' 
iniH'r  coat  is  not  readily  seen.  It  is  elastic,  thin,  and  is  the  last  of  the  three  to  be 
formed. 

'I'he  i)rincii)al  cont<Mits  of  the  ripe  spore  arc  protein  compounds  (protoplasm), 
oil-drops,  starch  grannies,  aiul  pignu-nt.  The  oil  is  generally  much  nun'i!  abun- 
tlant  than  the  stiMch,  and  not  rarely  the  minute,  bright  drops  entirely  re[ilace 
the  little  grannies.  According  to  I'rof.  De  Uary,  the  pignu'ut  fre(iuiMitly,  but  not 
always,  reacts  with  sidphuric  acid,  as  does  that  of  the  fungal  family,  UrctUnar, 
striking  with  it  a  deep  blue. 

The  germination  of  the  spf)re,  both  in  tlie  genus  S'i>!rogt/ra  and  Zi/;/iii'ini(,  is 
very  simpl(\  'J"he  lirst  step  is  an  elongation  and  gi'owth  of  the  protoplasmic 
central  mass,  together  with  the  inner  transparent  celluloses  coat,  and  a  consetpient 
rupturing  of  the  outer  two  coats,  through  which  the  newly  forming  plant  protnab's 
and  tiiudly  escapes.  In  this  way  in  the  genus  S/ilroi/i/ra  an  elongated  cluli-sbaped 
cell  aris(>s,  one  end  of  which  is  much  larger  than  the  other  and  contains  all  the 
chlorophyl.  Sometimes  a  nucleus  is  jierceptiblc!  in  this  cell,  sometimes  it  is  not. 
Tli(!  larger  end  now  liecomes  cut  ott'  by  a  partition  wall  from  the  smaller;  if  no 
nucleus  has  been  pri'xiously  apparent  it  now  becomes  so,  and  the  first  stage  of 
developiiu'ut  is  completed.  The  filament  after  this  grows  by  a  simph;  repetition 
of  the  process  of  division  in  the  larg(>r  end  and  the  cells  fornu'd  out  ot  it.  The 
smaller  end  undergoes  little  or  no  change.  In  the  genus  Zi/;/iicma,  t\w  cell  that 
f^r^t  emerges  from  the  germinating  spor(>  is  a  i)erfect  one,  similar  in  all  respects  to 
those  seen  in  the  fully  formed  fikunent,  which  is  developed  out  of  it,  by  ii  simple 
process  of  cell  division. 


5 


I"  It  i:  s  II .  w  A  T  !•;  It  A  I,  (J  .!■;  o  i'  r  ii  k  v  n  i  r  i:  i*  s  t  a  t  k  s . 


Kin 


lltsidi's  tin*  trur  Xi/i/o^iKirfu,  lliissiill  jiimiy  yciirs  mwc  tlrs<;rilM'<l  bodies  (I'rcsli- 
Wiilcr  Alj,M',  vol.  i.  pp.  1 ;{".',  loli,  170),  wliidi  lie  foiniil  in  lilaiiM  iits  of  tliis  I'lmiiiy, 
and  wiiicli  rcM'inl)!!'  in  all  rcspccls  ordinary  Xi/ij(i'</i(trt>i,  Imt  arc  pro(lu<'rtl  riicli 
in  II  Nin<.;l(>  cell  witliuut  any  uid  from  a  Ufcond  Ltli.  i[(>  aftirnicd  tliat  ii<<  liad 
observed  tliLs  phenomenon  especially  in  two  species,  Siii'roiji/ni  vi'inthiiin  and 
i,'i/<jiii mil  iKiliiliillx.  These  observations  were  donbted  by  some,  wiiilst  others,  as 
Alexander  IJrann,  supposed  that  there  was  a  division  of  the  cell  protoplasm  into 
two  distinct  portions,  and  then  a  conjuji^ation  of  thi'se  within  the  ori^'inal  cell,  and 
tlnit  Mr.  Ilassall  liad  o\('rl(ioked  tliese  clian^es.  I'rof.  I)e  Hary,  iiowever,  states 
that  In'  has  seen  a  (j[reat  nniny  instances  of  tiiis  prodnction  of  spores  witliont  conjn- 
gation  (all  in  one  species),  and  that  there  cm  l)e  no  donl)t  that  llassall's  obser- 
vations are  stdtstantialiy  correct,  and  that  no  ui vision  of  the  primordial  ntiicle  such 
as  was  innigined  by  I'rof.  IJraini  takes  place.  Spores  fornu;d  in  this  mantu'r,  as 
yet  have  nut  been  seen  to  develop.  There  is,  therefore,  no  certainty  that  they  an; 
capal)le  of  doing  so.  It  is  possildc!  that  they  are  merely  tiie  resnlts  of  abortive 
attempts  at  reproduction,  wanting  tin;  power  of  development  because  not  fertilized. 

I'ringsheim  and  others  have  drawn  from  tiu'se  bodies  strong  argument  against 
the  idea,  that  conjugation  is  to  be  lo(d\ed  upon  at  all  as  a  sexual  process. 

'I'he  arguments  botli  for  and  against  regarding  conjugation  as  the  simpl(>st  ox- 
l)i-ession  of  sexual  life  are  ably  elaborated  by  J)o  Uary,  I'lilrrtin/niiHfni  iiliir  ilii: 
FdiiiiHr  ill  f  (\>iijiiijiifeiii,  p.  57,  to  which  I  must  refer  those  desirous  of  following 
tlie  subject  furtlier,  contenting  myself  with  expressing  an  agreement  with  the  con- 
clusions tiu're  arrived  at,  nanu-ly,  that  in  conjugation  tlu"  first  dawnings  of  sexuality 
ai"(;  to  b(!  found.  J.ookiug  at  it  in  this  light  I'rof.  1)(!  Hary  states  his  conviction 
that  the  spores  formed  in  the  manner  last  described,  bear  the  same  relation  to  tlw 
true  Zi/i/iisjiinr  tiiat  tlu!  bud  of  a  I'hiincrvijum  does  to  its  seed,  or  the  Zixmjiori:  of 
an  (Kiliiijoii'niiii  does  to  its  resting  spore. 

Quite  a  nund)er  of  bodies  have  been  described  by  the  older  autlu)ritie8  as  being 
foinid  within  the  cells  of  plants  of  this  family,  which  more  recent  observers  htive 
proven  to  be  parasitic.  Such  are  the  "Spenualic  spheres,"  transparent  spheres 
motile  l)y  virtue  of  vibratilc  cilia,  various  monads,  &c.  &c.,  bodies  for  which  it  has 
been  claimed,  from  time  to  time,  that  they  were  sexual  elements,  spernnitozoids. 

Genus  SPIIlOGYllA,  Link. 

Ci'lliiliB  vofrcliilivm  cyliiidrii'ip,  fasciis  clilordiiliyllcisis  spimiilmH  instructiu.  Cnrijiigatio  nut  Iiitn- 
nlid  nut  sriiliiril'iiriiii.s  ant  I't  latcniliH  ct  scalai'Moniiis. 

Syn. — Sjiiniiji/ra  rt  Wujnchoncma,  Ki  tzi.no,  ItAiiENMousT,  ft  uuctores. 
Snimaci.i,  ISoiiY. 
Zy(jni'ma  (partim'),  TI.\.«s.m,i,. 

VcRctntivo  cells  cylimlriral,  fariiislipd  witii  .spiral  rlilonipliyl  baiitls.  Coiijuf^atioa  eillier  latiTal 
or  scalariform  or  both  lateral  anil  scalariforni. 

Revmrhs. — The  genus  Sp!rog)/ra,  as  defined  above,  has  been  divided  by  Kiitzing, 
Ilabenhorst,  and  others  into  two  genera,  the  cbarticters  being  drawn  from  the 
method  of  uni(m  of  the  conjugating  cells;  in  tlie  one  cas(>  the  neighboring  cells  of 
a  single  tilament  [It/ii/mho)iet>nt),  in  the  other  cells  of  distinct  filaments  {Sjn'roiji/ra), 


II 


Hi  i  I 


1(U 


.'  I!  !•:  s  n  - \v  A  T  !•:  rt   a  i,  v,  v.  o  i   r  in:  r  n  i  'i"  v.  u  s  'i"  a  t  i:  s. 


uniting'  to  fuiiii  the  spore.  Tliis  at  first  sif,'lit  iippcars  to  be  a  f,'ot)(l  grouiul  for  sepa- 
ration, but  there  are  certiiiii  species  in  wliicli,  iindonbtedly,  botii  the  lurnier  and 
tlie  latter  method  oi"  ruiiju^'ation  take  [dace  iudill'erently.  .Swell  species  make  a 
third  ^Tvoup  so  p"''cisely  between  the  two  others  as,  to  my  mind,  to  tiise  them  togc- 
(liei  .(Md  necessitate  either  the  acknowledfjfment  of  three  f^cMiera  or  the  denial  of 
more  than  one.     The  hitter  secns  to  uie  the  more  philosophical  course. 

A.   CoN.n  (lATIll  l.ATKIl  \l.l^    (UuVN't  IIilNKMA). 
A.    {.  .iN.ndAildN   I.AI'KllAI,. 

Sp.  cloiiKnl.'i,  WiM.i). 

Sp.  nrticiilis  v('(jrliilivis  iliiiiu'tni  7-'_'0  plo  Idiiirioritms;  arliriilis  spurircrN  iiiullo  broviorilms, 

vnldo  tiiiuiilis;  (Ttidilriiiiatc  iitV()i|ii(' lino  pi'DtciiM)  tt  r('|iliciit(> ;  I'lisciii  iniiiii,  la,\i.-<.siiiii!  spiriili; 

aiifritct Ibiis  plcruniqiic  7;  sporis  olIipticiH,  diivmctro  l-'-J  P'"  l<Jiigii)ril)iis. 
/;.«m.— Spor.  ,  „^(,5"  =  .OOlOfi".     Artie,  vc^'ctiit.  jr*^„"  =.00(ir)". 

Syii. — Jlhi/iictiotii'niavl<iii(jatumy^'.>o\),  I'mdroiiiiis,  I'roc.  Amor.  I'liiioH.  Soc.  iKCiH,  ji.  l''>1. 
llah.  —  In  aqui  1  limiiidis,  imipc  I'liilailclpliia. 

Siciilc  joints  7-0  liinis  li)ii;;'i'i' tlian  liniad ;  fcrlilc  joints  nuicli  sliorlcr,  frrcally  swullcn  ;  cell 
wall  at  racli  end  prodiicrd  or  fuldcil  in;  cldurui)!!)  I  tilanicnl  1,  spiral  la.\  ;  lui'ns  nmstly  7j 
spares  clliiiiiral,  'i--)^  liiiii',-i  lon'^cr  than  liroad. 

liamoh. — 1  found  this  species  about  the  middle  of  March,  fn.itiiii,'  in  a  littlo 
pool  near  C'helten  Hills,  six  or  eight  milr-s  north  of  this  city.  It  tlid  not  form  a 
distinc  t  s'  ..tnm  by  itself,  but  was  tloa(in>;,  iiitcrminijjled  with  great  nu'nl)ers  of 
othe;  lilam(!ntous  idga-,  such  as  /ra(/i//(irl<v,  ;://ijii<)ii<r,  &.v..  It  seems  to  b('  most 
closely  allied  to  the  European  li.  ininiiiuDit ;  it  however  not  only  attains  a  some- 
what larger  size  but  also  differs  from  'liat  plant  in  the  pro])ortionate  length  of  the 
sterile  cells,  in  tlu;  nund)er  of  the  turns  of  tli(>  chloropliyl  spiral  in  tlu  cell,  and  in 
th(!  prop(>vti()nate  'ength  and  breadth  of  tlu?  spore. 

Fig.  1,  pi.  14,  I  preseiits  ])ovtion;  of  sterile  filaments  magnified  450  diameters; 
I  (I,  a  part  of  a  fertile  filauu-nt,  magnified  4i)()  diamctcu's. 

N|i.  pillcliclln,  Woiin. 

Sp.  artiruli.s  storililms  dianiolro  2-3  plo  loii|;i<)i'ilius ;  sporil'ori.s  nonnihil  tnniidi.s;  fascia  unica, 

anfra(■tillu.^  3-4  ;  spori.s  cllipti('i.s,  dianiotro  fore  (hipio  loiigidribus;  cytiudcrniato  ulnxpic  lino 

protcn-so  ot    i|)li(ntt). 
/>((!m.— Artie.  Sleril.yj*,,,"— 7?iy/=^.0()():!;i"— OOi:!".   Sp.ir.  ,,;•„„"_,  i;,'j"=.001 '2"— .(KlI .!:!". 
Si/ii. — A'/i^»'(i,i('»in/)«/fAt'//MHi,Woon,l'rodronius,  I'roe.  Anier.  I'liilos.  Sue.  'SCi'.l,  p.  lii.S. 
JI(il). — In  staf^nis,  prnpc  I'lii!adel|  Ida. 
Stoi'ila' joii;,.s  '2-1!  limes  longer  tln\ii  liroail ;  fertile  joints  .«onie\vh:it  s\v<dli'n  ;  eidnrdpiivl   lianil 

one;   turns  of  spiral  3—1;  spdres  elliplieal,  almost  twice  as  Untfi  i\s  Incnid;  cell  wall  at  each 

end     iddiiced  or  folded  in. 

h'liiKir/i.'. — 'I'his  speci(^s  was  found  by  myself  fruiting  in  April,  IStJJ),  in  stagnant 
ditches  beles-  the  city,  and  in  similar  localities  near  ("anvJ.cn,  New  Jersey.  It  did 
not  occur  in  masses  but  singly,  intermixed  with  great  numbers  of  other  fruiting 
spirogyns.  Most  of  the  filaments  seen  were  about  .IM)1()"  in  dianu'ter;  in  but  a 
siuc-b'  instance  (lid  they  conn'  much  short  of  this.  This  species  differs  from  li. 
t/uiitjahiiii,  among  (■tlier  points,  in  the  shortness  of  the  tubes  connecting  the  fertilo 


I 


« 


1'  It  i;  s  II  -w  A  T  !■:  11  A  I.  a  a:  o  i-  t  ii  k  in  i  t  k  d  s  t  at  k  s. 


If 


>;) 


: 


••<-Ils.     T  liuvo  iu-v(>r  hovn  uhU-  to  i(l(>iitify  siii  entirely  sterile  filament  of  this  species; 
tlx'  nieasuveiiients  ami  desc  ri|)ti()ii  of  (lie  sterile  cells  wen;  taken  from  infer 
in  Hliiiiients,  wliieh  in  other  places  had  | 


lie  (•<• 


'»«• 


)1.  II, 


)ro(lnce(l  spores, 
represents  a  fertih;  filament,  ma<'niliecl  2{>()  cliamuters. 


II.    CoN.IIKlATIO  HCW 


AUIFOllMIS  (SlMlKMIYH.l  VKIIA). 


a.    Cij/iodrrmalc  ulnKjiir  Jim'  iinilfiixum  vt  rrplicalum. 
a.    CijIiiKh'nn  fuldrd  in  ul  (he  cmU. 

*  Fimcia  sjiinilis  iniica. 

*  8l>iral  jihniiciU  nimjlc. 

Sp.  U'elicri,  Kr/„  ? 

Sp.  saHinitc  viridis,  liil.rlca  ;  iirticiilis  vrpctiillvis  dinmctrn  .1-20  i.lo  )onjti<.ril)iiH;  fructilVri.i 
iK.iiiMliil  iiilliilis;  fascia  (leiiliila,  plrniimiuo  iinl<'a  s<mI  lasciis  dmiluiH  in  qimvi;;  (■clliilii;  Hpiru* 
iiiirractihuH  ;j.«;  cyUudcniiato  plcniiiiqiiu  utroijuc  (iiic  jiroli'iiso  ut  rcplicalo  ;  y.vj;(.spi)iis  .llip- 
ticis. 

J>i(im.—Avth:  stci-il,  j^n5,"_,,»„„"  :^  .()(|()S"_.O01  :j". 

Hi/ii.—S.   Wchrri,  Ki'izt.Nii.     Kakk.mioust,  Flora  Kiimi).  Algariiiii,  .Sect.  111.  p.  2311. 

lIiil).  —  \\\  .stannis,  propo  I'lilladclpliia. 

D.rp  -rcni,  slippny  ;  slorilo  jc.irils  ;!--:>()  timrs  longer  than  l.nmd;  fiTtilc  joii.t.s  not  swcdicn  ; 

cldoiopjiyl  lilanii'iils  luostlj-  single,  hut  soiiiitiincs  Uvo  in  (•ertaiii  cl-IKs,  dciilaU;;  turns  of  tlii! 

spiral  a-8;  cyliodcrni  i)ru  r...'fd  or  infoldod  at  tlio  unds ;  zygosport's  clhpticai. 

liiin<irh-K.~'V\\M  species,  which  is  uhnndunt  aronnd  riuladelpliia  in  stagnant 
ditclies,  1  have  fonnd  fruitinj,'  in  the  month  of  April.  The  numher  of  spirals  fre- 
((uenfly  varies  even  in  tiie  same  filament.  The  infnldin-,'  of  the  walls  at  the  end 
of  the  cells  is  V(-ry  otU'n  wantinj,'  in  th(>  fertile  cells  and  occasionally  is  absent  from 
one  end  of  an  ordinary  vegetative  cell.  Tlu;  American  form  agrees  juetty  well 
with  the  KnroiH'aii,  hut  is,  however,  larger,  and  also  attains  in  its  cells  ii  greater 
proportionate  lengtii  and  has  nKU'e  turns  of  its  ciilorophyl  spirals,  'fhe  lower 
limits  of  the  American  form  are,  however,  so  overlapp.'d  hy  the  upper  limits  of  the 
European,  that  it  seems  to  me  they  must  ho  considered  ulentical. 

JMg.  Ii),  pi.  r>,  represents  a  pair  of  fertile  filaments  of  this  species,  magnified 
2(i()  diameters;  1!)  a,  part  of  u  sterile  filament,  magnified  'JliO  diameters  ;  Ii)  /;,  out- 
line of  a  couple  of  fertile  cells,  magnified  200  diameters. 

Sp.  proti'tla,  Will  ID. 

Sp.  saUn-at(^  viridis,  luiirii'a  ;  arliciilis  sti-rililins  dianictro  fi  pin  lonprioriliiis;  sporifcris  vix  I idis  ; 

cyliodn-niaU;  iilro.pic  lino  protcnso  ct  mpliralo  ;   fascia  iinicaj  unfractihus  C;  sporis  oliloiigi.s 
vd  clliplicis  :   nicndtraiio  crnssissinio. 

/),„m._Art.  stciil.  ,'ia"=OOII(i";   spor,   iat.  tJI;,,"— TL'in"  =  .<"'l;!;!"— .OOKI"  long.  ,»V" 

=  .OO.'i.'i". 
Si/n.—Sp.  iiruttiln,  Wood,  rrodronina,  rro;-.  Ami.  I'hilos.  Soc.  18(i9,  p.  I.'.I. 
Sp.  d<'cp  given,  slippery;  sleriN^  joints  (!  limes  longer  than  lirnad  ;  fertile  cells  scarcely  swidlen  : 

cell  >,vall  folded    ill  at  tlio  end.s  |  ciilorophyl  band  single  ;  tiiiiis  fi  ;  spores  oblong  or  elliptical, 

spore  wall  very  (liick. 

livniiirU. — T  fomid  this  species  in  the  latter  ])art  of  .\])ril  fruiting  in  a  ditch 
in  a  meadow  ii  little  south  of  the  mouth  of  Wissahicon  Creek,  netir  this  citv, 
tiuil  as  late  as  the  'ioth   of  May  in  the  "neck"  below  the  city.     It  is  remarkalde 


IGG 


!■'  R  E  S  II  -  W  A  T  K  H  A  L  (J  vK    C)  I"   'V  IIIO    U  N  1  T  K  D   S  T  A  T  K  S . 


for  the  very  groat  tliifkiu>ss  of  the  walls  of  tlie  spore.  Tliere  are  two  very  appa- 
rent coats  st'parati'd  by  a  tliiii  not  vi'iy  evident  one.  Tlie  outer  is  the  thickest ; 
it  is  very  tliick,  firm,  and  nearly  colorless.  'I'lie  inn(>r  coat  is  of  a  decided  orange- 
brown.  The  parent-cells  which  give  origin  to  thes(>  spores  ar(>  sligiitly  enlarged 
in  diameter.  Sometimes  the  spores,  instead  of  being  elliptical,  are  irregular  in 
shape. 

Fig.  ;Jrt,  pi.  14,  rejin^sents  a  sterile  filament,  magnified  250  diameters ;  fig.  3,  a 
mature  spore,  magnified  450  diameters. 

Sp.  insignis  (IIassam.)  Ktz. 

Sp.  ni'tifulis  steiilibus  diiimclro  5-14  jilo  l(iiijrii)i'il)iis ;  fasciis  2  (rnriiis  1-3),  laxo  spiralihiis, 
niigustis,  crciuUi.'' ;  nitii'iilis  I'luclil'rris  nuiiiiiliil  tiiiiiiilis ;  c^  liii(kiiM;ik'  ulrcKiuc  line  ruplicato 
vul  protouso  ;  zygnsporis  lubido-bruiiueis,  ovuto-fllipticis.    • 

Dinin.— O.OOIJ". 

Si/ii. — /yjitvma  innigiw,  Has.sai.l,  Frcsli-Wutcr  Aljru',  )i.  4  tO. 

Spii'diji/ra  iiisitjiiin,  (IIassai.i,)  Ivi  tzi.nh.     UADKNiioiisr,  Flora  Eiirop.  Aigaruin,  Suet. 

in.  p.  2!,-). 

Jfib. — III  sltigiiis,  pi'iipi!  I'liilaiU'lpliia. 

Sti'iilc  jiiiiits  .5-14  timi's  longer  than  broail ;  cliloropliyl  filainiMils  mostly  2  (nircly  1-3),  laxly 
spiral,  narrow,  crcnatc  ;  fertili'  joints  soincwliat  enlarfird ;  cyliodcrni  ut  fucli  t'nd  foldod  in 
or  produced  ■,  zygospoix's  roddisb-brown,  ovalo  elliptical. 

Bcmiirlc. — Fig.  6,  pi.  IG,  represents  this  species. 

h.    Cyliiidirma  cvltulse Jiiie  ncc jirofenguin  iif<-  repUi'alum. 

Cyliodcrm  not    n/uhlid  in  Ihc  i  ul  a/  tlic  cell. 
*  Fascia;  gpirali  univn'  (raro  dit,i). 

Cliloropliyl  band  ninijlo  (rarely  two). 

Sp.  longata,  (Vaucu.)  Ktz. 

Sp.  dense  ca>spitosa,  Upte  lutcolo-viridis,  valdc  lubrica;  arliculi.i  storilibiifi  diantotro  2-(>  plo 
longi(]rilnib,  rertilibu.s  gii'pe  tuinitli.s  ubbrcviali.-! ;  I'asi-iu  spirali  lata,  dentala;  anlVactibus  snl)- 
laxis  2-5  ;  zygosporis  ellipliuis. 

Diani.—O.OOl". 

Syn. —  Conjiir/ald  lomjata,  A'aitiikii,  llistoiro  dos  Tonfervcs  d'lOau  doui'o,  p.  Tl. 

Up.  lonyald,  (VALrii.)   Ki  T/isii.    KAiiiiMKiusr,  Flora  Kiirop.  Alf^arnm,  Sect.  III.  p  2:iH. 

Hub. — In  stagnis,  i)rope  l'liiladtl|iliia ;   Wood.      lUiodo  Island;  (S.  T.  Olney)  Tliwaite.s. 

Densely  ca'spitoso,  bright  yellowisli-groeii,  very  .slippery  ;  sterile  joints  2-fi  liint.s  longer  than 
broad;  fertile  artiiles  swollen,  oltcii  abbreviate;  chloropbyl  lilamenls  broad,  dentate  ;  turns 
of  the  spiral  somewhat  loose,  2-5  ;  zygo.spores  elliptical. 

Rrmarhi. — Aceordii'g  to  Prof.  Ilabenliorst,  this  species  attains  in  Etiroix'  a 
diameter  of  .0011"  and  the  cells  a  Icngtli  of  H  times  their  breadth.  The  same 
atithority  also  describes  tlu;  f(>rtile  cell  as  lieiiig  either  not  swollen,  or  moderately 
so  ("  ant  non  imt  modice  tumidis").  In  all  the  s|)ecimeiis  of  our  American  forms 
wiiieh  I  have  seen,  the  sporangial  cells  are  very  ih-cidedly  swollen. 

Fig.  4,  pi.  14,  represents  portions  of  sterile  filaiiieiits,  magnified  250  diiimeters, 
and  fig.  4  o,  a  part  of  a  fertile  pair  of  filaments  containing  immature  spores  enlarged 
2G0  diameters. 


FRESII-WATEll   ALU.i:   OV   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


1G7 


j^p.  qiiinina,  (Aa.)  Ki'iTz. 

Sp.  saturate  viridis,  vulilc  liil)ricntn;  nrtictilis  stipilibns  diamotro  1-fi  plo  Idiigioiibus ;  arti(MiIis 
fiTtilibus  vol  Laud  tuiiiidin  vul  iioiiiiiliil  tiiiiiiilis  ;  fuscia  unicii;  spiiM;  aiifni(til)iis  modo  di'ii- 
sioribus,  modo  lttxioril)us,  noniuiii<|uam  laxis.simis,  pIcruuKiuo  IS,  iiitenUini  1  J— 4 ;  cjtiodcrniatc 
cclIuliB  utroque  fiue  iioc  protoiiso  ucc  roplicato  ;  zygosporis  aut  glubusis  aut  ovalibus  aut 
cylindricis. 

y^iam.— Artie,  (itcril.  Tj.lff"— tJCs"  =  .0013"— .0017"  ;  sporis  ^\},g"  =  .00li". 

.S'.'/ii. — ,S';).  qninoia,  (AiiAKmi)KLTZiNU.     Kabeniioust,  I'lura  Euroi).  Algaruin,  Scrt.  III.  ]). 

2(0. 
Ilah. — III  stagiiis,  propo  Philadelphia. 

I)(.'('P  green,  very  slippery,  sterile  artieles  1-fi  times  longer  tlinii  broad;  ferlilc  joint.s  scnreely 
or  not  at  all  tumid  ;  ehlorophyl  filament  single ;  turns  of  the  spiral  sometimes  denser,  some- 
times la.ver,  sometimes  very  la.x,  mostly  !]  in  number,  sometinies  1^-4;  eylioderni  ni'itlier 
infolded  nor  protruded  at  the  cud  ;  zygospores  i)olymorplious,  globose,  elliptieal  oreylindrleal. 

RoiKirl-x. — 'Hiis  species  is  very  abiuulimt  in  the  ditches  iiroiiiid  Philadeliiliiii, 
especially  in  the  "  neck"  helow  the  city.  1  have  found  it  fniitiuf^  profusely  in  the 
month  of  April.  The  spores  vary  very  mnch  in  form,  some  of  them  heing  fjlohose, 
others  elliptic,  iind  still  others  cylindriciil,  with  ol)tusely  rounded  eiuls.  All  these 
forms  may  occur  in  a  single?  filament.  The  spore  cell  also  varies  in  the  amount  of 
its  enlargement.  In  niimy  cases  it  preserves  its  cylindrical  shape  completely ;  in 
rther  instances  it  is  markedly  swollen. 

Figs.  4  c,  4  c,  pi.  19,  represent  portions  of  sterile  filaments  of  this  species;  figs. 
t  a,  4  i,  and  4  d,  portions  of  fertile  filaments. 

■\\  Fasn'ie  Kpirala:  diias  \rl  flures. 
ff   Chloropf.i/l  filamcils  two  or  many. 

Tp.  (lecimina,  (M  :i.ler)  Ktz. 

Sp.  sordide  viridis,  liibriea;  artieulis  sterilibus  diainetro  (O.OOl.'!,")" — O.OOl.'i!)")  plernmipio 
dnpio-,  tpiadi'uplo  fere  longioribus,  iionnuiupiani  .subaMpiallbus,  fertillbns  ant  mm  aut  niudiiM! 
tumidis;  faseiis  Hi)iralibus  iileruuKpu;  '2,  latis,  ileeussatis,  rarins  I  vel  ;!,  anfraetibus  la.\is 
1-1^;  zygosporis  aut  ovalibus  aut  late  elliptieis  vel  subglobosis.  (11.) 

ayn. — Sj>.  (lecimina,  (^UhLKR)  Kltzino.     llAltUNUonsT,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Seet.  III.  p. 
242. 

//(((). — Propc  Philadelphia. 

Pirty  green,  slippery;  sterile  joints  mostly  from  2-4  times  as  long  as  broad  (0.001;{;">" — 
O.OOl.iit"),  scunetimes  about  as  long  as  broad;  fertile  joints  either  nujdenitely  or  not  at  nil 
sw<dlen  ;  spiral  filaments  mostly  2,  broad,  deeussatiug,  rarely  l-li,  turns  loose  1-1  i;  zygo- 
spores either  oval,  broadly  elliptie,  or  subglobose. 

litnnarl's. — I  find  this  species  marked  in  one  of  my  note-hooks  as  having  been 
found  by  myself  iwar  this  city.  I  have  no  aistinct  recollection  of  seeing  it,  and, 
having  preserved  neither  figure,  specimen,  nor  description,  am  forced  to  ccnuiit 
myself  with  copying  the  description  of  I'rof  Uabenhorst. 

Sp.  diibia.,  Ktz. 

Sp.  viridis  in  fruete  dilute  viridis;  artieulis  sterilibus  eylindrieis  (lianielro  1  J-2i  plo  longioribus  ; 
faseiis  spiralibus  2-15,  anguslissiinis,  nodosis,  anlVaelibus  la.vis  1-2  (=  Jl-fi);  eytiodermiite 
utroipie  line  nee  proteiiso  nee  replieato,  uonnihil  erasso  ;   zygnsporis  i)olymorpliis,  aut  sub- 


wummmmm 


168  FIIKSII-WATKU   AL(KK   OF   THE    U  N  I  T  E  D   ST  ATE  S. 

ploljosis  nut  (iviilibiis,  nut  suboylindricis,  dinnictro  irqualilius  out  j  plo  longioribus  ;  nrtictilis 
fertililxis  cyliiiilric'i;:,  Imud  tuuiidis. 

i),V;m.— Art.  Ktcril.  7j3ff"  =  '002;  spor   tJ,%"  —  -OOi". 

Syn. — iS'/).  iluhia,  KuTziNO.     Raheniioust,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  243. 

JIiil). — In  KlHgiiis,  prupi'  I'hiladvlpliia. 

Green,  iti  fruit  light  green;  sterile  joint."?  eylindrienl,  1^-2^  timew  longer  than  broad;  spiral 
fihunent.s  2-:i,  very  narrow,  nodose,  la.\,  luruH  1-2;  eytioderni  mitlier  infolded  nor  protruded 
nt  the  end,  rather  thick  ;  zygospores  polyniorphou.s,  either  snhglobose,  oval,  or  subeylindrieal, 
as  broad  as  long  to  j  tinie.s  longer;  fertile  articles  eyliniirical,  not  enlarged. 

liemarls. — I  have  found  this  species  growiiij;;  in  tlie  ditclies  helow  the  city,  fitiit- 
iii;^  nhnndiintly  in  May.  "W'licn  in  tiii.s  condition  it  forms  musses  of  ti  dirty,  lio;litish, 
ycllowisli-green.  The  spores  nn)stly  fill  ])r<'tty  well  the;  fertile'  cel'-^  My  specimens 
do  not  agree  completely  with  the  descriptions  given  of  the  European.  The  two 
forms,  however,  coin|)letely  overlap  one  iinother,  except  in  one  character,  namely, 
the  .shape  of  the  sporangial  cell.  I  have  never  seen  it  swollen  or  at  all  tumid  in 
American  specinu'iis,  wliilst  in  the  Europciui  it  is  Siiid  to  he  "niodice  tuniidis." 
This  difference  alone  does  not,  however,  seem  to  me  sufficient  to  characterize  a 
new  species.  I  have  seen  specimens  of  this  plant  collected  hy  Dr.  Lewis  at  C'ohhlo 
Mountain.  They  agree  well  with  the  I'hiladelphia  specimens,  except  in  iittiuning 
a  little  larger  size,  .()()".?r',  and  in  the  sterile  filaments  Iniving  their  walls  very  thick. 
The  character  of  non-intlation  of  sporangitil  cells  is  perfectly  preserved. 

Fig.  -4,  pi.  17,  represents  this  species. 

Sp.  riviikariM,  (IIa.ssai.i.)  Pvahenh.  (non  Kvz.) 

Sp.  saturate  viridis,  lubriea;  artieulis  sterililius  dianietro  1-11  plo  longioribus;  fertilibuseylin- 
driei.s  nut  vi.x  tumidis;  cytiodernnito  tenuissinio,  utrcxpui  line  nee  proien.^o  nee  replieato, 
faseiis  4,  luxe  si)irnlibns,  niodiee  anguslis,  nodulosis  et  serratis,  aufraelibus  2A  ;  zygosporis 
elliptieis,  dianietro  2-2J-  longioribus. 

7*,V/»i.— Art.  ster.  ^j'^^"—,' ,'5"  =  .00I2"— .0014(!"  ;  ppor.  tL"s"— t'So"- 

,Si/ii. — Xi/(/>icma  rirulariK,  IIassai.i,,  Fresll-^Vater  AlgiO,  vol.  i.  p.  144. 

tipirogijra  ririilaris,  (IIassali.)  {ik/h  Kl'tzlng)  Uabe.nhoust,   F'ora  Europ.  Algarnni, 
Sect.  III.  p.  243. 

Huh. — In  rivulis,  Florida;  (Canuy)  Wood. 

Deep  green,  .slippery  ;  sterile  articles  7-1 1  times  longer  than  brond,  fertile  lylindrieal  or  slightly 
tumid  ;  cytioderm  very  thin,  neither  infolded  nor  protruded  nt  the  end  ;  ehlorophyl  lilanients 
4,  laxly  spiral,  moderately  narrow,  nodo.so  and  serrulate,  turns  2^;  zygo.spores  ellijitieal, 
2-2i  times  longer  than  liroad. 

JiemarJcs. — This  species  was  collected  by  Mr.  Wm.  Canby  in  Pine  Barren  Run, 
near  llihernia,  Florida.  It  is  rather  smaller  thiin  th(>  European  forms,  but  does 
not  appear  to  be  distinct  from  them,  llaheidiorst,  indecnl,  states  that  there  are 
only  two  or  three  ehlorophyl  spiral  bands  in  a  cell,  but  IIassali  in  the  description 
of  the  type  states  distinctly  that  in  some  instances  there  are  four  bands,  and  also 
figures  the  plant  so. 

I'ig.  i)  n   and  b,  pi.  17,  represents  sterile  cells  of  this  species,  magnified   260 


I 


HI 


FRESII-WATKR  A  L  G  J]  OF  T  II  K  UNITED   STATES. 


169 


diiunct-rs.     Fig.  5  c  is  an  outline  of  a  pair  of  fertile  cells  enlarged  to  the  same 
extent. 

Sp.  parvispora,  Wuuu. 

Sp.  articulis  sterilibus  diamctro  2-4  plo  lonpioribus  ;  fructiforis  baud  tumidis,  diamctro  1-2^  i)lo 
loiigioribiis ;  fiisciis  si)irulibus  4,  angiistis,  iiodosis,  iinfriirtibiis  iihiribu.s  ;  zygosporis  parvis- 
siiiiis,  elliptieis,  diamutro  1^-2  plo  loiigioribus;  cytiodunnate  utroque  fine  iioc  protcnso  hoc 
rcplicato. 


Diam.—\Ti.  steril  T?,i!j5"=.003";  spor.  diam.  transv.  ^\'^^s"- 


1 1  ". 


.002"— .0023",long.  ,»J5" 


Syn. — H.  inirvUpnra,  Wood,  Prodromus,  Troc.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  18G9,  p.  139. 

Hah. — In  stagiiis,  Ilibernia,  Florida.   (Wm.  Canby  ) 

Storilo  joints  2-4  tinicii  longer  tban  broad;  fertile  not  tumid,  1-2^  times  longer  than  I)road  ; 
eliloropliyl  bands  4,  narrow,  nodose  ;  turns  iimny  ;  zygo.spores  very  small,  elliptical,  1^-2 
times  longer  than  broad ;  cell  wall  not  infolded  u*.  the  end. 

licmarJin. — I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Wm.  Canby  for  specimens  of  this  species, 
whicii  he  collected  ni  a  pond  in  the  Pine  Barrens  near  Ilibernia,  St.  John's  lliver, 
Florida.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  comparatively  small  size  of  the  spores,  which  do 
not  nearly  fill  the  perfectly  cylindrical  mother-cells ;  indeed  they  are  only  about  as 
long  as  the  latter  arc  wide.  This  species  closely  resembles  S.  majuscula,  but  is 
larger,  does  not,  that  I  have  ever  seen,  vary  like  it  in  the  number  of  spores,  and  is 
especially  separated  from  it  by  tiie  very  small  size  of  the  latter. 

Fig.  7,  pi.  15,  represents  a  fertile  pair  of  iUaracnts  of  this  species  magnified  125 
diameters. 

Sp.  majiisciila,  Ktz. 

Sp.  pallido  et  sordido  viridis,  fruetus  tempore  fnsccaccn.s ;  articulis  sterilibus  diamctro  (0.002'2" 
— 0.0025")  2^-4-10  plo  longioribus;  cytioderiuate  tenui  liomogcneo  ;  fasciis  3-4-5  (rarins 
7),  modo  subrectis  longitudinalibus,  inodo  la.\issiiue  spiralibus,  nodosi.s;  zygosporis  globosis 
vel  ovalibus.   (R.) 

,S';/)i. — S.  majim-ula,  KiJTZi.Nd.      IIabeniiorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  244. 

//(//), — Propo  Philadelphia.  ? 

Pule  and  sordid  green,  fuseosccnt  at  the  time  of  fruiting;  sterile  joints  2^-4-10  times  longer 
than  broad  (.0022" — 0  002.')");  eytioderni  tliin,  homogeneous  ;  spiral  lilanicnt.s  3-4-5  (^rarely  7) 
partly  straightish  and  longitudinal,  partly  la.xl}  spiral,  nodose;  zygospores  globose  or  oval. 

lieniarhs. — Shortly  after  I  commenced  te  study  the  fresh-water  alga;,  I  found 
below  ti'e  city  a  fruiting  Splrofji/ra,  of  which  I  preserved  only  a  drawing,  which  I 
have  since  identified  as  apparently  specifically  one  with  the  European  S.  majnsvuln, 
it  difi'cring  only  in  not  being  quite  so  large;  my  measurement  was  ^J/' =  0.00'3". 
Not  having  any  specimens  at  hand,  I  have  copied  the  description  from  the  work  of 
Prof.  Rivbenhorst. 

Fig.  1,  pi.  15,  was  copied  from  the  drawing  alluded  to. 

Sp.  nitida,  (Dillw.)  Link. 

Sp.  cicspitibu.s,  lubricis,  saturate  viridibns ;  articulis  sterilibus  post  divisionem  diametro  snb- 
a;(pmlibiis,  ante  divisioii«'ni  2-3  plo  longioribus;  articulis  fertilis  aliis  simillibus,  baud  tumidis; 
'-..^ciis  .spinilibus  4  (3-4  U  ),  modicc  latis,  aufractibus  1-2;  zygosporis  ellipticis. 
22       August,  1873. 


no 


I' IMwSII-W  ATKH    AliG.K    ()  T    TIIK    U  N' IT  K  D   STATES. 


!  ! 


Piam  —0  0025". 

Si/ii. — S.  nilidii,  (Oii-lwyn)  Link.     IiABENiioitsT,  I'Mimi  Kiinip.  Algnnim,  Svr.t.  III.  p.  24."). 

//(/&.— rn)])i;  riiilmk'liiliiii. 

Ocrurriiiff  in  lulnMcoius  turfy  iiiiis.sc.i,  of  a  (iccp  gii'cn  CDlor ;  sturilo  joiiit.><  nflrr  divisiciii  ulinut 
n»  liirij?  Its  broad,  lioforo  ilivi.sioji  2-3  tiiiii's  loiifri'r  ;  fertile  joinl.s  siniilur  lo  tlio  ollin  not 
tumid;  spiral  fdainriils  4,  niodi'ratfly  hroad,  turjis  1-2;  zyj^osport's  elliptic. 

Iifiii(iif>'<. — Tliis  spec  ics  apprnrs  to  be  somewhat  rare,  at  least  I  have  fouin^  it 
but  once,  and  tlien  only  in  small  qnantity.  llabcnhorst  states  that  there  are  occa- 
sionally only  three  spirals,  and  his  maximum  diameter  is  0.0031";  he  also  speaks 
of  the  fertile  joints  as  "vix  tumidis." 

Sp.  diliita,  Wood. 

Sp.  artipulis  strrilibus  dinnirtro  puliirqnalibus  ad  dn|)!o  IniifrinrihiiR,  t'rurtifcris  hand  tumidis; 
fuf^i'iis  spiraiiliu.s  ,'>,  nnirustissihiis,  la.\is,  valdo  iiodosis  ;  nnfraclibiis  plcruniquo  i,  interdum 
1  ;  zyfidsporis  spar.-jis,  laic  illiplici.s  vcl  ovatia  uut  globosis;  cylioUermalc  uiodicc  ti'iiue,  in 
ntro(|U('  lint.'  nee  prutcnsii  nee  rcplicato. 

Xl/nm.— Artie,  sleril.  7^V,;|„"  =  .OO.'J". 

tiyii. — S.  diluta,  Wuoi>,  rrodronuis,  Proc.  Am.  I'liilus.  Soc.  ISC.'J,  p.  139.' 

llob. — In  stngnis,  propo  I'liiludclpbia. 

Steril(\jiiints  about  as  long  a.s  broad  to  twice  longer,  fertile!  v\AU  nut  swollen  ;  cldoropliyl  bands 
.5,  c.\<'ccdingly  narrow,  la.\,  strongly  nodose;  turns  mostly  ^,  Koiuetinies  1  ;  zygospore.t  lew, 
broadly  elliptical,  ovate  or  glubo.su  ;  cell  wall  moderately  tliin,  not  iufulded  at  tLo  cud,s. 

llemarln. — I  ha\<>  found  this  species  several  successive  seasons  growing  in  the 
ditches  in  the  Neck,  bi'low  the  city,  especially  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  large 
stone  barn,  built  by  the  great  millionaire,  and  still  known  as  "(Jirard's  Barn." 
The  spirals  arc  very  naiTow  and  slender,  and  are  moderately  close  to  one  another. 
They  arc  chiefly  made  up  of  a  number  of  chlorophyl  nodules,  the  connecting  thread 
between  which  is  often  very  faint.  In  all  th(!  fruiting  specimens,  as  I  have  seen 
them,  the  spores  have  been  very  few  in  nundter,  most  of  the  cells  of  the  fertile 
filaments  appearing  to  have  aborted,  so  that  they  are  simply  empty.  In  most  cases 
only  about  every  third  or  fourth  cell  contained  a  spore. 

Fig.  2,  ul.  1"),  represents  this  species. 

Sp.  Mctiforniis,  (Hotii)  Ktx. 

Sp.  .saturate  viridi.s,  Inbrica;  nrliculis  slerilibus  diametro  paulluni  brevioribus  ad  Ijpio  lon- 
gioribus ;  arliculis  fructilVri.s  baud  iiillatis;  I'asciis  3-.S,  latis,  dentalis,  intcrduni  noniiibil 
rcmotis,  sed  sa-pe  arete  et  dense  conjuiietis,  nodosis;   zj'gosporis  globosis  vel  late  ovalibus. 

/)(07)i.— .0035". 

,Si/)i. — S.  sdi/ormin,  (lloTn)  Ki;tzin<i,     iiAnENiiousiT,  Flora  lOurop.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  240. 

Hub. — In  stagni.s,  prope  I'liiladelpliia. 

Deep  green,  slippery ;  sti'rilo  joints  a  little  shorter  to  one  ami  a-lialf  limes  longer  lliaii  liruad  ; 
fertile  joints  not  iiidalcd  ;  spiral  lilaniciits  3-.S,  broail,  dentate,  sometimes  somewbat  remote, 
sometimes  closely  and  densely  conjoined,  nodose;  /.ygospores  globose  or  broadly  jval. 

Itrmorl.:^. — None  of  tlic  descriptions  which  1  haw  seen  of  this  species  state  the 
number  of  the  spiral  filaments,  but  the  other  characters  of  the  American  form  «o 
agree  with  those  of  tin-  European  plant  that  it  is  probable  that  this  one  does  also. 
The  Y»huit  is  not  uncounuon  in  the  Neck,  fruiting  in  the  spring. 


V  11 1:  S  1 1  -  \V  A  T  ]•;  11    A  L  G  .«    O  V   T  11  !•:    UNI  T  K  D    STATES. 


171 


Fig.  3  o,  \)\.  1."),  represents  part  of  a  sterile  filament  of  tliis  species;  3  h,  portion 
of  a  puir  of  fertile  filaments,  both  magnified  125  diameters, 

Hp.  craMtta,  Ktz. 

Sp.  luite  viritiis,  (leiii(|nn  sordidn  viridis  ;  nrtioiilis  pfrrilibua  dinmctro  pn1)it><]niilil)n>,  post  divi- 
Bioiicni  iatorduin  ft'i'o  L  yU,  hn'vioriliiis,  anto  divirtioru'iii  mrpc  fere  2  plo  loiigioriliiis ;  cylin- 
dcrnmto  teiiui,  lii)ino);ciieo,  ntroqiio  lino  iicc  protcnso  ncc  rcplicato;  fnsfiis  spiruliliiis  -l, 
dciitati.s  v(d  tiiliercidali.s,  sii-po  aretis,  siihtransvrrsis,  tcnuibus ;  anfractibus  lJ-4  ;  cclliili.s 
fi'iicliforis  aliis  siiiiillimi.-*,  liuud  inllali.s  ;  zygonporis  globosis  vcl  clliplicis. 


Si/ii. — Sj).  crasxn,  Ktz.     Rabkniioiist,  Flora  Kiimp.  Al^arum,  Sect.  III.  \i.  2Jfi. 

I/ab 111  staRiiis,  prope  I'liMadolpliia. 

liriglit  green,  l)nt  finally  a  dirty  green  ;  sterile  articles  about  as  long  as  broad,  Rometiiiics  after 
diviKiun  only  lialf  as  long,  soinetiines  before  division  twiee  as  long;  oytioderm  lliin,  lioino- 
geneous,  not  infolded  or  produced  at  the  ends;  spiral  filaments  4,  dentate  or  tubereulate, 
often  close,  sublransverse,  thin;  turns  from  IJ  to  4;  fertile  cells  very  like  the  ollier.«,  not 
inilated  ;  zygo.spore.s  globose  or  elliptical. 

Brmarl-s. — 'J'his  species  )ii  very  common  in  the  neighborhood  of  this  city,  occur- 
ring in  springs,  &e.,  bnt  especially  in  the  ditches  in  the  Neck.  It  forms  long, 
lubricous  masses,  of  a  bright  green  color,  readily  distinguishable  by  the  size  of  the 
filaments,  which  arc  separatc^d  with  case  by  the  unaided  eye.  I  have  gathered  it 
repeatedly,  in  fruit,  from  the  middle  of  April  to  the  middle  of  June.  In  this  state 
the  mass  has  lost  its  briglit  green  color,  and  when  the  filaments  are  closely  examined, 
even  without  a  glass,  mhnite  dark  points  mark  the  positions  of  the  spores. 

Fig.  4  a,  pi.  1"),  represents  part  of  a  filament  commencing  reproduction ;  4  i,  fila- 
nunts  which  have  matured  the  spores;  4  c,  a  pair  of  conjugating  filaments. 

Genus  ZYGNEMA. 

Cellnlie  vegetiitivin  eyliiidricaj.  Massa  chlorophylhieca  initio  rlTiisa  ot  snblioniogenea,  postea  dis- 
linete  granulosa  aut  per  celbilie  lumen  distributa,  granula  ainylacea  duo  eentralia  involvens,  aut  in 
<'(irporilius  duol)US  (in  <pia(iue  cellula)  ])lus  niimisve  dislincle  stellalim  radiaiitibua  juxta  nueleuiii 
centraluin  graiiiim  aniylaceuni  uiiicuni  iiivolventibus  collocata.  Conjugatio  scalarifornii.s  vel  late- 
ralis. 

Vegetative  cells  eyiindrienl.  Ciiloropliyl  masses  in  the  beginning  effused  and  siibhomogeneous, 
afterwards  distinctly  granular,  either  distributed  throughout  the  cavity  of  the  cell,  involving  two 
central  starch  granules,  or  gathered  together  into  two  masses  (in  each  cell),  with  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly stellttte  radii  and  a  central  starch  granule  placed  near  the  nucleus,  one  on  each  side  of  it. 

K.  iUMigne,  (IIassai.l)  Ktz. 

Z.  ciespitibus  ot  pleriinuiue  nataiitibus  vel  in  aqua  diffusis,  saturate  viridibus  vel  srt'pe  sordido 
flavo-viridibus  ;  articulis  sterilibus  diamctro  cireitcr  lequalibus  vel  duplo  longioriliiis  ;  coiiju- 
gatione  scalarifornie  (et  sa'pc  siinul  laterali,  R  );  zygosiioris  globosis ;  sporoderniate  la;vi. 

/WflHi.— Cell.  tjVco"  =  -OOl^G"  ;  spor.  .^jV^^-'—.tj',,'',,/  =  0.00003"— COOOIH". 
Si/n. —  TyndariJea  iiikignin,  ITassall,  Fresh-Water  Algni,  vol.  i.  p.  1(;,3. 

Zygnfina  inttvjne,  (IIassali.)  KUt/ino.     KAiiENiioasT,  Flora  Kurop.  Algiv,  Sect.  III. 
p.  '2111. 

Hub. — In  stagnis,  prope  riiiladelphia  ;  Wood.     Uliode  Island,  (S,  T.  Olney)  Thwaitcs. 


172  FIIESII-WATKU    ALO.K   OF   TIIK   UNITED   STATES. 

CoBspitoso  niid  mostly  (Idnlinjr  or  clifTuscil  in  tlic  wiitcr,  (locp  prci'ii,  or  »  dirty  yollowisii-procn  ; 
Hlcriii;  joints  iibont  us  long  as  linmil,  or  twice  an  long;  fonjiiniiliou  Sfularilorin  (iicconlinj; 
to  Ilabeuhorst  somctiiiiuii  at  tlie  sunie  time  liiterul)  ;  zygospores  globose ;  spore  cout  sniootti. 

liemarlca. — This  species  is  very  common  nround  IMiiliidelpliia,  forming  great 
masses  in  the  ditdies  of  the  "  Neck,"  growing  in  the  seinistagnant  water  along  tlie 
railroads,  and  forming  with  other  algic  slimy  coatings  on  the  dripping  rocks  of  tlio 
Wissahicon  and  various  railroad  cnttings.  At  certain  times  the  cells  t>re  fonnd 
crowded  with  eiidoehrome,  at  other  times  they  are  almost  empty.  At  certain 
seasons  this  plant  nniltiplies  with  great  rapidity  after  a  soniewliat  peculiar  fashion. 
Constrictions  first  appear  in  the  filament  at  the  junctions  of  the  cells,  which  thns 
look  as  thongh  their  ends  were  rounding  oft".  Tiiis  goes  on  until  the  ends  of  the 
cells  arc  greatly  ronnded,  and  are  attached  simply  by  their  central  parts,  which 
sooTi  separate.  In  this  way  <" fig.  8b,  pi.  xv.)  the  filament  is  resolved  into  its  com- 
ponent cells,  or  more  generally  into  as  many  pairs  of  cells  as  compose  it,  which 
M'hen  once  set  free  in  the  water  rapidly  grow  into  filaments  by  the  ordinary  pro- 
cess of  cell  ninlti[)li('ation  by  division.  In  most  cases  tlie  zygospores  an;  ])la(:ed 
in  one  of  the  parent-cells,  bnt  I  have  seen  instances  in  which  some  of  them  were 
formed  in  the  connecting  tubes. 

Fig.  S,  pi.  1"),  represents  this  species. 

Z.  ci'iiciatiiiii,(VAL('ii.)  Ad. 

Z.  piillidf  virido,  siccntiim  fuHcosccna  vcl  fusco-nipfrescens ;  articulis  oterilibust  brcvicyiiiidrici.'i 
diiimt'tro  (O.OOIG" — 0.00195")  uoqualibns  vel  dimiilio  longioribuH,  rarins  dupio  loiigioribns, 
post  divisioncm  fiictam   linud  raro  dimidio  brevioriljus,  fructifcris  non  tnmidiH;  zvffosporis 
pIcninKHK!  giobo.-iis,  maturis  obscuro  fuscis,  sporoderniato  subtilitor  pnnctati.s.     (11.)  Sjiecicn 
milii  iyiiula. 
Syn. — Zi/giicma  crmiiiliim,  (Vacciier)  Aoauuii.      Radenhiiust,  Flora  Kurop.  Algarum,  Sect. 
III.  p.  251. 
Tyndaridea  cruciala,  H\ssAl.i,,  Fresh  Water  Algie,  vol.  i.  p.  ICO, — IIauvey.     ISaiiey, 
Micro-suopica!  Oljservations,  p.  21. 
Ilah. — Nortliern  States ;   A'irginia;   Florida;   Bailey. 

Pnle  procn,  when  dried  subfuscousorblackisli  fiiseouH.  Sterile  joints  shortly  eylindricnl,  etpial  or 
a  little  lonfrer,  or  more  rarely  twice  ns  long  a.'i  broad  (diam.  0.001(1"— (1. 0(»  1115").  iilier  division 
sometimes  shorter  than  broad  ;  fruiting  cells  not  tumid  ;  zygospores  mostly  globose  ;  when 
mature,  obscure  fuscoii.'s,  their  coat  minutely  punctate. 

Genus  SIEOGONIUM,  Ktz. 

"  Celluloe  vcgetativoe  cylindricie,  sporiferie  subinflatic  orculiforniio.  Fasciie  chlorophyllosic  longi- 
tndinales,  parietales,  leviter  fle.xiio.sie,  nodosie  (plerum(pie  2-.3,  rarins  4  in  (|na(|no  ccllulii),  graiiula 
amylacea  T-H  involutiu.  Copulatio  gonuflexa,  sine  tubo  conne.vivo."  U.  In  si)eeie  Americana 
fasciie  chlorophyllosie  spirales  et  Spirogync  illi.s  similes. 

Vegetative  cells  cylindrical,  spore  bearing  ccdls  somewhat  inflated,  or  oreuliform.  Chlorophyl  fila- 
nient  longitudinal,  parietal,  somewhat  fle.xuous,  nodose  (mostly  2-.'l  riiroly  4  in  euih  cell),  containing 
f-8  starch  granules;  conjugation  genuflexuous,  without  any  connecting  tubes.  (Kabenhorst).  In 
American  species  the  chlorophyl  fdament  spiral  and  like  to  that  of  Spirogyra. 

Frmnrl-K. — This  genus  was  originally  made  by  Kiitzing  to  contain  a  sinijb! 
species,  which  possesses  the  characters  given  in  the  diagnosis  of  I'mf  11  ibcnIiorHt 


FRESH   WATKIl   A  L  G  .E  OP   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


173 


I  liiiv(!  met  with  an  American  plant,  whidi  lias  some  of  those  characters,  and  at  the 
same  time  others  wliieh  have  heen  supposed  to  helong  to  the  genus  S/)iri)ffijrti.  It 
unites  the  method  of  reproduction  of  Siroi/otunm  and  the  arrangement  of  tlie 
chlorophyl  band  of  Si>iro(jijm,  standing  as  it  were  midway  between  them.  It  is 
not  midway,  however,  but  much  nearer  Sirogotdum,  for  the  passage  from  a  very 
h)ose  spiral  to  a  longitudinal  tlexuous  filament  is  a  brief  one,  and  altiiough  in  some 
cells  of  S.  irlrorrrnum  the  si)irul  makes  a  number  of  turns ;  in  other  lonjr  cells  it 
scarcely  g(!ts  around  once,  in  other  words  the  ,cldorophyl  band  is  nearly  straight. 
On  tlu!  other  hand,  the  reproduction  is  strictly  that  of  S.  strkltim,  at  least  in 
all  cases  which  have  come  under  my  notice.  There  is,  therefore,  but  one  of  two 
things  to  be  done,  either  to  unite  Sinyoniiim  with  Sjn'rot/i/rii,  or  else  to  give  up 
the  arrangement  of  the  chlorophyl  as  an  essential  character  of  the  former  genus. 
The  gn^at  variance,  in  the  latter  resjicct,  in  our  Amc-rican  species,  greatly  weakens 
the  value  of  any  such  character,  and  I  have,  therefore,  preferred  the  latter  of  the 
two  courses, 

S.  retroversiini,  AVdnn. 

S.  ivrticulis  stcrililiiirt  (liiiiiu'tro  V-1.')  i>lo  l(inKii>riliiis ;  fascii.-i  siiiralil)ns  1,  rare  2,  latiw,  f;nimi- 
liilis  ;  niifrui'tilms  1-i) ;  urticiilis  fu rtilil)iis  viiliK^  luiiiidis,  roti-DVorsis  ;  eoiijii<;iiliouu  gcnuliexa  ut 
sine  tiibo  connoxivo  ;  cytioUcrruatu  uuuiiiliil  crusBo,  utroquo  lino  protuiiso  vol  rcplicuto ; 
sjioris  ellipticis. 

7J(0Hi.— Art.  st.Til.  7]Jj"=.00140"|  sjmr.  lut.  ,JCo"— t18(s"='»0133"— .OOIG" ;  long.  t?3o" 

=  ooya". 

Si/n. — .S'.  rc/rorvrnum,  Woon,  Prodromiis,  Proc.  Am.  Pliil.  Soc.  ISfiO,  p.  139 
Ildh. — III  ."itagiiis,  prope  Piiiladelpliia. 

Sterile  joints  7-15  times  longer  than  broad;  ehloropiiyl  band  1,  rarely  2,  broad,  granulate  ; 
turiLS  1-9  ;  fertile  artiele  very  tumid,  retroverted  ;  fertile  cells  Keareely  swollen  ;  cell  wall  folded 
in  at  the  end.s;  cbloropliyl  Itand  single;  turns  C;  spores  oblong  or  elliptical,  spore  wall  very 
tbiek. 

BemarkK. — I  have  found  this  species  growing  in  stagnant  ditches  in  the  Neck 
below  the  city.  In  fruit  the  cell?  are  almost  always  very  markedly  bent  backwards, 
and  have  a  broad  pcnich-like  dilatation  in  front.  The  spores  are  elliptical,  and,  as 
I  have  se(-u  them,  greenish  and  with  a  thin  coat,  but  may  not  iuive  been  completely 
matured. 

Fig.  1,  pi.  10,  represents  this  species. 


Genus  MESOCAIIPUS,  IIassall. 

CelluliB  inas.sa  clilorophyllosa  initio  diffusa,  postca  in  fasciam  longitudinalcni,  baud  raro  flcxuo.'iom 
conlracta;  nueleum  centraleni  et  grannin  aniylaceum  unieum  vei  duo  involvens.  Zygusjjora  globosa 
vel  ovata,  in  tubo  connexivo  inter  eellulas  binns  i)lus  minus  genullexa.-<  forinata. 

Chlorophyl  mass  in  the  beginning  diffused  in  the  cell,  afterwards  contrueled  into  an  (,ften  fle.vuous 
fascia,  and  involving  a  central  nucleus  and  one  or  more  starch  granules.  Zygospore  globose  or 
ovate,  formed  in  the  connecting  tube  between  two  more  or  less  bent  cells. 

n.  Hcalfiris,  TTassaix. 

M.  celluli.s  .sterilihus  dinmctro  3-f>  plo  longioribus,  fertilibus  valde  curvatis ;  zygosporia  ovalibu.s. 
/>iom.— Max.  7g5j  =  .0011". 


i.^  ^    ■HLRiBlBW,'!" 


/ 


I 


li!     •! 


174  FUKSII-W  ATKIl    AI,(i.K    (>  I'   T  II  K    I'  N  I'l'i:  I)   STATKS. 

81/n. — M.  urtiliirix,  IIa«sai,i.,  FiTsli-WutiT  Al^io,  vul.  i.  p.  IdCi,  el  UAiiKNiiiiiiNT,  Fiorii  Kiirop. 
Algiinim,  S.cl.  1 1 1.  |).  2;'>7. 

Ilah. — III  fuaxis,  |irii|i(;  I'liiliulclpliiu, 

Stvrilo  culJH  U-(i  tiiiifH  luiigvr  tliaii  tlioir  diainotor,  fortilo  iitrongfy  oiirvml ;  zyji^oHporrH  ovul. 

Jiemarka. — This  species  is  abiiiulaiit  in  the  Ktiif^imnt  ditelies  iieiii*  Caniden.  It 
nj^rees  well  witii  tlie  deseriptiuiis  of  the  I'liropeiiu  t'orin.  1  lm\c,  however,  never 
seen  it  ill  tiie  state  in  which  it  has  "  fuscous  spores."  'I'hey  luive  always  been 
j,'reeiiisli,  l)iit  very  i)ossil)Iy  were  not  fully  iiiuturetl. 

l*'ig,  5,  [il.  15,  lepresonts  a  pair  of  cells  of  this  species  just  coiimieiicin;.;  to  con- 
jugate. 

in.  pnmiliiH,  II  ASSAM.. 

M.  fflliili.s  (iiaiiiiitro  (O.OOOUl" — ().0()04I")  fj-li  plo  loiinioribiis  ;  zyfTospiiriH  (rldlxihis,  pUTiiriKpio 
O.0OU02"  luti.s,  Hpi)ruik'riiiutL'  fusfo  lusvi.   (I!  )     Sjifcii's  mihi  iijimla. 

Syn. — 1/.  iinn-iiUiK,  IIaskai,,  Ficsii-Wiilur  AlfiB!,  vol.  I.  p.  Ifii),  el  r,Aii.:Mic>iisT,  Florii  Kurnp. 
Algiu'iiMi,  Suet   III.  p.  257. 

//afc.— Ulioilu  iHJnud  ;  (S.  T.  Oliicy)  Tliwiiltcs. 

Colls  .5-12  timoH  longer  limn  iIkmi-  iliiiinotiT  (O.OOO.'U" — 0.00(l41") ;  /.VRdsporcs  globose,  imislly 
0.OOOC2"  bronil,  sport'  coal  I'usfoua  smooth. 

Genus  I'LEUUOCAlirUS,  A.  Bkaun  (18.5.'j). 

CcllnliD  cipdcm  (piic  in  Sk.iucnrjio ;  rdpuliitio  lud'rulis  ct  Hpniifcru,  n(iiiiuini|iiani  pi'miflr.\a  I't 
l)l('nin)(pic  sterilis.   (11.) 

Cells  like  tlioso  in  Mcsocarj)U.< ;  ciinjiigatii.n  lalcnil  anil  sjpoririniiis,  noniowhat  jteniilli'xuous  and 
nioslly  sterile. 

P.  mirabilis,  HitAUN. 

1'    eellulis  dianiclro  (0  OOU" — 0.0013")  2-.')  jilo  longidribus;    zypospnria  suligldbosis,  fnscis, 
liuvilms.  (II.)     Spccii'n  niilii  iijiKiia. 

Syn. — Mougcolin  gi-nxjlt-ira,  Aoaudh.     1!aii.kv,  Sillinmn's  .lonrnnl.     New  Series,  vol.  iii. 

rifurocarjiiin  mirabilin,  A.  Ukaln.   Uaiie.nhiiu.st,  Klura  Kin'o)).  Alj,'anun,  Suet.  III.  p. 
258. 

]Juh. — West  Point,  New  York;  Providfiiec,  Rliode  Island;  Detroit,  Micliiijan  ;    Fort  AVinne- 
bajjo,  Wisconsin  ;   H.iiley. 

Cells  2-5  times  longer  than  tlieir  diameter  (0. OOU" — O.OOlJt");  zygo.spores  snliglobose,  fii.seons, 
smooth. 


Order  ISiphOllhyCCSC. 

AlfriB  nnioellnlarns.  Ccdlnla  ulricnliforniix,  iilernnKpie  rnniulosa  ;  raniuli  vpffotntimie  fprniinnli 
pneiliti,  sa'pe  deinnni  septo  disereii,  et  alteri  in  oosporangia,  alteri  in  antlieridia  traiisinulanliir. 
Cytioplasma  viridc,  prannlosum,  nmeilnpinosum,  vesiculis  ehlor()|diyllosis  et  griuiulis  amylaeeis 
n^pletnm.     Propnptatio  fit  aiit  cytinjrenesi  libera,  nut  zoogonidiis  ant  oosporis. 

Unieellular  nlpiE.  Cells  utrionliform,  mostly  braiielied  ;  brnnehes  with  n  terminal  vefretalion, 
often  finally  cut  olTby  a  partition  wall  and  transformed  into  alitheridia  or  oospornngiii.  Cytiopla.sm 
preen,  prannlar,  mueilaRinous,  filled  with  chlorophyl  vesicles  and  starch  pranules.  Prnpopalion 
either  by  forming  minute  spores  by  free  cell  forniatiini,  or  by  zoospores,  or  by  oospores. 


1 


b'  lu ;  s  1 1  -  w  A  T  i;  Ji  ALU  M  o  I."  T 1 1  !•;  u  N  I  '1'  i:  u  s  r  a  t  !■;  s . 


115 


Family  lIYDUOGASTTlEiE. 

riiintiilio  niitiimiD,  trrrcstrcs,  gri'guriiu.  Cullula  Initio  gliil)oi<ii,  poslca  t'liivati»-  vcl  pyrifciriiii- 
iriliiiii('S(MHifi,  liiisl  uUtMiiiiitii  uluiigutit  ul  ill  rnnuiloH  Kublillis.iiiniiH  liyulimm  |iiii'lilik.  ('ytiii|iliisiiiil 
miirilagitiiwiini,  irtiitn  provtu'tu  gonidiadivisiuiif  siiiiiillaiiea  truu»runiiatuni.  C'ytiudvriiia  lainulloHiliu 
mtalo  provectu  dilalit'iiH  ct  cuntuboHCUiiH  vl  guiiidia  liliiTaiiH. 

I'laiilH  vrrv  Kiiiall,  terrcslrial,  proguriniis.  Cclln  in  tlie  licf^iiming  glulinso,  afttTwards  clavatr  or 
|iyri!'iirin,  witli  an  vIongatiHl,  utlcnuatcil  liasc,  dividrd  into  vui}'  lini',  Iiyaiiiiu  liranclics.  Cyliopiaiim 
niiiclIaginouH,  at  iiiatnrity  transforrnvd  hy  a  HiinultaiidonM  divitfiuii  into  gunidia.  C'ytiod'jrni  lamul- 
lat(.',  at  iimtui'ily  wasting,  willioring  away  and  K(;tting  fruo  tlic  gonidiil. 

llivKirkn. — Thc!  Ifi/(lriiij(iN/n'<r'  aro  curious  little  imircUiilar  ]>liiiits,  wliicli  prow 
upoii  wt't  earth,  'liw!  innturod  IVmid  is  swolUni  up  at  one  cud  to  form  a  subplobulur 
or  ])yrifortn  lirnd,  whilst  at  the  other  end  it  is  ])rodueed  into  a  lonp,  niuch-hranched, 
very  line  root-like  portion  whi<:h  enters  the;  earth  and  maintains  the  littli'  plant  in 
its  upright  position.  Thv  green  endochronie  is  contained  almost  entirely  in  the 
head,  and  forms  generally  a  coat  or  layer  in  the  outer  jjortion  of  its  cavity,  the  inner 
part  of  which  appears  to  he  occupied  by  a  watery  iluid. 

The  only  specimens  which  I  have  seen  of  this  family  were  found  growing  in  tho 
mud  lett  by  the  receding  water  of  a  recently  drawn  mill  pond,  by  Dr.  liillings,  U.  S.  A. 
"VVhcn  I  got  them  they  were  thoroughly  dried  up,  and  consequently  no  opportunity  of 
studying  their  development  was  afforded.  According  to  Kiitzing  and  braun,  tho 
species  is  propagated  ordinarily  by  the  breaking  up  of  tho  chlorophylous  layer  of  pro- 
toplasm lining  the  wall  of  the  cell  into  a  larger  nund)er  of  very  small  glohidar  spores. 
These,  although  not  endued  with  tlie  power  of  motion,  seem  from  their  method 
of  formation  and  history  to  be  homologous  with  zoospores.  In  most  cises  they 
ar<!  set  free  by  thc  membrane  of  the  parent-cell  becoming  gelatinonsly  softened, 
swelling  up,  collapsing,  and  finally  dissolving  nway.  The  littjc  protococcoid  cells 
then  enlarging,  develop  at  one  end  a  hyaline  })rolongation  wliich  penetrates  into 
thc  ground,  (jrowth  and  development  continuing  the  upper  end  of  tht;  cell  swells 
up  into  tho  ovate  or  globular  lu-ad,  whilst  the  lower  becomes  thc  hyaline,  branch- 
ing, root-like  portion  of  the  new  frond.  No  indication  of  this  method  of  repro- 
duction was  discoverable  in  ilie  plants  which  Dr.  IJillings  sent  me.  Thc  evident 
affinities  of  the  family  with  the  VaucJicrkuxa^  rend(!r  it  exceedingly  probable  that 
there  is  in  it  some  method  of  sexual  reproduction,  as  yet  undiscovered,  allied  to 
that  which  occurs  in  the  latter.  In  some  of  the  specimens  sent  me,  there  were 
what  appeared  to  be  resting-spores  (pi.  XVI.,  fig.  2  «),  occupying  the  whole  of  the 
cavity  of  the  cell,  from  which  they  appeared  to  be  finally  discharged  by  a  decay 
and  rupture  of  the  outer  coat  or  wall.  How  these  bodies  were  formed,  and  whether 
they  really  have  power  to  reproduce  tlie  species  I  cannot  tell. 

Genus  IIYDIIOGASTKUM,  Desv. 

rtiarnotcr  idem  ac  familias. 
Cliaractcrs  tlnit  of  tlio  family. 

H.  g^ranulntiim,  (Linn.)  Desv. 

If,  plrnimqnc  grogarinin,  su'po  nggi'cgatiini,  hand  raro  rnnfliions  ;  rollnla  o  plobnpo-pyriformi, 
inagnitudinu  scniiius  papavcris  vel  Binapios  cl  ultra,  prasino-viridi  snpcrticio  pulvcrulenta.  (U.) 


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176  FllKSJI-W  ATIOll   ALG.K   OF   THE   UNITKI)    STATES. 

t^i/ii. — Jldln/iliiim  anjiUacvum,  ■Wai.i.ikitii.     IiABENiionsT,  Flora  Eunip   Algiirum,  Si'ct.  llf. 
p.  2(;r). 
Ilijil-Dijanlrum  grunulalum,  (LlNNini's)  Dksv.     Uaiieniioust,  h>c.  v.il. 

Ilab Dolinvun" ;    (Dr.  killings)  Wood  ;  Wost  roiiit,  New  York  ;   rrovidoiiec  and  Newport, 

Kliode  Island  ;   IJiiiloy. 

Mostly  (rr(-piirioiis,  often  nggrepnte,  not  rnrely  ponnnent ;  eclls  iijTiforni,  of  the  Ki/e  of  a  poppy 
or  mustard  seed  and  larger ;   pea-green  ;  surface  imlverulent. 


Hcmarlis.—  The  above  description  is  taken  from  Rabenhorst's  work,  and  a])plies 
to  the  specimens  collected  by  Dr.  Billings  in  tlie  State  of  Delaware,  excepting  that 
I  did  not  discover  any  of  them  to  be  conflnent,  nor  was  their  surface  distinctly 
pulverulent.  I'rof  Kiitzing  gives  as  a  comparative  character  between  this  and  //. 
Wallroihii,  the  smaller  size  of  the  spores ;  but  I'rof  R.  says  nothing  about  this. 
There  were  no  spores  in  any  of  the  American  specimens,  and  I  think  it  somewhat 
micertiiin  whether  or  not  the  plant  is  or  is  not  either  of  the  European  species.  It 
is  very  probable  that  it  will  be  discovered  that  tlie  only  true  specific  clntracters  arc 
sexual,  and  conseqiu-ntly  have  not  as  yet  been  nuidc  out  in  any  of  the  forms. 
Certainly  the  descriptions  of  the  species  as  at  present  given  seem  to  me  not  to 
contain  any  reliable  characters. 

i'ig.  2  a,  pi.  1(5,  represents  a  very  young  state  of  our  American  plant ;  fig.  2  is 
the  perfected  frond,  both  magnified  ninety  diameters ;  fig.  2  a  shows  what  is  sup 
posably  a  perfected  resting  spore  magnified  IGO  diameters. 


iil 


Family  VAUCnEKIACE^. 

Alga;  tnonoicnj,  casspitosa?,  tiniceliulares.  Cellula  vegctiva  (tlialliis)  vogctationc  terminal!,  ntrlcnii 
fornii-e'ongata  et  tnipliata,  prominoiitiis  phis  minus  eloiigatis  ramosa. 

I'ropagatio  aut  sexiuilis,  fit  oosporis  opo  spermatozoidiornm  fecundatis,  ant  non  scxualis  zoogonidiis. 
Fruetiliuatio  'riplex  (melius  organa  frnetificationis  tria)  : — 

1.  Spotanguim  terminalo,  ex  tliaili  apiec  plerumqiic  glohoso-elavato-tumido  fonnatiim,  septo  dis- 
cretum,  cytioplasnmte  obscure  viridi,  denium  in  zoogonuliuni  (zoosporam,  Thur.)  unieum  pcnnag- 
num,  ciliis  vibratoriis  dense  obsituni  aueuntc  farctum. 

2.  Oogonium  (oosporangium)  lateralc,  sessile  vcl  prominentia,  plus  minus  elongata  vel  simpliei 
vol  partita  pedicellatum,  cytioplasmate  letatc  provecta  in  oosporam  singulam  transniutato  fetum. 

3.  Antheridiuin  lalerale,  sessile  vcl  c  ramuli  lateralis  parte  suprema  septo  disereta  formatuni,  in 
quo  spennatozoidea  (antlierozoidea,  Thur.)  numcro.s  issima  nascuntur,  denique  erumpunt.  Spernia- 
tozoidea  oblonga,  eiliis  duobus  inajquilongis,  subpolo  antico  ortis  instrueta.  (R.) 

Mona;cious  alga?,  ca'spitose,  unicellular.  Vegetative  cells  (thallus)  growing  at  the  ends,  elongate, 
Htriculiforni,  and  amplin'.e,  more  or  less  profusely  branched. 

Propogation  either  sexual,  with  oospores  which  are  fecundated  by  sperraatozoids,  or  non-sexual, 
by  means  of  zoospores.     Organs  of  fructification  of  three  kiufia  : — 

1.  Sporangia,  which  are  terminal  and  mostly  formed  from  the  separation  of  clavately  swollen, 
globose  apex  of  the  tlialltis  (often  of  a  branch)  by  means  of  a  partition  :  in  the  sporangium  arises 
a  single,  very  largo  zoospore,  which  is  densely  clotiiiid  with  cilia. 

2.  Oogonia  (oosporan^ia),  lateral,  sessile  or  pcdicclato  simple  bodies,  whose  eytioplasm  is  finally 
converted  into  an  oospore. 

3.  Antheridium  lateral,  sessile,  or  formed  out  of  tl;o  end  of  a  branch;  the  spermatozoids  formed 
in  them  oblong,  furnished  with  twj  unequal  cilia,  arising  near  the  front  end. 


l! '  ;i 


F  lUi  S  1 1  -  W  A  T  Ell   ALU  A-:,    O  V    T  U  K    U  K  I  T  K  1)    S  T  A  '1'  K  S . 


177 


Jkimir/is. — The  Vancheriacidi  iiro  ainoiiyst  our  most  common  fiosh-watcv  algsr. 
Tlicy  occur  gcueriiUy  in  the  form  of  vast  numbers  of  individuals  interwoven  into 
broad  mats,  v/hich  liave  often  botli  a  felty  look  and  feel.  When  growth  is  going 
on  rapidly,  these  mats  are  of  a  beautiful  vivid  green ;  but  when  the  process  of 
se\ual  reproduction  has  checked  the  life  of  the  individual  they  become  dingy  and 
dirty  looking.  The  thallus  is  composed  of  a  single  cell  and  is  almost  always 
branched.  The  branches  never  have,  at  least  in  any  of  our  species,  a  definite 
arrangement,  save  only  in  that  they  always  arise  from  the  side  and  not  from  the 
point  of  the  thallus.  In  the  European  species,  V.  iiiberosa,  however,  the  branches 
are  said  to  arise  both  from  the  point  and  sides  of  the  frond. 

The  frond  cell  is  generally  nearly  uniform  in  diameter  and  has  a  thick  outer 
wall,  which  is  composed  of  cellulose,  as  is  proven  by  the  action  upon  it  of  iodine 
and  sulphuric  acid  and  of  the  iodoclnoride  of  zinc  solution.  Within  the  cell  are 
chlorophyllous  protoplasm,  starch  granules,  watery  fluid,  and  a  few  scattered 
raphides  or  inorganic  crystals.  There  is  never  any  nucleus.  The  protoplasm  is 
often  very  granular,  and  is  mostly  collected  in  a  thick  green  layer  upon  the  inner 
siu'facc  of  the  cell  wall,  leaving  the  centre  of  the  cell  free  for  the  mon*  watery 
contents. 

Growth,  except  in  the  very  young  fronds,  consists  exclusively  in  an  increase  in 
length,  and  takes  place  only  at  the  ends  of  the  tlmllus  or  in  the  portion's  near  it. 
The  branches  are  almost  always  simple,  but  are  said  in  some  species  to  give  origin 
to  secondary  branchlets,  and  even,  at  times,  to  tertiary  ones.  They  grow  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  main  thallus,  i".  c.  by  additions  to  their  ends. 

^^'heu  the  thallus  of  a  Vmtclicrla  is  ruptured  by  external  injury,  or,  at  times, 
when  it  is  dying  from  some  hidden  cause,  a  number  of  bright  green  globes  of 
various  siz(>s  are  formed  out  of  the  endorhronu\  These  api)ear  to  have  tlu;  power 
of  independent  existence  for  some  time,  but  w.'iethcr  or  not  they  ever  actually 
grow  into  new  thalli  I  am  unable  to  state. 

M.  "Walz  asserts  that  he  has  observed  in  certain  species  the  formation  of  a  quiet 
spore  without  the  intervention  of  sexual  orga-is,  and  tiiat  the  process  is  as  follows. 
The  end  of  a  long  or  short  twig  swells  up,  and  the  chlorophyl  and  protojilasm  from 
the  ncjighboring  parts  accumulate  in  the  enlarged  portion.  A  partition  wall  then 
forms  at  the  base  of  the  latter,  which  is  thus  changed  into  a  closed  chamber,  a 
sporangium.  Thc' green  contents  then  slowly  gather  themselves  together  into  a 
denser  and  denser  ball,  becoming  more  and  more  separated,  in  so  doing,  from  th*; 
wall  of  the  sporangium,  and  finally  secreting  around  themselves  a  distinct  mem- 
brane. After  the  formation  of  a  spore  in  this  way,  the  sporangium  opens  at  the 
apex  and  allows  it  to  escape.  The  spore,  after  remaining  quiet  for  some  time  in 
the  water,  at  last  germinates  into  a  new  frond,  in  a  similar  manner  to  an  ordinary 
zoospore  In  my  earlier  studies  of  fresh-water  algse,  E  noticed  something  very 
similar  to  this  in  one  of  our  species,  but  convinced  myself  that  the  little  body  was 
nothing  but  a  zoospore,  whose  normal  development  had  been  perverted  by  unto- 
ward influences,  and  therefore  paid  no  more  attention  to  the  matter.  It  is  proba- 
ble that  the  life-history  of  the  bodies  observed  by  M.  Walz  is  capable  of  the  same 
explanation. 

23       August,  1872^ 


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w. 


178 


FRHS II- WATER   ALG.E    OF   T  UK    UNITED    STATES. 


Ill ^ ' 


Altlioiif^li  I  liiivc  vory  frequently  cultivati'd  Vaiicherias,  I  huvo  never  been  so 
fortunate  as  to  sec  tliem  form  their  zoospores,  nor  indeed  to  sec  a  zoospore  in  its 
motile  state.  The  life-history  of  these  bodies  has,  however,  been  fully  and  repeat- 
edly worked  out  by  other  observers.  It  is  deseribed  by  such  as  oceurring  in  the 
following  manner.  One  end  of  a  branch  first  enlarges  into  a  bulbous,  often  conical, 
pohit,  into  which  the  neighboring  endochromc  crowds  itself.  This  point  is  next 
divided  off  by  a  partition  wall  from  the  remainder  of  the  thallus  and  eonstitut(>s  the 
soosjioraiKjIiun,  the  contents  of  which  rapidly  condense  into  oni^  or  two  masses, 
generally  oval  in  shape,  each  of  which  eventually  forms  a  zoospore.  "When  the 
latter  are  matured,  the  ape\  of  the  eooxporaii<ji,im  opens,  and  the  little  bodies 
within  slowly  and  gradually  emerge,  without  any  apparent  cause  for  their  motion. 
Sometimes,  according  to  Cohn,  instead  of  this  steady  out^.ard  passage,  therc!  are 
repeated  forward  and  backward  movements  of  the  zoospores  within  the  case.  The 
zoospore  after  its  perfection  is  generally  oval,  and  very  large.  "Within  it  there  are 
one  or  more  vacuoles,  and  surrounding  it  is  a  layer  of  colorless  protoplasm.  It  is 
remarkable  for  having  its  whole  surface  densely  covered  with  short  cilia.  Its  period 
of  motile  life  appears  to  be  very  brief;  according  to  Walz,  that  of  tlie  zoospore  of 
V.ficrlcca,  Lyngb.,  lasts  only  from  one-half  to  one  and  a  half  nunute,  after  which 
time  the  cilia  are  lost  and  a  cellulose  wall  secreted  around  the  mass,  (iermina- 
tion  takes  place  by  the  growth  of  the  cylindrical  thread  out  from  each  end  of  the 
zoospore. 

Tru(>  sexual  rcproducticm  takes  place  in  this  family  by  means  of  aiitlu'rliHa  and 
oogoin'o,  male  and  female  organs.  All  known  species  are  mostly  if  not  absolutely 
mona'cious,  both  organs  being  contained  in  the  one  individual  and  always  placed 
in  proximity.  All  of  the  species  in  which  the  development  and  structure  of  the 
sexual  organs  Imve  been  studied,  agree  in  the  essential  points. 

The  first  appearance  of  the  anfhcrii/lum  is  as  a  litth;  pouch  projecting  out  from 
the  side  of  the  thallus.  This  increases  in  size  and  soon  assumes  tlu;  pectdiar  shape 
of  th(>  species.  At  the  same  time  there  is  a  diminution,  according  to  M.  Walz,  of 
the  chlorophyl  in  the  antheridium,  so  that,  when  the  partition  wall  forms  and  shuts 
off  the  cavity  of  the  latter  from  that  of  the  thallus,  there  are  only  a  very  few  scat- 
tered green  granules  remaining.  The;  antheridium  at  the  timi^  of  separation  con- 
tains, therefore,  only  transparent  protoplasm,  which  soon  becomes  granular,  and 
shortly  afterwards  exhibits  the  moving  spermatozoids,  which  appear  to  be  formed 
out  of  the  thick  layer  of  protc/plasm  that  lines  the  inner  surface  of  the  C(>11  wall. 
The  point  of  the  antheridium  opens  so  soon  as  the  spermatozoids  are  perfected, 
and  allows  them  to  escape. 

The  formation  of  the  oogon'ta  takes  place  very  similarly  to  that  of  the  antheridia. 
There  is  the  same  little  protrusion  from  tlu;  side  of  the  thallus  in  the  commence- 
ment of  the  process,  the  same  after-growth  and  increase  of  this  pouch,  and  the  same 
formation  of  a  separating  wall  between  it  find  the  main  body  of  the  frond.  A  very 
marked  difference,  however,  is  to  be  found  in  the  contents  of  the  two,  the  oogonium 
from  the  very  commencement  being  crowded  with  chlorophyl  and  oil  globules. 
"When  the  oosporangium  is  completed,  the  end  of  it  opens,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
the  contents  gather   themselves  into  u  dense  protoplasmic  ball,  which  lies  hi  the 


^ 


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; 


: 


; 


il«l 


PRESII-WATEIl  ALGJ3  OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  179 

centre.    Tlie  spermatozoids,  which  are  at  this  time  ah-eady  free  in  tlie  water  ar(-  v.rv 
nunute,  h.ngi.h,  e]lii,.s(,i(lal  „r  ovate  masses,  provided  with  two  uneqnal  cilia.    These 
commonly  both  arise  together  from  one  end  of  the  body,  and  are  directed  in  oppo- 
site directions-one  backwards,  the  other  forwards.     According  to  M.  Walz,  how- 
ever, m  V.  serieca  the  cilia  arise  from  the  opposite  ends.     According  to  De  Bary 
the  spermatozoids  of   V.  nverm,  Ilassall,  contain  reddish  pigment-granules,     m' 
VValz  states  that  he  has  twice  seen  the  process  of  impregnation  in  V.  Herhea,  Lvn-d, 
and  describes  it  essentially  as  follows:  After  the  bursting  of  the  autheridium  and 
tlie  h.rmation  of  the  opening  in  the  oogonium,  the  spermatozoid  clustered  around  the 
little  orihce  in  the  latter,  but  were  apparently  debarred  entrance  by  the  presence  of 
a  glut.nous  jelly.     After  a  time,  however,  one,  and  then  another,  forced  a  passage 
through  this  obstacle  until  finally  a  number  gained  access  to  the  protoplasmic  bill 
within.     Over  this  they  swarmed,  pushing  it  and  retiring  and  butting  against  it 
untd  some  of  them  actually  forced  their  way  into  it  and  were  absorbed  by  it      Im- 
pregnation being  now  completed,  the  oospore  acquired  a  very  sharp  definite  outline 
and  secreted  in  a  very  short  time  a  membrane  around  itself.     The  changes  which 
followed  during  its  maturing  consisted  of  the  acquiring  of  a  thick  coa^  and  the 
replacing  of  the  chlorophyl  wiihin  by  a  reddish-brown  coloring  matter.    The  ripened 
resting  spore  of  almost  all  the  Vanchcria  is  provided  with  three  coats,  of  which  the 
middle  IS  the  thickest      TIiq  contents  consist  of  protoplasm,  reddisll-bro^.'n  pigment, 
and  numerous  oil  globules.  1  o        s 


Genus  VAUCHERIA. 
Genus  unicum,  character  idem  ac  familiiB. 
The  only  genua  of  tlio  family,  having  the  same  characters. 

V.  sessilis,  (Vaucu.)  De  Ca.ndolle. 

V  la.xe  intrioata,pallidoet  subsordide  viridis;  thallo  capillar!,  paree  ramose;  oogronii.,  2-3 

a  ,  rox„nat,s,  rar-os  s.ngulis,  ovatis  vel  ovali-ol.longis,  plus  .ninusve  obliquis, ... Gratis;  an^,e. 

r  d.o  ,„termed,o,  nunuh  modo  brcvi  hamato,  n.odo  recto  subulato,  subHuvat;,,  n,odo  ..lo„.a,  , 

SpSrlur^lS^"  ^'^'"""  """""'  °"^""'^  """"^'  n..eo,>unc.alis.   n.cn.b^na 

Syn.-V.se^ssiUs.  (Yauoii.)  De  Candolle.     RAnENnousT,  Flora  Europ.  Algnr.,  Sect.  III.  p, 

V.  cmspitosa,  (A'auch.)  Aoaudii.     IIauenhop.st,  to,:  cil. 

i7a&._Salen,   Xonh  Carolina;  Sdnvcinitz.    Comn.on  at  West  Point,  Xew  York  •  Watcrville 
Maine;   Culpepper  Co.,  Va.;  Bailey.  w  1  uriv ,    u  atorvillt. 

Laxly  intricate,  pale  and  subsordid  green;  thallus  capillary,  sparsely  branched-  oogonia  2  3 

approxuna te,  rarely  single,  ovate  or  oval-oblong,  n.oro  or  le,!s  oblh,ue,  ros,  a'te    a"  1  1.1^ 

.Uen„ed,ate    suHtau.ed  upon  branches  partly  shortly  han.ate,  partly'  .s  raight      1.,^         " 

clavate,  par  ly  elongate  and  incurved,  and  not  rarely  eircinnate ;  oospores  at  matuS  Z- 

cous-punctate,  surrounded  by  a  threefold  membrane.  matumy,  lu.s- 

Remark -I  think  I  found  this  species  near  Philadelphia  in  my  earliest  re- 
.eurches.  but  cannot  speak  certainly,  having  preserved  neither  notes  nor  specimens. 


l! 


180 


I-'UKSII-WATICK    AL(i,K   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


V.  veliitina,  Au. 

V.  llmllo  rcptMitc,  iiunuliH  oriM'lis,  imiiicrosis,  rasligiivtis,  in  cipspitPin  vclutinum  lirto  viridom 
iiitrJL'ati.s  ;  oogoiiiis  lutcnililiiis  singulis,  glul)i)sis,  wssililjus,  unllicridio  puuio  longiorc  uiiivo 
Bubulato  luvitur  iiicurvuto  coiiHociatis    (U.)     Specietmihiiynila. 

iWam..— Oogonii  0.0023"— 0.0027".    (U.) 

Si/ii. —  V.  rvhdina,  Auaiidii.     Uahrwiioust,  Flora  Knrdp.  Algiiruni,  Sect.  III.  p.  2T4. 

Hub. — Salcrn,  Norlii  Cnroliiia;  Sclnvcinitz.  Conunuii  ut  West  I'oint,  New  York;  WaU'rvillc, 
Maine;  C'ulpi'p|)cr  Co.,  Va. ;   Hailcy. 

"  Filaments  ('.xcccdingr  <oiij;li,  interwoven  into  a  dense,  velvety,  preen  Htratnm,  pellueid  helow 
and  creepin);  ovei  the  mud;  branelies  near  tlie  e.xtremily  erect,  lasliiriiile,  and  moro  or  iosH 
erooked  ;   ve.siele.s  solitary,  globular,  on  short  lateral  peduncles."  Carmieliael. 

V.  gCllliliata,  (Vaii-ii.)  Dk  Ca.ndolle. 

V.  ob'ciire  vel  sordide  viridis,  in  ea'sjiites  dense  intrieatn;  tliallo  cn|>illari,  tenaei,  dieliotonio ; 
oogoniis  dnobus  (rarius  1  vel  .■i),ovatis  vel  obovatis,  opposilii.,  distinele  peduneulatls,antheridio 
intermedio  subulalo,  ))his  minus  reenrvo  ;  oosjioris  niaturis  fuseo-niaeidalis,  Hporodcrniato 
achroo  e  stratis  tribus  eonipo.iito  involulis;  siiorangiis  in  uodeni  vel  jiroprio  thallo,  eyatbifornn- 
anipliatis  truncatis  et  anf^ulato-cornulis.   (R.) 

Sijn. —  r.  (jrmiiinla,  (  Vaicmi.)  De  Candoixe.     Haueniioust,  Flora  Euro)).  Algaruni,  Scet.  1 1 1, 
p.  2(10. 

Hab. — In  stagni.s,  prope  I'hiladelphia;  Wood. 

Obscure  or  .sordid   green,  densely  interwoven  into  n  turfy  mass;  tlinllus  cni)illnry,  tcnaeions, 
diehotomous  ;  oogonia  two  (rarely  1-15),  ovale  or  obovatc,  opposite  distinctly  i)ednniulai 
antheridia  intermediate,  sul)nlate,  nioro  or  less  recurved;  oospores  at  maturity  spotted  wit, 
fuscous,  their  coat  transparent  and  composed  of  three  strata;  sporangia  in  the  same  or  a  sepa- 
rate thallus  swollen  eui)-shaped,  truncate  and  horned  at  the  angles. 

licmarks. — I  htivc  fotuid  this  species  in  fniit  but  once,  then  it  grow  in  a  ditch 
below  ihc  city.  Not  liiiviiig  mounted  any  of  it,  nor  liaving  written  a  description 
of  it  at  the  time,  I  have  been  forced  to  simply  copy  that  of  Prof,  llabenhorst. 

Y.  polyinorplia.  Wood. 

V.  in  eiesi)ites  dense  intricata ;  tliallo  capillari,  tenui ;  antlieridiia  corniculatis  ex  raniuli  lateralis 
apice  formatis;  ramulia  fertilibus  interduni  et  oogoniis  ct  antheridiis  iiistruetis,  iutciduin 
antheridiis  solum  ;  oogoniis  pleruniquc  gcminis,  iutcrdum  singulis,  globosis  vel  ovatisi  sccpe 
breve  rostratis,  plerumquo  distinete  pedunculatis  scd  rarius  sessilibus  ;  oosporis  cuoruiiter 
subglobosis  vel  ovalis;  sporodernuto  achroo,  e  stralis  duobus  coniposito. 

Sipi. —  V.j'ohjmorpha.  Wood,  Prodromua,  Proceedings  Amcr.  Thilos.  Society,  1869,  p.  140. 

Ilab. — In  aquis,  prope  "Buffalo  Bayou,"  Texas;  (Uavencl.) 

Cicspitose  ;  thallus  hair-like,  thin  ;  antheridia  corniculate,  formed  of  the  apex  of  lateral  branches ; 
ferti..  branches  sometimes  furnished  both  with  oogonia  and  antheridia,  sometimes  with 
antheridia  alone  ;  oogonia  sometimes  single  but  mostly  in  pairs,  occasionally  shortly  rostrate, 
gcneralb;  distinctly  pedunculate  but  sometimes  sessile;  oospores  irregularly  subglobose  or 
ovate,  surrounded  by  a  transparent  double  spore  coat. 

RemnrJin. — This  species  was  collected  by  Prof.  Ravenel  near  the  city  of  Houstoii, 
Texns.  As  I  received  the  muss,  it  was  labelled  as  being  obtained  from  "a  shallow 
slimy  pool  formed  by  drippings  from  the  side  of  a  ravine  near  Buffalo  Bayou." 
The  species  iirobably  grows   in  the  water,  evidently  forming  turfy  mats.      It  is 


FIIESII-WATER  A  L  Q  ^.   OF   THE  UNITED   STATES. 


181 


ronuukable  from  tlu;  fact  that,  wliilst  in  many  cases  the  little  branclios  whit'h  \nt)- 
duce  th(;  antheridia  f,'ive  orif,'in  to  tlie  spores  also,  in  otiiors  they  do  not;  so  tiiiit 
there  are  numerons  antiieridia,  wiiich  a/e  nnconnected  with  any  female  orf,'ans. 
When  a  branch  does  ^uoduce  botii  of  the  reproductive  organs  it  usually  forks  into 
three  short  branchlets,  thus  giving  origin  to  a  pair  of  sporangia  and  u  single  curved, 
hooked  antheridia.  Somelinu's,  however,  there  is  but  a  single  female  branchh't, 
and  I  have  even  seen  a  sporangium,  immediately  sessile  upim  a  branch,  which  at 
its  apex  gave  origin  to  a  male  organ.  In  the  coat  of  the  perfected  spore,  I  have 
not  been  able  to  find  more  than  two  distinct  strata. 

Figs.  3  and  3  a,  pi.  2i),  represent  sporangia  and  antheridia  of  this  species  ;  3  6, 
a  simple,  young  and  only  partly  formed  antheridia,  magnified  IGO  diameters ;  3  v, 
a  perfected  spore  magnified  2G()  diameters. 

V.  scricen,  Lv-vdnvK. 

V.  a((niUifa  vel  terrestria,  cicipitosii,  vol  sordido  vol  Itetc  vel  lutoolo-viridis  ;  tliallis  tiMiiiil-us, 
duiiso  liitricatis,  laxe  ot  vnge  niiiiosis,  niniis(|iifsiDi>e  iidHocnduntihiis  vul  oreetis  ;  ooj^oiiiis  soa- 
silibus  vi^l  brevissimo  pedicclliilis,  l-fl  soriatis,  iiiiilatfrulibus,  oblique  ct  euon.iitcr  ovalibuH, 
ore  latorali  produoto  rostellatis  ;  aiillioridiis  in  tliallo  ipso  juxta  oogmiiis  Kcssilibiin,  cyliii- 
dracdo-anbclavatis,  dofluxis;  spcrmatozuideis  oblongis,  pui'.cto  rubro  notatis  (teste  du  Uary), 
in  utro(iut'  polo  cilio  uiiico  prteditia. 

Syn. —  V.  avema,  llASbAr.L,  Fresh-Water  Algae,  p.  54. 

V.  scricea,  Lynouye.     Kabeniioubt,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  2T1. 

Hah. — I'l'opt"  Pliiladelpliia;  Wood. 

Aquatic;  or  torroHtrial,  occurring  in  turfy  mats  of  a  yellowish,  dirty,  or  bright  green  color ;  fronds 
thin,  densely  intricate,  laxly  and  vaguely  branched,  often  together  with  the  lirunehea  ascending 
or  erect;  oogonia  sessile  or  very  shortly  pedicellate,  1-G  seriate,  unilateral,  obli(|uely  irregu- 
larly oval,  their  lateral  mouths  produced  into  a  rostellum  or  beak ;  antheridia  sessile  upon  the 
tiiallus  itself  near  the  oogonium,  somewhat  cylindrical,  subclavate,  dellexed  especially  in  age; 
spermatozoids  (according  to  De  Bary)  oblong,  marked  with  a  red  point  and  furnished  with  a 
single  cilia  at  each  end. 

Remarks.— I  can  perceive  no  constant  differences  between  V.  sericca,  Lyng.  and 
V.  aversa,  Hass.  The  extreme  forms  differ  somewhat,  but  both  are  very  conmion 
about  rhiladelphia,  and  everywhere  grade  into  one  another.  Prof.  Itabenhorst 
thinks  that  the  two  forms  are  scarcely  distinct,  and  states  that  the  most  character- 
istic differences  are,  that  in  V.  accrsa,  the  thallus  is  much  thicker,  and  the  oogonia 
larger  and  more  erect,  whilst  the  oospores  are  smaller  and  consequently  do  not  fill 
the  cavity  of  their  case.  These  difterences  are,  except  the  last,  simply  differences 
in  size,  and  seem  to  me  to  depend  simply  upon  circumstances  of  growth.  The  rela- 
tively smaller  size  of  the  spore  is  a  very  frail  hook  indeed  to  hang  a  species  upon. 
The  plant  grows  in  springs  and  actively  running  water  abundantly  in  this  neigh- 
borhood ;  also  on  very  wet  ground,  especially  on  that  which  is  habitually  ovei-flowed, 
such  as  the  face  of  dams,  neighborhood  of  springs,  &c.  In  the  water,  it  is  frequently 
on  the  ground,  but  also  often  clothes  such  objects  as  stones,  largish  sticks,  &c. 

Order  JVeiiiatopliycese. 

Alga)  multicelullares,  chlorophyllosa;,  membranaeeic  vcl  fdamentosa;,  raniificatione  aut  instruetiu 
aut  destitutas.     Propogatio  fit  aut  oosporis  aut  zoogonidiis,  sed  nunquam  cnnjugalione. 


R!!    ' 


t  'Hf 


183 


FnEBII-WATER.  ALQ.*]   OF  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Multicellular,  clilorupliyllous  olgic,  mcnibraiiarcouB  or  filnnirntniis,  furnitilicd  with  or  destitute  of 
branches.     I'rtipugatod  by  oospores  or  zuospureii,  never  by  conjugation. 

Family  ULVACE^. 

Tliollus  Dicmbrnnaccus  vcl  foliacciiH,  vcl  filiformis  (Schizonicris?)  rnrius  crustaceug,  c  cellularuni 
btrutd  unico  fornuilUH,  uul  c.xpansus  aut  tubuloso-  vel  vesieuloHo-concretUH. 

I'r<i|M)gutio  fit  zoogoniiiiiH,  cytioplaHniutiM  divisionc  rcpetlta  ortia.  Zoogouidia  oblonga,  polo 
aniico  ciliis  vel  binis  vcl  ternia  vcl  quartcrnis  in.structa. 

TlinlluH  niciiibronous  or  foliaceous,  rarely  erustuccous,  composed  of  a  single  ntratuni  of  ccIIh,  either 
expanded  or  tubularly  or  vesieularly  concreted. 

I'ropagntiiin  by  iiii'uns  of  zoogonidio,  formed  by  tlic  repeated  division  of  llio  cytioplusm,  Zoogoni- 
diu  oblong,  furnished  willi  two,  three,  or  four  cilia  at  the  i.iitcrior  end. 

Genus  PROTODERMA,  Ktz. 

Tlmllus  crustoccua,  iiideterminatus,  siibstrato  orclc  adhicrens,  e  cellulis  anguloso-rotundatis, 
irre)>;ulariter  ordiiiatis,  oictc  eounexi.s  conipositus. 

I'ropagatio  igiiota. 

Thallus  erustaccous,  indetcrniinatp,  oloscly  adherent  to  the  substratum,  composed  of  closely  con- 
joined irregularly  arranged  angularly  rounded  cells. 

I'ropagation  unknown. 

P.  Tiride,  Ktz. 

P.  viride,  lubricum. 

Syn. — P.  viride,  Kutzino.     Raueniiorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  '    i 

Hah. — In  aquario;  Wood. 

Green;  slippery. 

Iti.varl: — I  have  seen  a  plant,  which  I  take  to  be  tliis  species,  growing  on  the 
gh^ss  and  on  pebbles  in  the  aquarium  of  my  friend.  Dr.  Fricke. 

Genus  ULVA,  Linn. 

Tliallus  mcmbrnnaceua,  plane  expansus,  angustus  vel  latus,  nonnunquam  latissimus,  magis  minusve 
nndulato-  erispatu.-t,  sa-pe  laciniatu.s,  baud  raro  perforatus,  e  cellularuni  strato  unico  forniatus,  callo 
discifornii  parvo  otllxus,  a'late  provecta  sffipe  libere  imtans.  Cellulu;  anguloso-rotundatie,  cceloplac 
maticsE,  paronchyniatice  conncxa;. 

Vegetatio  cellularum  divi.sionc  in  duas  directionos  rcpctitia.  Propogatio  fii  znogonidiis,  in  cel- 
lulis quibnsdani  eytioplasinatis  divisione  4,  8-lfi  ortis,  eiliis  vibratoriis  quaternis  longitudinc  cor- 
poris tongitudineni  vix  superantibus  instructia. 

Thallua  membranous,  expanded,  narrow  or  broad,  sometimes  very  broad,  more  or  lesa  undulatcly 
curled  or  eri.sped,  often  laciriate,  not  rarely  perforate,  formed  of  a  ningle  stratum  of  cells,  fastened 
by  a  small  discoid  thickened  portion,  in  advanced  age  often  swimming  free.  Cells  angularly  glo- 
bose, joined  into  a  sort  of  parenchyma. 

Growth  occurring  by  the  repeated  division  of  the  cells  in  two  directions.  Propagation  by 
zoospnrcii,  4-8-10  of  which  are  formed  at  once  by  a  divi.sion  of  the  endochrome  of  certain  cells, 
and  are  furnished  with  four  .ibratile  cilia  scarcely  longer  than  the  body. 

v.  incrisniopedioides,  Woon. 

U.  ampla,  membranacea,  late  expansa,  dilute  viridis,  tenuis,  radiatim  et  enormitcr  plicata,  ambitu 
sicpc  subrotundata;  marginc  undulato,  interdum  .«ul.>  renato  ;  cellulis  enormiter  ovalibus  vel 
nngularibus,  nucleo  destitutis,  quarternariis  et  in  faniilias  Merismojiediarum  niodo  obscure 
assoeiatis. 


Diam. — Cell.  max. 


.00041',  plerumque  rsniin"  — tiooo"  =  .OOOlfi'— .0002,'). 


: 


F  11  K8  II -WATER   ALQM   OF   THE    U  M  T  E  I)   STATES. 


183 


Si/ii. — U.  meriKjnopedioidus,  Wood,  liutaiiieiil  Ucpurt  of  thu  Uiiilud  StaU-a  Ocologico'  Ex- 
ploratiuti  of  tho  Forticlli  I'urullcl,  p.  415. 

Ilah. — III  torruiitibua,  Diamond  Range  (alt.  (!000  ft.),  Rocky  Monntaina ;  (Scrpiio  Wat  .son)  Wood. 

Tliullua  am|>lu,  broadly  expanded,  ineinliranaceoiis,  dilute  Rrccii,  thin,  radiiilcly  and  irregularly 
I)licatu  with  itti  outline  often  Honiewhat  rounded;  its  margin  undulate  or  nt  times  almost 
creuatc;  tho  cells  irregularly  ovul  or  angular,  destitute  of  nucleus,  quarternary  and  obscurely 
arranged  in  familiuii  aftur  the  luuuuer  of  a  merisniopedia. 

Remarks. — The  largest  fronds  of  this  species  that  have  come  under  my  notice 
are  about  three  inches  long  by  two  broad,  thin,  easily  torn,  and  not  all  gelatinous. 
The  portion  by  wiiich  they  have  been  attaciied  is  very  evidcMit,  near  one  of  tho 
margins,  and  from  it  broad  undulations  or  folds  radiate.  Sometinu-s  tlie  frond  is 
split  up  into  palmate,  lobe-like  parts. 

The  cells  are  not  closely  approximate,  but  arc  placed  in  a  liomogrmeous  trunslucetit 
membrane,  in  such  a  way  as  to  remind  one  of  a  Mcn'tiiiiojiafla. 

I  do  not  feel  certain  that  this  plant  is  distinct  from  If.  orli'tculata  of  Ilabenhorst, 
though  for  the  present  I  have  preferred  so  to  consicUr  it.  His  description  is  very 
brief  and  incomplete,  as  is  also  the  original  one  of  Tliuret,  whicii  I  luive  con- 
sidtcd.  I'rof  11.,  however,  gives  U.  hitmhtia  of  authors  as  a  synonym  of  U.  oi- 
hiviilala,  and  certainly  tliis  plant  is  distinct  from  U.  kttixnimd,  Harvey,  of  our 
coast.  Again  it  seems  impossible  that  a  plant  growing  near  the  stunniit  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  should  be  identical  witii  one  found  on  tlie  coast  of  France. 
Prof  Sereno  Watson  foiuid  tiiis  plant  growing  on  rocks  in  a  mountahi  stream  of 
the  Diamond  Range,  at  an  altitude  of  GOOO  feet. 

Genus  JiNTEROMORPHA,  Link, 

Thallua  raembranaccus,  tubuloaus  vol  utriculiformis,  basj  affixus  (saltern  initio,  postea  sscpc  liliere 
nHtuns),  c  ecllulurum  strato  unico  compositus,  atepe  ramosus,  haud  raro  ramosissimus.  I'ropogatio 
fit  zoogonidiia.  liicc  zoogonidia  proeeantur  in  ccllulis  quibusdam  8-lfi  cytioplasnuvtis  divisiono 
repetita,  in  polo  antico  rostriformi  ciliis  duobus  corpus  duplo  superantibus  prasdita.  (R.) 

Thallus  membranaceous,  tubular  or  bladder-shaped,  alTixcd  by  the  ba.se  (nt  h-ast  in  tho  beginning, 
often  oftcrwards  floating  freely),  composed  of  a  single  stratum  of  cells,  often  branched,  not  rarely 
very  much  branched.  Propagation  by  means  of  zoospores,  S-KJ  of  which  are  formed  liy  tho 
repeated  division  of  the  protoplasm  of  a  cell  Their  ontcrior  beak-like  portioa  provided  with  two 
cilia  whose  length  ia  not  leas  than  twice  that  of  the  body. 

E.  intcstinalis,  (Linn.)  Link. 

E.  teres,  forma  et  niagnitudine  admodum  varia,  siepc  pedalis  etiam  supra,  leptodcrma,  saturate 
vel  pallide  viridis,  fdiforrais  vel  intestiniformis,  plana  vel  bullosa;  eellulis  3-5-0  nngularibus. 
(R.)     Species  mihi  ignota. 

l>iam.— 0.00048"  — 0.0008".  (R.) 

Syn. — E.  inledinalis,  (LiNN.fl!f8)  Baii.ey,  Sillimnn's  Journal,  N.  S.,  Vol.  III.,  et  Radeniiorst, 
Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  312. 

Ilab  — Hudson    River,    from    Newburgh    to   New   York    City ;     Narrngansett   15uy,    Rhode 

Island ;   Bailey. 
Terete,  very  various  in  size  and  shnpo,  often  a  foot  or  more  in  length,  smooth,  deep  or  pnio 

green,  fdiform  or  intestiniform,  plain  or  bnllose  ;  cells  3-5-G  angular;  their  diameter  0.00048' 

—  0.0008". 


,1 


I 


II  ;i 


1H4  I'  II  i;  .S  II  ■  VV  A  T  E  n   ALU  M   O  F  T  II  K    U  N  1  T  K  I)    «  T  A  T  K  8. 

Ciniuis  SCIIIZO.MKRIS,  Ktz.I 

Timlliifi  flIliroriuiH,  cylitKlriciiM,  liii!  illiu  viililti  (fontriictiH,  IiiihI  atlcniinta  afl\xii)4.  Vt'i^ctatlo  flt  ccl- 
luliiriirii  (livLsidiic  initio  in  iliiiiH  |iiiNtL'ii  in  tr('H(?)  liirccticiiKMii.  I'rcipiijfiitio  lit  '.oogoniiliiH.  Zougo- 
liidiii  in  tlialli  jiivuiiis  crllulix  orlit,  ovitlii,  polo  iinti(.'i)  viliiH  tril)ni4  inslriictit. 

TImlliiH  filiform,  ryliiidriciil,  liiTc  or  (lirro  ntroi  jfly  contrnctcil,  nilnntc  liy  tlio  utronnly  coritriictnl 
bust'.  Gi'owlli  in  IJK!  bi'^inninff  liy  tliiMJivision  of  tlio  o'IIh  in  two  (liri'rlicmH,  iirirrvvariirt  in  lljrro 
(lirt'ctiiinH.  /oogonidia  roniicil  in  lliu  cuIIm  of  tliu  young  llialiuit,  ovutv,  tliuir  unturiur  unil  rurniNliud 
witii  tliruu  ciliu. 

Rrmarlcs. — 'X\\o  ])liiiit  from  wliicli  tlio  nbovo  {»(Mioric  dosrription  lias  hccn  drawn 
up  f^rows  iilmii(l;iiitly  in  our  ditclics  below  tiu;  city.  WlictliiT  it  really  lieloiij^s  to 
the  genus  S(Iiiz(iititrln  or  is  the  represeutiitivt;  of  ii  new  j^foup  is  somewhat  uncer- 
tain. 1  have  never  seen  the  European  plant,  hut,  if  1  uudeistaud  the  descriptions 
of  it,  the  cells  in  it  arc  all  arranged  iu  ii  single  plane.  This  certainly  is  not  tin; 
case  in  the  old  plants  of  our  North  .Vinerican  form,  for  in  them  the  cells  are  so 
placed  its  to  make  a  thick  opa([ue  filament,  the  outside  of  wiiich  everywhere  ]ir(>- 
scnts  the  outer  walls  of  cells.  The  life  history  of  the  European  spetdes  has  not 
been  at  all  worked  out,  ami  I  hav(>  refrained  from  actually  indicative  a  new  genus, 
in  the  absence  of  id)soliit<!  knowledge  u[)ou  the  subject,  because  the  specific  cha- 
racters of  the  two  plants  tiro  so  much  alike, 

I  luvvc  had  soni';  opporttuiitios  for  studying  the  life  history  of  our  Americtni 
])lant.  The  zoospore  ^Fig.  1  c.  pi.  XVIT.)  is  of  the  ordinary  conical  or  ovate  form, 
with  a  very  decided  tninsparent  anterior  end,  from  which  arise  three  cilia.  As  the 
number  three  is  a  rare  one  for  cilia  to  exhibit,  I  have  examined  several  zoospores 
with  car(%  and  tun  very  certain  that  they  hiid  no  more  or  less.  Tt  is,  thercfort", 
probable  that  the  nund)er  is  fixed  for  the  species,  although  just  possible  that  my 
finding  several  individuals  in  agreement  was  accidental.  The  zoospore  after  a 
period  of  free  life,  during  which  its  motion  is  very  active,  becomes  quiescent,  and, 
its  ciliii  withering  away,  attiiches  itself  by  its  smaller  end  to  some  twig,  stone,  or 
other  support.  At  the  same  time  it  appears  to  change  its  shape  somewhiit,  grow- 
ing longer  and  narrower,  and  the  smaller  end  spreading  out  to  form  a  little  foot. 
Simultaneously  with  thc^se  changes  the  young  plant  actpiires  a  cellulose  coiit,  and 
so  becomes  a  perfect  cell,  in  which  I  have  never  been  able  to  detect  any  nucleus. 
After  a  while  the  cell  thus  formed  divides  transversely  into  two,  which,  of  course, 
lay  end  to  eiul.  Each  of  these  cells  then  grows  until  it  attains  a  certain  size,  iind 
then  the  transverse  division  is  repeated.  In  this  wiiy  the  process  goes  on  until 
finally  a  long  filament  is  produced,  which  is  composed  of  but  a  single;  series  of 
cells.  These  cells  are  much  broader  than  long,  and  are  plticed  end  to  end,  so  that 
the  cylindrical  frond  is  made  up  as  it  were  of  disks  laid  one  upon  the  other. 
When  the  filament  has  in  this  way  reached  a  certain  stage  of  development,  one  of 
two  things  occurs,  (>ither  the  cells  begin  to  divide  at  right  angles  to  the  plane  of 
their  previous  division,  or  else  the  production  of  zoospores  takes  place.  In  the 
first  instance  each  cell  divides  into  two,  four,  or  more  cells.  This  division,  1  believe, 
occurs  in  three  if  not  all  directions,  so  that  each  original  cell  is  n^presented  by  a 
numbtT  of  cells,  and  a  sort  of  compound  filament  arises,  out  of  which  the  matured 


1 


FKKSH-VVATKU   ALUAi   0  1'   T 11  K    UNITKT/   8TATK8. 


1H5 


large  tridioiim  in  formed  by  a  continuation  of  growth,  nnd,  j)erlmi)s,  by  a  repetition 
of  the  (liviMion.  I  Imve  never  been  abk-  to  discover  that  any  repnxbictive  process 
whatever  talves  place  in  tliis  compound  lihiment,  and  am  very  confi<Ient  it  never 
procUiciH  zoospores.  It  is  very  pos.sibh-,  however,  tliat  it  may  in  some  way  give 
origin  to  resting  spores,  although,  as  aimve  stated,  no  indication  of  this  has  ever 
come  under  my  notice.  Tlio  zoospores  are  formed  in  the  young  fronds  ns  follows : 
The  endoehrome  in  the  cell  concerned  gradually  separates  in  the  ordinary  manner 
into  several  distinct  masses,  which  soon  assume  u  more  or  less  irregularly  globular 
or  pyriform  shape.  Whether  the  number  of  these  masses  is  fixed  for  the  single 
cell  or  not  I  am  unable  to  state.  These  changes  occur  almost  simultaneously  in  n 
number  of  consecutive  cells,  comnK-ncing  with  the  most  distal  and  rapidly  spread- 
ing towards  the  base  of  the  fihunent.  When  they  are  jjretty  well  advanced,  the 
walls  of  th(!  cells  undergo  some  alteration,  probably  a  gun\my  degeneration,  whereby 
they  become  solul)!;  in  the  water.  As  the  division  of  the  endoehrome  occurs  first 
in  the  most  distal  cells  of  the  filament,  so  does  also  this  change  in  the  cellulose  coat. 
When  the  endoehrome  masses  are  well  shapen  and  distinct,  they  begin  to  exhibit 
motion,  becoming  uneasy,  restless,  clianging  their  position,  rolling  on  themselves, 
and  pushing  against  one  another.  At  the  same  time  solution  of  the  cell  walls  com- 
mences, the  partitions  between  the  cells  disappearing,  and  the  outer  walls  spread- 
ing. These  changes  go  rapidly  forward,  and  in  a  little  while  the  zoospores  stream 
out  from  the  fading  end  of  the  frond,  jostling  and  crowding  as  though  eager  to 
enter  upon  their  new  life. 

rig.  1  «,  pi.  17,  represents  the  basal  portion  of  an  old  filament  which  has  failed 
to  form  zoospores,  magnified  125  diameters.  Fig  Wj  was  drawn  from  a  young 
filament  during  the  process  of  forming  zoospores;  owing  to  their  rapid  motion,  the 
cilia  of  the  latter  could  not  bo  seen.  This  figure  is  enlarged  250  diameters.  Fig. 
1  f  represents  a  zoospore  which  has  just  become  quiescent,  and  still  retains  its 
cilia,  although  they  have  lost  their  motile  power.  Fig.  1  d,  e,  r,  represent  the  very 
yoinig  plant  in  different  stages  of  growth.     They  arc  all  magnified  450  diameters. 


il 
il 
)f 
it 
r. 

3f 

[)f 
le 

c, 

a 

ed 


S.  Leiblcinii,  Ktz.  ? 

S.  liuto  viridis  vol  saturate  iiigro-viridis. 

/>(om.— Max.  T^j".  =.08". 

Syn—S.  Leiblcinii,  Kitzino.     Raheniioust,  Flora  Kurop.  Alganiin,  Sect.  III.  p.  311. 

Hab. — In  fossis,  prope  riiihulclpliia. 

Briglit  green  to  deep  blackish-green;  largest  diameter  of  the  frond  ^is"- 

Eevmrl-s.—Oyv'mg  to  the  profusion  of  zoospores  produced  by  a  single  filament 
at  one  time,  it  is  very  usual  to  find  large  numbers  of  the  younger  plants  attached 
so  closely  to  some  central  body  as  to  form  dense  masses  of  a  beautiful  green  color. 
The  support  of  these  small  masses  is  often  entirely  concealed,  and  I  have  frequently 
seen  them  moving  freely  about  the  jar,  without  any  apparent  cause,  until  the  mystery 
was  solved  by  finding  that  some  unfortunate  snail  carried  the  forest  on  his  back. 

The  oldest  filaments  are  perfectly  opaque,  showing,  under  the  microscope,  by 
transmitted  light,  no  trace  of  their  structure. 

24       AuRust,  1873. 


\m 


I' iii:hii.\vati;ii  Ai.d.i;  (»!•  tin:  initiim  statkm. 


\i 


ii  I 


!  I 


Tilt'  Npccii'H  JH  cxrt'ctliiiKly  ((iiiiiiioii  in  tlic  liitcr  Niimimr  aiiil  carl)  I'all  inniillm 
ill  till-  ilili'lirH  and  HJii^giNli  HtriMiiiiH  aroiiiul  tlir  <  ily,  ('N|M'rially  in  tlir  Nt'ck. 

Family  CONKKUVACK^. 

KMit  iirlinilutit  iiiit  Hiiiipliciu  mil  raiiKixu,  vi'itcliilioiii'  Irriiiiiutli  iimi  liiiiitutu  iiiNlriiclii  Arlinill 
|ili'riiii^|ii('  plus  iiiiiiiiHVd  fliiiixiili,  Hi'il  ni>iiiuiiii|Uitiii  tliuiiirlni  liri'viiiii'H,  tyllnili'ii'i,  riiiiiiH  liiiiijili, 
Cyliciili'i'iiiii  |il('riiiiii|U('  niiuiiri'Mlii  Iiiiiii'IIuhiiiii.  Miiwu  i'liliir>>|>li>lli>Hu  )(runiilulii,  vt'nii'iilitrt  iiiii)  Iiiicuh 
involvriis,  |iiii'irlaliH  vil  in  iiiliilc  provii'lit  nu'[w  in  iilliilii'  rriilrn  ruiilnii'lit. 

Vr)(i'iali(i  Ii:  iili'ii'iili  |iriiii<>riliiillH  ilivinioiio  M'in|ii'r  in  uinini  t'unili'ini|ii(' (li'iiiiHVvrHiiiii)<liri'i'U>>iii'Mi 
ri'pi'lilia.      rropiifcaliii  lil  /.unKoniiliiH. 

FiliuiK-nlH  arliruliili',  Hiniplc  <>r  liraiicin'tl,  ^niwlli  liTininal,  nnliiiiilnl.  .loinlH  nniHlly  nnirc  nr  it'NH 
vioiigali'il,  lull  Hoini'liinrH  hliorlrr  Ihaji  lnii^,  tyliiHliical  ruri-ly  Inniiil.  ('yliciiliTiii  niciHlly  plainly 
laint'llair,  clilitropliyl  iuuhnl'h  ttriiiiiilur,  HurrouniliiiK  lliiu  Hiari'li  xntiiuii'H,  pnriulnl  or  nl'irn  in  (lie  irniru 
of  llii'  cell. 

Oi'owtli  tiikiiiK  pliu'o  liy  illvlsiiin  or  I  lie  priinonliul  iiti'ivlo  nlwuyn  in  oiiu  Uircvllciii,  naiiirly  IrniiH* 
vorsi'ly.      I'i'opagalion  liy  niraiiH  of  niio.ipiiri'H. 

(iniiiH  CONFKllVA,  (I.inn.)  Link. 

"  Kila  arlit'ulala  Miniplicia.  Arlicnli  cylindriri.  Mushii  cliloropliylloHn  liiiino);i'ii('a  vcl  |(ninil- 
lata,  vcNiculas  ainylai'raH  involvcns.      I'mpofriilio  i^^notu."  (I(.) 

'I'lircailH  ai'ticnlalo  Hinipli*.  ArliulvH  cylimlrii'al.  Cliloropliyl  mass  lioino^ciii'ouH  or  irraiiiilalc, 
including  aniylacrollH  vcHiclcH. 

Uiiiiiirhti. —  A  larj,'('  iiiiinlicr  (if  forins  of  tlic  p-iitis  ('oii/irni  have  liccii  (Icscrilicd 
as  (lisliiict  s[»ffii's  liy  K lit/ill^  ami  oilier  authors.  'I'lic  cliarartcrs  assi^'iictl  to 
tlit'si;  species,  however,  do  not  seem  to  me  in  any  way  distinctive.  I  laniiot  lielievo 
it  possihle  at  present  to  recof^iii/e,  detiiie,  and  descrilx!  Hpccics  in  this  f^eiiiis,  ami 
helieve  that  further  studies  must  lie  made  in  their  life  history,  and  other  chaiiiclers 
discover.  1  iiefon;  the  different  forms  can  lie  separated.  I'rohal'ly,  as  was  the  case 
with  tho  (J'Jiloijoiiidcnv,  when  their  sexual  life  is  made  out,  in  it  will  he  found  tho 
vital  differeiici's.  No  doubt  there  are  many  species  comnion  to  l''imd[)e  and  Ame- 
rica, lint  1  have  been  entirely  unable  to  determine  them.  Amoii<^  the  very  earliest 
of  my  observatiinis  upon  the  fresh-water  alya-,  befcnc  exiierieiice  had  tau;,dit  how 
nnd  what  to  observe,  was  one  made  upon  what  1  snpixise  was  a  sjM'cies  of  this 
fjenns.  1  have  never  met  with  the  plant  since,  but  as  the  observation  has  direct 
beariiif;  upon  the  method  of  propagation,  I  mention  it  here,  imperfect  as  it  un- 
fortunately is.  The  plant  was  found  f»rowinf»  on  the  mud  along  the  Schuylkill 
lliver,  near  (Jray's  Ferry  liridge,  below  tli(>  city.  Tho  lilaments  were  simjile,  of 
great  length,  and  muforni  in  diameter;  fig.  7  a,  \A.  IM,  represents  a  portion  of 
one  magnified  ;")()()  diameters.  The  cells  varied  from  about  as  long  as  broad  to 
three  times  as  long.  Tljc  amount  of  endochrome  in  the  cells  also  varied  very  much. 
In  most  of  them,  it  was  not  nearly  sufficient  to  fill  the  cavity,  and  was  arranged  as 
a  central  superficial  band.  Many  of  th(>  cells  were  seen  engaged  in  the  production 
of  zoospores.  (Fig.  7  h,  pi.  18.)  Such  were  well  filled  with  endochronu",  which 
gradually  condensed  itself  into  a  globular  or  jiyriform  mass  in  the  centre  of  the 
cell.  This,  after  a  sluirt  time,  began  to  exhibit  activity,  rolling  upon  itself  and 
iinally  pushing  about  us  much  us  its  confined  quurters  would  ulluw,  until  at  lust  it 


i^ 


!•' II  K  S  II    W  A  T  i;  II    AI.O.K    Of'   TIM':    I'MTKIt    STATKM. 


1H7 


OHcapi'il  into  tlir  wiitir,  tliniii^'li  the  cill  wall.  Kacli  ii  II  in  IIiIm  way  gave  ori^'iii 
to  ti  NJii^rlc  Koiis|)(ir<'.  'Ilii  walls  did  not  niilt  away  in  the  water,  and,  as  a  nnnil)rr 
of  cDiiscrutivi'  ct'lls  nndiTwcnt  (Iicnc  clian^'cs  at  tlio  same  tiiiir,  tlic  lilanicnl  or  a 
|ior(ioii  of  it  was  l<  It  as  an  tnijity  hlicll.  'I'Ijc  /.oospores  vvere  of  tlie  iisnal  shape, 
with  a  hri<^lit  anterior  spot  or  heak.  'I'lie  nniiiher  nf  ciliu  waH  not  noted.  After 
u  time  they  settled  down  j^enerally  in  elusters,  attaehin^  themselves  to  sonie  iorei^n 
particle,  <lroppin<^'  their  cilia  and  acipiirin^  a  ('ell'dose  wall.  (I''if<.  7  c,  pi.  IN.)  They 
then  eloiij^nted,  nnderwent  the  ordinary  cell  division  in  a  transverse  direction,  and, 
Ity  tile  repetition  of  this,  gradually  ^rew  into  lilameiits  similar  to  that  from  which 
the)  sprang;. 

\'"\'^.  1  (/,  pi  IH,  reprcHcutu  ii  youn^' tilamenl  just  fornic<l  in  thiH  manner,  magni- 
fied 500  diameterH. 

GonuH  (;i,Al)()rH()ll.\,  Kt/.  (IM4;J.) 

I''ilii  I'i'lliiliii'iiiii  Hcriii  siiii|iliri  ritriiiiilii,  viirio  ruiiicisii.  Itiiiiii  I'lln  ci'iiti'iili  Hiiiiili'tt.  Cyliculi'miu 
|ilc'|{|iiii|iii'  I'i'a.sniiiii,  liiMirlJcinuiii.      ( 'yliii|ilaNiiiii  |iui'i('lali'. 

Kilaiiiciils  ciPiniioHcil  nl  ii  hiiii|il(i  Horit'M  of  cells  uiul  viiriously  hrani'lK'tl.  ('yliialiTin  iniislly  thick 
iiiiil  laiiiiOliiti!.     ('yllii|iIaKiii  iiuriotnl. 

licmarkn. — Tlu;  Cluihtphoni  are  hraiiclied  plants  of  ratlnr  rif,'id  habits,  which 
f^idw  liolh  ill  salt  and  fresh  water.  'I'liey  are  readily  reco<,'ni/aiile  hy  their 
comparatively  still  appeara'ice,  the  aliseiice  of  gelutiiioiis  matter  aiioiit  them,  and 
l»y  th(!  want  of  regnl  irity  in  their  hranching.  A  larg(!  niimiier  of  species  liavc! 
been  described,  most  of  which  are  marine.  'I'hey  arc  exceedingly  ditlicnit  to  deliiie, 
and  it  is  very  possible  tle't  their  hitherto  undiscovered  sexual  ie|)rodiiition  may  lie 
Hiially  foniiil  to  all'ord  the  only  true  cbarar'ters.  1  have  identified  two  Kiirojieaii 
forms  as  growing  near  this  city,  and  a  third  has  been  recognized  by  Prof.  Harvey, 
as  found  ill  our  northern  States. 

I  have  never  .seen  tin;  production  of  zoospores  in  tlii.s  family,  but  they  are  said 
to  be  formed  by  the  simultaneous  division  of  tho  layer  of  chloropliyllous  ]Udto- 
]>lasm,  wiiicli  lills  the  outer  part  of  the  cell  cavity,  'i'hey  exhibit  the  jiower  of 
very  acti\c  motion  even  before  their  exit  from  the  cell,  which  occurs  tlirongh  a 
pa|)illoi(l  orilice,  mostly  at  the  end  of  tin;  (m'II,  sometimes  in  its  side.  Their  cilia 
are  sometimes  two,  sometimes  four  in  miinber,  and  their  lif(vlnstory  appears  to  be 
precisely  siinilur  to  thut  of  other  zoospores. 

<'l.  ffloiiirratn,  (I, inn.) 

ICainuli  fill  priiiiurli  in  partem  HiipiM'iorn  al(|ar  rnnioriiiu  orilinis  Hccundi  ct  t  <rtii  ))li'i'uiia|iio 
fusciiMilatii  vol  pt'iiiL'illit'dnii'-af^rjjn'tfali.  ('clluiit^  niaxiniii^  vi'(?i'lai  cjlicipiasiiiatc  (■('lliilariini 
pnricti  rcliliiriiii-  vcl  siilispiniliUir  applicuto.  C'clliiLc  rniiMil'cnL'  Hcnipur  lormiiiali's,  infrriorcii 
Rcinper  Htcriles  viiloiilur.  (U) 

Sijn. — 67.  glomerala,  (KiJTZiNo)  Uaiikniiouht,  Flnra  Kiimii.  Algnrum,  Soi't.  III.  p.  SST. 

Ilnb. — T,ako  Ontario;  PickLTiiiR.  Falls  of  Niagara;  Lakes  Krie,  Huron,  niid  Mieliif?an; 
Foui'lL  Lake,  near  MniliHon,  WiHeoiisiii ;   Bailey. 

"  Filaments  tufted,  laiHliy,  soinewluit  riijiil,  miieli  linmelied,  briglit  prasB-^rccn ;  liranelics 
erciwded,  irrejtnlar,  ereeto-pntent,  repeatedly  divideil  ;  iiltiinale  raiiiuli  Heeiind,  Kabfaneiculatu  j 
arlieulaliiins  IS  limes  nx  Idii^  an  liriiad." 


V- 


=!•       i 


1      i 


188 


FUKSII-W  ATKU    A  L  U  .K    OT    T  II  K    UNITED    STATES. 


Remarks.— Vxo[.  Iliiivcy  says  (Smitlisoiiiaii  Contributions):  "I  have  received 
North  American  specimens  from  Milton,  Saratoga  County,  N.  Y.,  and  from  Lake 
Erie ;  also  from  tiie  Mexican  ISoundary  Surveying  Exc)edition." 

CI.  IVacIa,  I)ii,Lw. 

Ulad.  prima  j.  ventuto  afflxa  sud  postca  libcro  iiatans  ct  cu;spitcs  formaiis  ;  ramis  ramulisque 
sparsis,  divuricatis,  iinnniiiKiuam  rcfraetis  ;  raiimlurumcytioplasiiiatf  iioii  spiraliter  ordiiialo; 
cytiodtrniatc  su;pi!  crassissiiuo  ;  cellulis  fertililius  liaud  turiiiinalilms,  plcniUKiuc  in  ramulorum 
lucdio,  aut  uoriim  hasi. 

Syn.—  Cl.  fracia,  fDlLUV.)     RAliENlloiisr,  Flora  Eiirop.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  334. 

Bab III  lliiiiiiiic   Suliiiylivill,  prope    l'liiladcl|)iiia;  Wood.     Wust  Point,  Now  York;  Provi- 

depcc,  Rhode  lolaiui ;  Bailey, 
'.n  the  young  state  fixed,  Imt  afierward.s  floating  fr<'o  and  forming  matted  masses ;  branelie.s  and 

branchlet.s  scattered,  divaricate,  somewhat  refracted  ;  cytiophisin  of  the  l)raiiches  not  spirally 

arranged  ;  tyti  jderm  often  very  tiiick  ;  fertile  cells  not  terminal,  mostly  in  tlie  middle  of  the 

branches,  somctinn  .s  in  llwir  base. 

CI.  br.ichy!«lclccha,  Habeniiokst. 

C.  per  totani  vitai.i  innata,  ob.scure  viridi.f,  sicca  pallida,  pygnia;a,  2-4,  rarius  0  linea  longa, 
ramosissima,  intricatn,  plernnuiuo  culniigena;  rcnii.s  priniariis  ^',5'" — :^^"'=0.()0-2'M)" — O.Odii" 
crassis,  remulis  ultiniis  „\"'  —  j\"'  =  O.OQHT'  —  O.OOl'JH"  crassis;  articulis  diametro  4-12 
plo  longioribus  ;  cytiodermate  si'.jcrasso,  hyalino,  subtiliter  plicato-striato  ;  cytioplasniato 
imprimis  cellularum  snpcriarum  laxe  spiraliter  ordinate.  (II.) 

Syn. — CI.  brachijKleleilia,  Raiieniioust,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  343. 

Hub. — Prope  Philadelphia;  Wood. 

Fixed  through  the  whole  life,  obscnro  green,  pale  when  dried,  dwarfish,  2-4,  rarely  G  lines  long, 
very  raucli  branched,  intricate,  mostly  attached  to  culms;  primary  branches  0.00295"  — 
0.0022"  thick,  ultimate  ramuli  0.00147"  —  e.0012.S"  ihiek  ;  articles  4-12  times  longer  than 
thick  ;  cytiodcrm  thiekish,  hyaline,  subtilely  plica:ely  (striate  ;  cytioplasni,  especially  of  the 
npper  cells,  laxly  spirally  arranged. 

Rcmurl-ft. — I  have  notes  of  having  identified  this  species  at  some  time,  hut, 
having  kept  neither  specimens  nor  detaih-d  memoranda,  hr.ve  simply  copied  the 
description  of  Prof.  Kabenhorst. 

Family  OEDOGONIACE^E. 

Alga!  monoioa!  vel  dioicn;.  Fila  articulata  aut  simplicia  ant  ramosn,  cellula  basali  obovato-clavata, 
basi  i)lerura(pie  lobato-partitia  vel  scutata  innata.  Projiai^atio  fit  tuni  zoogonidiis  turn  o<isporis 
fecundatione  .;:.iuali  ortis.  Zoogonidia  formantur  singula  in  ((uavis  cellula,  forma  lato  ovali  vel 
globe  sn,  polo  antico  .leliroo  corona  ciliorum  vibratoriorum  pra'ditn. 

Oogonia  singula  vel  ])lura  (2-5)  continua,  plus  niinusve  tumida,  in  quoquc  oospora  singido, 
malura  rubro-  aut  flavo-fusco-colorata,  ante  geriiiinationem  in  zoosporat-'  plerunnjue  ((uatuctr  <Iilabens 
se  format. 

Antheridia  brevi-filifurniia,  1  -2-.'i-10-articulata,  plernni(|ne  singula  out  oogonio  au..  filo  vegeto  in- 
sidentia  nut  in  individuis  variis  sa-pe  cellula  obovato-clavata  snbtentata. 

Monajcious  ordia5cious  algoe.  Filaments  articulate,  cither  simph  or  branched,  fixed  by  the  basal 
cell  whii'li  is  (ibovate-clavnte,  mostly  with  its  base  lobately  i)nrted  or  shield  shaped. 

i'ropagalion  sometimes  by  zoospores,  sometimes  by  resting  .sj)ores,  the  result  of  seximl  impregna- 
lion.  Zoospores  formed  siin])ly  in  certain  cells,  broailly  oval  or  globose,  their  anterior  end  trans- 
parent, and  furnished  wiih  a  crown  of  viliratile  cilia.      Resting  spores   single  or  in  series  of  fro:ii 


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FRESHWATER  AhQJE  OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


189 


two  to  five,  more  or  less  tumid,  sinpic  in  cpch  sporangium,  nt  ninturity  reddis'.i  or  yoilowisli  fuscou.<, 
bc-forn  peniiiiiation  dividing  tiienisi'lves  into  (mostly  four)  7     spores. 

Antli.Tidia  shortly  filiform,  l-2-;j-10  articulate,  mostly  single,  cither  upon  the  sponingiiin-  or 
?eg<,'tation  cell. 

Remarks. — The  Qi^dogonlacra'.  hiivc  been  by  previous  writers  simply  divided  into 
two  genera,  G'Moj/oniuin  and  Dnlh(H:ha:te.  Tlie  plants  repres(!nted  by  these  two 
divisions  liave  certainly  many  characters  in  common,  as  in  the  production  of  their 
zoospores  and  speimatozoids  as  v/ell  as  in  their  peculiar  method  of  cell  divifjion. 
Yet  they  are  so  very  diverse  in  some  particulars  in  njjrard  to  the  latter,  as  well  fs 
in  thtir  habit  of  growth  and  in  the  formation  of  their  spormgia,  that  it  lias 
seemed  to  me  that  the  differences  betweer.  them  were  more  than  sufficient  to  cha- 
racterize merely  g(!nera,  and  that  to  each  of  these  groups  should  be  awarded  the 
rank  of  a  sub-fomily. 

Again,  in  the  old  genus  of  QiJdogniii'iim,  we  have  very  distinct  groups,  separated 
by  differeh;es  in  the  most  important  of  all  tiie  c'  iiracteristic  portions  of  the  plant— 
the  sexual  apparatus.  Tlu^se  groups  are  the  so-called  Monn-r'tons,  Gi/nmiih-oitK,  and 
Dicpcious  O^dofjonia;  the  moncvclous  division  comprising  those  plants  in  which  oi:c 
individual  gives  origin  both  to  the  female  and  male  germs;  the  rjijnandroiifi,  those 
species  in  which  the  plant  that  produces  the  female  germ  gives  origin  also  to  a 
peculiar  zoospore,  t)ie  so-called  andronpore,  which,  after  a  period  of  motile  life, 
settles  down  and  develops  a  dwarf  plant,  the  and  rend  nm,  in  which  the  spermato- 
z<;  '"  are  developed  ;  and  the  dla<:lonn  group  containing  species  in  which  the  male 
and  female  plants  tire  distinct  individuals.  Dr.  rringslieim  sUitcs  (MorjJia/vrjir  do- 
(Elo'jon.,  p.  4;j)  that  these  groups  pass  into  one  another,  but  in  my  opinion,  by  his 
own  showing,  they  are  sharply  distinct.  The  nearest  approach  to  such  passage  is 
between  the  first  and  second  groups,  and  consists  simply  in  the  fact  that  in  ccrtaui 
species  the  androspore  when  it  settles  down  develojis  into  a  one-celled  instead  of  a 
two  or  three-celled  antheridium.  This  to  me  does  not  seem  to  indicate  a  union  of 
the  groups,  for  the  essential  difference  is  not  in  the  form  or  complexity  of  the  an- 
theridium, but  in  the  circumstance  that  in  the  otie  case  the  femah;  filament  develops 
a  spermatozoid  capable  of  f(>rtilizing  the  germ,  whilst  in  the  other  it  gives  rise  to 
a  body  which  does  not  possess  that  power  at  all,  but  do(>s  liave  the  capability  of 
giving  origia  to  a  second  plant,  in  which  the  spermatozoid  is  developed.  The 
groups,  thenjfore,  appear  to  be  sharpiy  and  distinctly  definable. 

In  the  Bit/horhaUiiC  but  a  single  genus  has  as  yet  been  discovered,  and  this  is 
distinctly  gynandrous,  but  it  seems  jjrobable  that  hereafter  other  plants  of  this 
subfamily  will  be  found  which  are  montecious  or  dia;cious,  so  that  we  will  have 
in  the  two  fulifamilies  two  parallel  groups  of  genera. 

For  the  reasons  above  indicated  I  have  ventured  to  divide  the  family  into  two 
subfamilies,  the  one  comprising  three,  the  other  a  single  genus.  The  peculiarities 
of  growth,  production  of  zoospores,  and  sexual  development  will  be  found  described 
under  the  particular  subfamilies. 


'i 


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in 


IV't 
3  ! 


L. 


■i'T 


190  PRESn-WATER   ALO^   OP   THE    UNITED   STATES. 


Subfamily  a^DO(jlOXIE.E. 

PilmnciUa  stricta,  Imud  ramosa,  sine  sctis  vcris,  sod  sa-'po  opicc  Rotiforn.a,  clongata,  liyalina. 

Fihiiiit'uts  Biinplc,  not  ramose,  without  true  seta,  but  often  with  their  iipex  scta-liko,  elongate, 
Inaline. 

Jiemarlcs. — The  (Edoijoniacnv  arc  small  filamentous  plants,  whose  size  is  sufficient 
to  render  them  visible  to  the  unaided  eye,  and  yet  not  sufficient  to  make  each  indi- 
vidual distinctly  apparent.  They  grow  mostly  in  quiet  water,  attached  to  almost 
any  and  every  thing  that  can  afford  a  foothold,  fringing  with  apparent  indifference 
stones,  twigs,  sticks,  dead  leaves,  hits  of  glass,  boards,  etc.  I  have  seen  such 
masses  of  them  crowding  the  whole  surface  of  a  phyna  as  to  entirely  conceal  the 
animal  ixnd  its  shell,  and  present  the  curious  spectacle  of  a  perambulating,  waving 
forest  of  bright  green.  Tiie  individual  filament  is  composed  of  cylindrical  cells, 
which  are  always  without  a  nucleus,  and  have  their  chlorophyl  diffused  instead  of 
being  collected  into  bands  or  stripes.  The  walls  are  mostly  nuitc  thick  and 
marked  near  the  distal  end  with  circular  striic,  whose  numbers  bear  relation  to 
the  edge  of  the  cell,  for  these  striaj  are  the  results  of  the  peculiar  method  of  cell 
m  .Itiplication  by  division,  each  one  marking  one  such  division.  When  an  ocdo- 
gonium  cell  has  attained  sufficient  maturity  and  is  about  to  divide,  the  first  per- 
ceptible change  is  the  appearance  of  a  little  circular  line  or  streak  near  its  distal 
end.  About  the  same  time  and  in  the  same  place  a  fine  partition  is  foimed  by  an 
outgrowth  from  the  primordial  utricle,  a  probably  double  delicate  wall  of  con- 
densed protoplpsm  separating  the  upper  end  of  the  parent  cell  from  the  lower  or 
main  portion.  The  upper  end  now  begins  to  develop  into  o  iiew  cell.  This  de- 
velopment takes  place  by  the  formation  of  an  entirely  nmv  layer  of  cellulose 
inside  the  little  cell,  i.  c.  between  the  new  primordial  utricle  and  the  old  cell  wall, 
and  afterwards  by  the  lengthening  of  this  layer  by  interstitial  deposit  in  the  usiuil 
way ;  the  thick  wall  of  the  parent  cell  in  no  way  directly  participates  in  the 
growth  (fig.  2  h,  pi.  17).  It  is  evident  tluit  as  the  new  wall  grows  the  old  cell 
wall  must  be  as  it  were  raised  up  upon  it,  borne  away  as  a  little  capping  from  the 
basal  portion  of  the  parent  cell.  Consequently  when  a  young  cell  is  watched 
during  tiiis  process  llie  little  line-like  incisure  of  the  i)arent  cell  is  seen  to  widen 
imtil  it  becomes  an  evident  trench,  and  this  trench  grows  wider  and  wider,  until 
at  last  it  is  so  broad  as  to  be  no  longer  a  trench,  and  the  little  end  of  the  parent 
cell  sim\,'.y  caps  its  oftspriiig.  When  t?ie  latter  has  fulfilled  its  allotted  period  or 
growth,  tiie  process  is  repeated,  the  line  of  separation  appearing  this  time  just 
below  the  edge  of  the  first  cap.  It  is  plain  that  the  second  new  cell  when  formed 
must  have  a  double  cap  crowning  its  extremity.  At  each  repetition  a  new  layer 
is  added  to  the  tiiickening  cap,  until  at  last  it  may  be  composed  of  six  distinct 
layers,  each  projecting  just  beyond  the  next  older  one.  Under  the  microscope  the 
increased  tiiickening  of  the  distal  end  of  a  cell  bearing  such  a  crown-piece  is  net 
sufficiently  evident  to  at  first  attract  attention,  whilst  each  edge  of  a  layer  appeivrs 
as  a  stria.     It  is  plain  that  the  number  of  these  striic  represents  the  number  of 


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FllESII-WATKU   ALU.*;    OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


191 


times  division  has  occurred;    if  there  be  four  strite,  four  times;    six  striic,  six 
times,  &c. 

Besides  this  method  of  development,  in  many  species  new  cells  are  formed  by  a 
sort  of  pullulation,  occuring  in  the  end  cell  of  tiie  filament.  The  ))rimordial 
utricle  appears  to  rupture  tho  wall  of  the  distal  extremity  of  the  latter  and  grow 
out  into  a  little  pullulation,  o>  teat,  which  very  soon  becomes  separated  from  tlic 
parent  cell,  by  the  reformation,  is  it  were,  of  the  end  wall  of  the  latter.  The 
new  little  cell  thus  formed  coats  itself  with  cellulose,  and  rapidly  grows,  especially 
in  length,  always,  however,  or  at  least  for  a  length  of  time,  remaining  of  a  smaller 
d.ametcr  than  the  cell  from  which  it  sprang.  By  a  repetition  of  tiiis  process  a 
succession  of  cells  is  formed,  each  one  of  which,  like  the  successive  joints  of  the 
field  telescope,  is  a  little  smaller  than  its  proximal  neighbor  and  contains  less 
chlorophyl,  until  finally  the  cells  are  reduced  to  exceedingly  fine,  perfectly  trans- 
parent,  colorless  cylinders,  which  together  form  a  seta  or  hair. 

llcproduction  takes  place  among  the  (Edor/oniucca;,  both  by  means  of  zoospores 
and  sexual  organs.  The  former  of  these  are  quito  peculiar,  and,  therefore,  require 
especial  notice. 

Only  a  single  one  is  ever  produced  in  a  cell,  and  there  is  consequently  no  divi- 
sion of  the  chlorophyllo'is  protoplasm  preceding  their  formation.  The  first  change 
noticeable  is  a  sort  of  confusion  of  the  cell  contents,  the  protoplasmic  portion  of 
which  loosens  itself,  as  it  were,  from  the  walls,  and  collects  in  a  mass  at  the 
distal  end  of  the  cell.  This  mass  after  a  short  time  assumes  a  more  or  less  irregu- 
larly globose  shape,  and  simultaneously  the  parent  cell  begins  to  separate  from  its 
distal  neighbor.  This  separation  appears  to  take  place  commonly  by  a  solution 
of  an  exceedingly  fine  ring  of  the  wall  of  the  parent-cell,  just  at  the  origin  of  the 
transverse  partition  separating  the  two  cells,  and  it  is  therefore  brought  about  not 
by  a  splitting  of  the  end  partition  wall,  but  by  a  circumcision  of  the  side  walls  of 
the  cell,  and  consequently  the  cavity  of  the  latter  is  thrown  open,  the  end  wall 
remaining  with  and  closing  the  distal  cell,  whose  contents  have  not  undergone 
change.  On  the  other  hand,  observation  leads  me  to  think  that  sometimes  there  is 
a  splitting  of  the  end  wall.  According  to  my  observation,  sometimes  the  filament 
is  completely  broken  in  two,  but  very  commonly  the  two  cells  remain  attached  by  one 
corner,  opening  from  one  another  as  it  were  on  a  hinge-joint  (fig.  2/,  pi.  17). 

Tlie  gathering  of  the  protoplasm,  already  spoken  of,  into  a  ball,  is  a  slow  process, 
and  the  escape  of  this  ball,  through  the  opening  formed  in  tbo  manner  described, 
takes  place  even  more  slowly.  The  motion  is  not  at  all  perceptible,  with  a  power 
of  a  thousand  or  twelve  hundred  diameters.  During  the  passage  the  ball  becomes 
more  or  less  twist/.d  and  deformed,  but  as  it  emerges  the  uncompressed  portion 
shortens  and  swel  s  out,  and  when  the  mass  of  protoplasm  is  at  last  free  in  the 
water,  it  Soon  assu  nes  a  globular  or  regularly  ovate  shape.  Tlic  mother-cell,  thus 
bereft  of  its  content,  is  left  dead  and  void.  The  primordial  utricle  indeed  still  re- 
mains within,  but  it  has  lost  all  its  wonderful  powers,  and  is  nothing  but  a  shrunken, 
twisted,  or  folded  dead  membrane.  What  is  the  cause  of  the  motion  of  the 
zoospore  within  tlie  cell  it  is  very  difl^.cult  to  determine.  It  certainly  is  not  vil)rating 
cilia.     When  the  zoospore  first  escapes,  it  is,  as  already  stated,  an  irregular  lump 


ZMi 


'Mi;! 


i-.jii 


':  i 


m  ■ 


193 


PRESH-W  ATEU   A  L  0  vE   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


of  sti()iij,'ly  clilorophyllous  protoplasm,  liomogonoous  or  with  one  or  more  roundish 
massL's  of  darker  gri'ou  witliiu  it.  As  it  assuiuL's  its  shape,  however,  a  very  dis- 
tinct transparent  spot  appears  at  its  smaHer  end.  Whetlier  this  is  an  ahsohite 
vacuok'  or  not,  I  liave  never  been  abk;  to  satisfy  myself,  but  I  am  rather  inclined 
to  believe  that  it  contains  highly  refractive  transparent  protoplasm.  As  this  spot 
is  perfected  tiie  cilia  make  their  appearance.  Whether  they  arc  actually  first 
formed  there,  or  whether,  as  is  more  probable,  they  are  formed  inside  the  cell,  and 
are  so  folded  against  the  general  mass  as  to  be  invisible,  I  have  ne  •  i  r  determined. 
Dr.  I'ringsheim,  however,  figures  them  within  the  cell.  I  have  seen  them  in 
their  early  development  long  before  motion  commenced  in  them,  but  they  were 
always  perfectly  fornu^d  as  soon  as  api)arent.  They  are  present  in  great  numbers, 
making  a  crown  or  ring  around  the  edge  of  the  transparent  beak-like  end.  When 
they  connnencc  to  vibrate,  their  action  is  at  first  very  slow,  and  the  waves  of 
motion  run  through  them  deliberately  from  one  cilium  to  the  other,  but  soon, 
however,  the  motile  impulses  succeed  one  another  more  and  more  rapidly,  until 
the  general  mass  of  the  zoospore  begins  to  tremble,  then  to  rock,  and  finally  dart- 
ing off  the  little  body  hastens  hither  and  thither  through  the  water.  The  zoospore 
of  an  CEdo(]opium  is  always  readily  distinguished  from  most  other  similar  bodies  by 
its  large  size  and  peculiar  motion,  which  is  a  forward  movement  combined  with  a 
distinct  rolling  on  its  long  axis.  After  a  time  the  zoospore,  coming  in  contact 
with  some  speck  of  matter  to  which  it  can  attach  itself,  ceases  its  movements, 
the  cilia  rapidly  wither  away,  and  the  end  to  which  they  have  been  attached 
swells  out  or  elongates  into  a  broad,  or  narrow,  simple,  bifid,  or  trifid  process, 
placed  at  an  angle  to  the  main  axis  of  the  cell,  bo  as  to  form  the  so-called  foot,  the 
holdfast  that  anchors  and  fixes  the  new  plant.  Whilst  this  is  taking  place,  the 
general  form  of  fhe  zoospore  alters  into  that  of  a  cylinder,  a  cellulose  wall  is 
secreted  all  about  it,  and  the  first  cell  of  the  new  plant  is  complete.  As  soon  as 
this  cell  is  sufficiently  matured,  it  begins  to  midergo  division  in  the  manner  already 
described,  and  to  develop  into  the  new  filament. 

In  regard  to  the  time  when  these  zoospores  are  given  off  most  abundantly,  and 
the  circumstances  that  influence  the  process,  I  can  only  state  that  it  occurs  when 
there  is  least  tendency  to  the  production  of  resting  spores,  probably  in  youngish 
plants,  and  I  have  thought  was  favored  by  a  full  supply  of  light,  with  a  moderate 
temperature. 

Sexual  reproduction  occurs  among  the  (Edoijoniaccrr,  in  accordance  with  three 
distinct  types,  to  which  tho  name  of  moiuccions,  dixcious,  and  gi/iiaiidrous  has 
been  severally  applied.  The  characteristic  differences  are  to  be  looked  for  in  the 
production  of  the  antheridioe  or  male  plant,  the  female  germ  being  always  pre- 
pared in  essentially  the  same  way.  In  most  in.stancos  two  cells  arc  requisite  for 
the  production  of  the  latter.  At  first  there  is  nothing  by  which  cells  set  apart  for 
the  formation  of  the  female  germ  can  be  distinguished  from  ordinary  cells.  The 
proximal  one  of  the  pair  finally,  however,  undergoes  changes  similar  to  those 
seen  when  a  zoospore  is  to  be  formed,  namely,  a  sort  of  confusion  of  the  endo- 
chromo,  and  finally  a  gathering  of  it  into  a  mass  at  the  distal  end  of  the  cell.  In- 
stead of  there  being  a  solution  of  the  side  wall  of  the  cell,  however,  the  end  wall 


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193 


uiuloryocs  absorption,  so  that  the  cavities  of  the  two  cells  are  more  or  less  com- 
plftoly  tlirovvu  into  one.  All  or  nearly  all  of  tlie  contents  of  the  proximal  cell 
now  slowly  pass  into  the  distal  one,  which  thus  becomes  crowded  witli  chloro- 
phyllous  protoplasm.  At  or  before  this  period,  the  distal  receiving  cell  undergoes 
a  change  in  form,  widening  out  greatly,  and  sometimes  appearing  actually  to 
shorten,  so  tliut  it  is  in  most  instances  resolved  into  a  more  or  less  regular  globose 
or  oval  cell.  As  the  sporangium  or  spore-case  thus  formed  perfects  itself  the  endo- 
chromes  of  tlio  two  cells  become  completely  fused  into  one  mass,  which  gradually 
condenses  and  assumes  a  regular  shape,  until,  in  the  form  of  the  perfected  female 
or  receptive  germ,  it  is  a  dark,  opaque  ball  more  or  less  completely  filling  the  spo- 
rangial  cell.  At  the  same  time,  in  order  to  afford  passage  for  the  male  germ,  an 
opening  is  formed  through  the  walls  of  the  sporangium.  This  happens  in  two  ways. 
The  simplest  of  these  is  by  the  formation  of  one  or  more  circular  openings  or 
pores  in  the  wall.  This  pore  is  sometimes  below,  sometimes  above  the  equatorial  line. 
Its  position,  numbers,  and  form  afford  good  specific  characters.  The  second  method 
is  by  the  development  of  a  little  trap-door  entrance  at  the  distal  end  of  the  spore- 
case.  This  method  is  unknown  in  our  American  flora,  and,  never  having  seen  it, 
I  nuist  refer  to  the  papers  of  Pringsheim  for  details. 

Tlie  above-described  mode  of  origin  of  tlie  sporangium  is  the  common  one.  In 
0.  viirahlle,  Wood,  however,  but  one  cell  is  concerned.  This  cell  grows  to  an 
enormous  size,  far  beyond  that  of  its  fellows,  and  its  endochrome  collects  into  the 
upper  half  of  it,  to  be  at  last  shut  off  from  the  lower  half  of  the  cell  by  the  forma- 
tion of  a  new  cellulose  partition  or  end  wall ;  or,  in  other  words,  the  parent  cell 
divides  by  a  modified  process  of  cell  division,  different  from  that  common  in  the 
lamily.  The  distal  daughter-cell  contains  all  the  endochrome.  After  the  changes 
are  completed,  the  appea'ance  is  tlie  same  as  ordinarily  presented,  namely,  an  empty 
cell  surmounted  by  the  sporangium.  Sometimes,  even  in  plants  in  which  the  ordi- 
nary process  occurs  elsewhere,  a  single  cell  appears  at  times  to  have  suflfiicient 
vitality  to  develop  into  a  sporangium  without  aid  from  its  neighbor,  so  that  the 
latter  will  preserve  its  integrity,  and  the  resting  spore  finally  lie  in  proximity  to  a 
cell  full  of  endoclirome. 

In  the  moncccioHs  (Edogonlacecp,  a  single  filament  produces  both  the  male  and 
female  germs.    Certain  cells  cippear  to  be  set  apart  to  develop  into  sporangia,  whilst 
.  others  give  origin  to  the  spcrmatozoids.     No  such  plants  have  as  yet  been  detected 
in  North  America,  and  I,  therefore,  pass  on  without  speaking  more  in  detail. 

The  second  method  in  which  the  spcrmatozoids  are  produced  is  the  most  com- 
mon in  our  flora ;  it  is  the  so-called  gynamlrous  plan.  In  this  the  single  filament 
produces  the  female  germs  directly  and  the  male  germs  indirectly.  The  former 
arise  in  tht  way  previously  described,  whilst  the  latter  are  the  residtant  of  a 
complex  series  of  life  actions,  as  follows :  One  of  the  main  cells  of  the  originating 
filament,  differing  in  no  perceptible  way  from  its  fiillows,  instead  of  like  them 
developing  new  cells,  divides  up  by  a  simple  process  of  cell  division  into  two  or 
more  cells,  each  one  of  which  contains  very  largely  of  chlorophyllous  protoplasm.  The 
protoj)lasm  within  each  of  these  secondary  or  daughter-cells  soon  condenses  into  an 
irregularly  ovate  or  conical  mass,  which  often,  even  within  the  cell,  may  be  seen  to 

25       Beptombcr,  1872. 


194 


FKKSII-WATER   AhQjE   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES, 


,1 1  ■  a 


huvo  the  transparent  beak  of  the  zoospore  (j)!.  18,  fij;.  2  (Z).  Inside  of  the  cell 
the  undroniioir,  as  it  is  called,  shows  no  cilia,  but  wlien  it  is  set  free  by  a  more  or 
less  complete  solution  of  the  cell  wall,  it  assumes  the  form  of  the  ordinary  (JMoyo- 
Ilium  zoospore,  witii  a  crown  of  cilia,  whose  vibrations  soon  cause  it  to  dart  througli 
tiie  water.  These  anilrospores  are  of  course  much  smaller  than  an  ordinary 
zoospore,  and  after  a  period  of  active  motion,  they  attach  themselves  to  the  parent, 
lilumeiit,  generally  either  on  or  near  the  sporangial  cell.  Their  first  life-actions, 
after  settling,  are  precisely  like  those  of  the  zoospore,  namely,  dropping  of  the 
cilia,  enlargement  of  the  smaller  end  into  the  so-called  "  foot,"  m\  elo;<gation  of 
the  general  mass,  and  the  secretion  of  an  outer  coating  of  cellulose.  In  this  way 
SI  peculiar-shaped,  somewhat  ovate  cell  is  formed,  which  contains  a  great  quantity 
of  rich  protoplasm  with  mostly  a  small  ann)unt  of  t;hloroj)hyl.  From  such  cells  arc 
developed  the  mostly  two-  or  three-celled,  perfect  antheridia,  which  in  ijynandroua 
Qkloyonia  are  generally  to  be  seen,  during  the  period  of  fructification,  in  numbers 
attached  to  the  filament,  mostly  in  the  neigliborhoodof  the  sporangiiun.  Their  pro- 
toplasmic contents  are  remarkable  for  the  activity  of  their  movements,  and  I  have 
seldom  seen  more  beautiful  and  rapid  cyclosis  than  they  display — currents  setting  in 
all  directions — particles  actually  bruslung  against  one  another  (pi.  17,  fig.  2/»). 
The  spermatozoids  an;  formed  in  the  distal  cell,  sometimes  one,  sometimes  more. 
In  the  species  0.  inimlnU',  ^^'ooD,  (pi.  18,  fig.  2  </,  2  i)  in  which  I  have  most 
carefully  studied  their  origin,  two  are  produced  in  the  single  cell.  This  cell  is  in 
the  counnencement  of  the  process,  altliough  comparatively  poor  in  chloropbyl, 
crowded  with  a  rich  solid  protoplasm,  which  divides  into  two  distinct  masses,  some- 
what in  the  manner  seen  in  the  commencement  of  ordinary  cell  division.  As 
there  is  no  distinct  nucleus,  of  course  there  are  no  precedent  imclear  changes. 
The  masses  thus  formed  gradually  assume  u  more  or  less  perfectly  globular  shape 
inside  the  cell,  although  1  have  never  been  able  to  see  that  they  there  develop  cilia, 
and  finally  are  set  free  by  the  lifting  up  of  the  end  of  the  mother-cell,  I'kc  a  little 
trap-tloor.  Their  mode  of  escape  through  the  exit  thus  oft'ered  is  similar  to  that 
of  the  ordinary  zoospore,  which  they  rescsmble,  except  that  they  are  much  smaller, 
are  much  less  rich  in  chloropbyi,  and  have  the  anterior  clear  space  less  defined. 
They  are  said  to  be  furnished  with  a  crown  of  cilia  similar  to  that  of  the  zoospore. 
I  myself  have  never  seen  these,  but  do  not  doubt  their  cxistcmce. 

In  the  diac'iuiiH  (Edixjvitia  there  are  distinct  filaments,  mah;  and  female,  one  of 
which  produces  the  oosporangium  with  its  contained  gevm,  whilst  the  other  gives 
rise  directly  to  the  spermatozoids. 

The  resting  spore  which  develops  after  impregnation  is  variously  shajied,  but  in 
most  instances  is  round  or  oval.  It  is  often,  if  not  always,  furnished  with  two  coats, 
the  outer  of  which  is  tliick,  firm,  and  fnupuMitly  provided  with  surface  ajjpendages, 
such  as  tubercles,  ridges,  spines,  etc.  Besides  these  there  is  also,  ])robably,  a  very 
delicate  inner  coat.  'Iii<^  spore  ap[)ears  to  lie  set  free;  from  its  case  by  the  decay  of  the 
latter,  there  being  never,  at  least  that  I  have  seen,  any  regular  dehiscence.  Although 
I  have  made  several  attempts,  it  Inis  never  been  my  good  fortune  to  observe  anything 
like  germination  of  these  resting  spores.  Prof.  Chr.  Vaupell,  however,  has  published 
an  account  of  the  manner  as  observed  by  himself.     Some  water  containing  fruitful 


FRKSir-WATRR    XJ.GA:   OF   THE    UNITED    STATES.  195 

(Edngonkt  was  allowed  to  dry  in  a  f,'lass,  towards  the  close;  of  Sc-pteinber,  and  the 
greenish  residue  was  placed  in  water  in  the  followin-,'  January.  By  March  the 
resting  spores  were  everywhere  in  active  germination.  The  first  change  was  u 
rupture  of  the  two  outer  couts  and  the  escape,  through  the  slit,  of  the  cont(>nts, 
stdl  surrounded  by  a  v;!ry  delicate  hyaline  membrane.  By  this  time  the  proto- 
plasm had  divided  into  iisually  four  (sometim(>s  only  two  or  three)  greenish  masses, 
each  of  which  was  oval  in  shape  and  had  its  own  extremely  thin,  hyaline  coat, 
and  was  therefore  a  perfect  cell.  The  old  outer  shell  of  the  spore  laid  discarded 
ui  the  water  and  soon  decayed,  and  in  a  little  while  the  hyaline  sac  surrounding 
the  four  daugiiter-cells  itself  disappeared,  leaving  th(;m  exposed  and  naked.  After 
awhile  each  of  these  cells  opened  at  one  end  by  means  of  an  annular  split,  cutting 
off  the  apex  of  the  wall  and  allowing  it  to  lift  off  like  a  little  lid.  Tlirough  the 
circular  opening  thus  made,  the  contents  now  emerged.  The  point  of  the  inner 
mass  was  colorless  and  directed  towards  the  orifice,  and  the  whole  moved  vigorously 
backwards  and  forwards  until  it  finally  escaped,  as  a  perfected  zoospore.  This 
httle  body  simulated  very  closely  the  ordinary  zoospore,  both  in  ai)pearance  and 
hfe-history,  growing,  after  a  brief  period  of  activity,  into  an  ordinary  filament,  in 
precisely  the  same  manner  as  the  zoospores. 

Genus  a:DOGONlUM. 

Anthcridia  ct  oogonidia  in  individuo  uaico. 
Antliuridia  and  oogonidia  in  the  same  individual. 

Remark.— ^o  species  of  the  genus  (Edogonium,  as  here  defined,  has  as  yet 
been  discovered  in  this  country. 


Genus  rRINGSIIEIMIA. 

Antlieridia  et  oogonidia  in  iiidividuis  distiiietis  orta. 


Dioit-a. 

I)i(ccioiis      Antiioridia  and  oogonidia  arising  in  distinct  individuals. 


P.  ineqiialis,  Wood. 

P  dioica;  cclluia  bnsali  Ijiloba;  plantis  fomineis  qunm  plantis  masculia  pcrniullo  mnjoribus; 
oogoniis  cnormitcr  globosia  vol  subovoideis,  poro  laterale  .supra  medium  posito  inslructis;' 
oospoi-is  forma  eadem,  sed  pnulo  niinoribus. 

8yn. — (Edogontum  inequale,  AVood,  Proc.  Amor.  Pliiloa.  Soc,  1809,  p.  141 
Ilah. — III  stagnis,  prope  Pliiladclphia. 

O.  din-dous,  basal  oeilbilobatc;  female  plant  very  much  larger  than  the  male  plant;  oospo- 
rangiuin  irregularly  globose  or  Bubovoidal,  opening  hy  a  lateral  i)ore  above  the  middle  • 
resting  spores  of  tbo  same  form  as  the  sporangium,  but  a  little  smaller.  ' 

Remarhs.—lihh  plant  seems  to  be  more  closely  allied  to  0.  gemelUparum, 
Pringsheim,  than  to  any  other  species.  It  agrees  with  it  in  the  inequality  of  the 
male  and  female  plants,  in  the  shape  of  the  sporangium,  and  the  position  of  the 
lateral  pore.  The  diameter  of  the  female  plant  is  often  nearly  four  times  that  of 
the  male,  and  the  difference  in  length  is  much  more  apparent.  The  mother-plant  is 
composed  of  from  3-6  cells  in  the  most  distal  of  which  the  spermatozoids  are  formed. 
1  am  not  able  to  state  how  many  of  these  bodies  are  formed  in  a  single  cell,  havin<' 


im; 


»•  RE8II-WATi;U   Al.UA'l   OF   T II  K    UNITED   STATES. 


HI 


I 


1  (■ 


only  scon  the  latter  wlii-n  inoiv  or  less  coiiiplctily  ciupticd,  but,  jiuij^iiifi;  from  the 
relative  sizes,  there  imist  be  several,  lu  !i  eell  coiitaiuiii};  a  sinj^le  spermatozoid,  that 
body  moved  about  freely,  and  at  last  escaped,  apparently  throuj^h  an  oriiiee  in  the 
end  wall  of  the  cell.  It  made  two  attempts  before  gettinj;  out.  and  during  its 
passuf,'e  was  distinctly  constric^ted  in  the  middle.  It  resembled  in  appearance  un 
ordinary  zoospore,  but  was  of  course  much  smaller,  mid  was  nearly  devoid  of  color, 
havini,'  but  a  slight  f^reenish  tint.  I  fouiul  this  species  growing  abundantly  in  the 
stagnant  ditches  of  the  Xerk,  below  the  city. 

Fig.  1  o,  pi.  18,  represents  a  young  female  plant;  1  h,  a  fertile  plant  with  ininia- 
turo  spores.  1  c  was  taken  from  the  supposed  mah;  plant  alluded  to  in  the  text. 
The  latter  figure  is  magnified  450  diameters,  the  others  'i.)0. 

Genus  ANDUOGYNIA. 

Oynoiulra.     Androsporro  in  i)liniti.s  fciiiincis  orlo) ;  posloii  Imiic  alTixiti  ct  in  antlicridiis  so  forniant. 

(Jynnndroiis.  An(lrosi)ori'.s  arising  in  ihe  IVnialc  plant;  after  alTi.xing  tliomsclves  to  liiis  and 
developing  into  anllieridia. 

A.  niiilliMpora,  Wood. 

A.  oogoniis  singnli«,  vel  binis  vel  ternis  continuis,  glolKiHin  inHtrnetn;  poro  laternle  distalti; 
oosporin  glol)osis,  oogonii  lumen  replentihns  ;  antheridiia  yloruinipio  pluril)as,  i)lunta  ferninea 
insidcntibus,  cellula  iTiferiuru  ninllo  majdribns. 

Syn. — Oedogonittm  multixpora,  Wood,  I'roc.  Anier.  Philos.  Soc,  18G9,  p.  141. 

Hub. — In  slngnis,  jjropu  Philadelphia. 

Oosporaiigia  single  or  bi-  or  tri.seriatc,  globose  with  a  distal  lateral  poro  ;  oospore  glolwse, 
about  tlio  same  size  ns  tiio  sporangial  eavity;  antheridia  bi-  or  trioellular,  curved,  with  tlio 
lower  eell  niueh  the  largest,  generally  adhering  in  eonsiderublu  nuinbers  to  all  jjarts  of  Iho 
fenuile  plant. 

Remarks. — This  species  differs  from  its  nearest  European  congeners,  (Edogon. 
liotJinaiid  dj.  diprcusum,  very  markedly  in  the  bicellnlar  antheridia.  I  have  never 
seen  the  spermatozoids  actually  emerging  from  their  mother-cell,  but  have  seen  in 
the  terniuial  aiitheridial  cell  a  pair  of  oval  bodies,  which  I  took  to  be  those  bodies. 
l''ig.  3,  pi.  17,  was  taken  from  a  filament  of  this  species  magnified  500  diameters. 
It  shows  spores  in  different  stages  of  maturity,  with  an  empty  basal  cell  in  one 
case,  and  in  the  others  Avithout.  Also  male  i)lants,  one  of  them  containing  partially 
formed  spermatozoids.  The  small  arrows  indicate  the  direction  of  cyclotic 
currents. 

A.  niirabilis,  Wood. 

A.  rare  setigcra;  artieulis  dianietro  2-8  plo  longioribus ;  oogoniis  pleruniqnc  singnlis,  raro 
geminis,  nonnihil  ovatis,  infra  latis  sed  supra  eontraetis  el  medio  tumidis  ;  poris  lateralibns 
duobus  supra  niedinni  positis;  oosporis  nut  late  ovalibns  aut  subglobosis  ;  sporodernnite  hand 
signato ;  iinlheridiis  ijlernnupie  bieellularibus,  intcrdum  tricellularibus,  ))leruni(pie  in  lllo 
vegetativo  infra  oogonium  ant  in  oogonio  insidentious ;  spcrniatuzoidei:)  singulis  et  geminis. 

r/(«Hi.— Arlie.  veget  7-^jn"— Tji!s"=.0004"— 0017".  Spor.  7^55"— T§2ff".0024"— 0027". 

Syn.  —  (Edogonium  minihile,  Wood,  Proc.  Anier.  Philos.  Soc,  18G9,  p.  142. 

Hab. — In  rivulis  (piietis,  prope  Philadelphia. 


mm 


FUESII-WATEU   ALa.13  OP   THE   UNITED  STATES. 


197 


A.  rarrly  sclificrouH ;  nrticlrs  2-8  liiiics  loiif^cr  than  hrond  ;  onspnrniij^ift  niOHtly  BiiiK'i',  rnrcly 
geiuiimli',  Huliovalo,  in  llir  lower  piirtioii  l)roacl,  in  llir  middle  HWdllcii,  in  llic  u|)|n'r  imrt  cim- 
tructcd ;  tlio  2  laliTiil  [idr's  Hitimti'd  above  tlii^  niiddlo  ;  oos|>oro  mdiglolioHC  or  broadly 
ovate,  its  coats  without  uiariiings;  antlioridia  gfiifraliy  biccllular,  Boini'tinii'H  triculliilur, 
nuiiicroUH,  placed  guncrully  upon  tlic  fiinalu  lilunii'iit  fitliur  upon  or  below  tlic  ooHponuisia. 

Ilvinarks. — This  specios  was  found  mowiiifi;  in  a  ratli(>r  stagnant  brook  in  tlie 
meadow  by  "Robinson's  Knoll,"  at  the  junction  of  the  Sthnylkill  Iliv(«r  and  Wissa- 
liickon  Crock,  near  riiiladelphia.  Tlu!  filaments,  which  vary  very  greatly  in  size, 
are  in  their  early  history  attached  to  dead  leaves  and  sticks,  but  finally,  I  think, 
float  free  in  the  water.  The  larger,  fruit-bearing  filaments  are  rennirkable  for  their 
cro()ke<lncss.     None  of  the  threads  that  I  have  seen  ended  in  n  seta-liko  portion. 

The  fruit  is  produced  in  abundance,  but  very  rarely  is  there  more  than  a  single 
spore  in  any  one  place.  The  method  of  the  formation  of  the  sporangia  differs  from 
that  of  all  the  other  Ctkfoyonia  which  have  come  under  my  notice.  Instead  of 
two  cells  being  concerned  but  one  cell  is  employed.  The  cell  (fig.  2  a,  pi.  1 H)  that 
is  to  be  used  for  such  a  purpose  grows  much  beyond  the  ordinary  size,  until  it  is 
nearly  or  (piito  twice;  as  large  as  its  neighbors.  All  the  time  it  is  well  filled  with 
chlorophyllous  protoplasm.  This  now  contracts  and  finally  is  all  packed  into  the 
upper  half  of  the  cell.  A  or  even  before  tliis  time  the  lateral  openings  become  appa- 
rent. There  arc  two  of  them,  situated  just  in  the  angle  where  the  cell  at  its  upper 
end  connnences  to  contract  to  the  size  of  its  fellow.  At  this  time  I  think  fertiliza- 
tion takes  place,  although  I  have  never  actually  seen  the  spermatozoids  enter  the 
orifices.  The  cell  (fig.  2  h,  pi.  17)  now  divides  into  two  by  forming  a  wall  se])ara- 
ting  the  lower  empty  half  from  the  upper  full  one,  which  is  to  be  the  sporangium. 
The  contents  of  the  latter  now  condense  into  a  ball,  and  it  itself  becomes  more  tumid 
in.  the  middle.  Finally  a  reddish-brown  broadly  globular  spore  (fig.  2  c,  pi.  IS) 
is  formed.  I  have  not  been  able  to  make  out  more  than  one  distinct  thick  coat. 
The  surface  of  the  spore  is  smooth.  The  androsporcs  are  fornu!d  in  a  cell  (fig. 
2  d,  pi.  18)  which  has  grown  beyond  the  normal  size  and  then  divided  into  four 
or  five  short  cells,  each  of  which  gives  origin,  I  believe,  to  a  single  androspore 
in  its  interior.  The  antheridia  are  numerous,  from  2  to  6  being  commonly  attached 
to  the  lower  portion  of  the  sporangium,  or  to  the  cells  just  beneath  it.  Tli(;y 
(fig.  2  c,  pi.  IH)  have  a  rather  large  foot,  and  are  generally  curved  at  the  base.  The 
distal  of  the  two  cells  composing  them  is  crowned  with  a  little  cap,  and  produces 
one  or  sometimes  two  spermatozoids.  These  (figs.  2  h  and  2  ;/,  pi.  18)  during  their 
escape  are  always  very  much  squeezed  out  of  shape,  but  when  free  become  globular 
or  slightly  pear-shaped.  They  arc  highly  transparent  and  contain  a  few  green 
granules.  Their  motion  is  at  first  slow,  but  soon  becomes  very  active.  The  mode 
of  egress  from  the  cell  is  obtained  by  tlie  cutting  off  of  the  upper  end  of  it,  the 
little  cap  opening  like  a  traiwloor.  After  this  cell  has  been  emptied,  sometinu>s  a 
sec'ond  similar  one  is  formed,  which  bears  it  aloit.  I  have  never  seen  spermato- 
zoids produced  by  this  second  cell, 

A.  Illintii,  Wood.  .. 

Filunia  ploruMifiHo  in  sctam  lonfrnni,  tcrminalem  colons  cxportam  productum  ;  oogoinis  plor- 
uinquc  singulis,  globosis,  iiitcrdnni  nonniliil  bexngoniis,  medio  nonnihil  tumidiB,  poro  liUerale 


( 


1'' 

1^ 


198  Kit  i;s  ll-\VATKK   AIMJ.K    (»  1'   Till:    I"  N  1  T  K  P    STATES. 

illf'ni    liiriliiilll    |i<isltc>  ;     ODHltiiri!*    KldltcixiM,    (Migniiii    liiliirn    liaiicl    Irplciililiiis,  supriniic    liliolg 

uluvatlri  ttpiruliliiis  .jiuttimr  iiiHtruvta;  iiiiiliui-i(iii.s  liiciilliiliii'Iliiis  (iiitcriliiiii  irici'lliiliu-ihuH  y), 

/ham.— H\>or.  j,,',a"=..00-i". 

Syii.  —  (L'lliKjoiiiitm  lluiilii,  Woolt,  AliR'ricuM  N'liUirulist,  18(i8. 

Jlab. — In  aqiiiii'iu  iiiuo. 

Filnnii'iita  nioHtly  prodiircil  into  a  long  npicnl  nclii ;  ongonia  mostly  HUiplc,  glolioHC,  Ronic-tiincii 
Hiiiiictvliat  lir.\ii);c)iml,  scuiirwhal  tiiiiiiil  in  tlii>  iniildlu,  tlin  lati'i'iil  poro  pluccil  lirlow  llio 
iiiiildlu  ;  oospdi'L'  ^Idlicisc,  Mill  liiliiig  tlii>  citvity  nf  tlm  npiirt'  rase,  its  hiirlacu  witli  fuur  itpiral 
cluvutu  '  liiii'K  or  I'idgcH  ;  aiillirridia  birtlliilar  (Kuiiiutliiii'8  ti'iculliilur  ':'). 

licmarliH. — 'I'liis  little  i>limt  iippcanMl  in  my  nciuiiritiiu  some!  years  since,  formiiij? 
a  (lelieute  friiif^e  upon  the  \arioiis  lujuatic  plants  giDwing  tln'iein.  Its  color  is  a 
bright  yellowish  j^reen,  ileepeninjj  to  a  very  dark  j^rcen  in  cells  which  uyc  crowded 
with  gramdar  protoplasm.  The  filaments  vary  very  greatly  in  size,  the  largest  I 
have  seen  were  j,ijf  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  'I'liey  are  provided  with  long,  termi- 
nal sctn,  which  are  much  more  universally  present  than  in  any  of  the  other  sjtecies 
I  have  met  with.  The  first  step  in  the  fornnition  of  a  spore  is  the  cmjjtying  of  a 
cell  into  its  distal  neighbor,  so  that  each  s[iore  case  is  placed  at  the  end  of  lui  empty 
cell.  These  sporangia  may  bo  single  or  they  may  bo  in  series  of  two  or  more, 
separati'd  only  from  om;  another  by  tin;  eruptivo  cells  just  spoken  of.  The  color 
of  the  mature  spore  is  a  very  dark  reddish-brown.  Tho  autheridia  is  bicellidar, 
slightly  curved,  sonu'what  stipate,  with  a  distinct  foot.  Its  most  common  position 
is  on  the  vacated  ci'U  just  below  tho  sporo  case.  The  zoospores,  us  I  have  seen 
them,  are  always  globose. 

I  have  naiued  this  species  after  my  friend.  Dr.  J.  (Jibbons  Hunt,  a  well-known 
microscopist  of  tiiis  city,  to  whom  I  am  greatly  iiulebtiul  for  aid  in  my  earlier 
microscopic  studies. 

Fig.  2,  pi,  17,  represents  different  forms  and  parts  of  this  plant.  2  a  shows 
the  (nul  of  a  filament  and  the  long  seta-like  lip.  2  />  was  taken  from  two  cells, 
one  of  which  had  just  undergone  division,  and  shows  very  ])lainly  the  method  of 
procedure ;  lying  its  it  were  between  the  cells,  and  bearing  the  end  of  the  lower 
one  upon  it,  is  the  new  little  cell.  Fig.  2  c  represents  a  fertile  filament  with  two 
mature  spores  aiul  one  not  fully  grown.  Fig.  2  d  was  drawn  from  a  filament  just 
forming  a  spore,  ami  shows  tho  nnile  plant  iti  situ.  Fig.  2  c  represents  a  male 
plant  (magnified  some  IJJOO  diameters)  with  the  outer  terminal  cell  scarcely  nion; 
than  a  primordial  utricle.  The  contents  of  the  lower  cell  w(>re  in  a  state  of  in- 
tense motion;  aiul  the  arrows  are  meant  to  indicate  the  directions  of  the  currents. 
Fig.  2/  represents  a  portion  of  a  filament  with  a  zoospore  just  escaped  and  still 
quiescent. 

A.  vcliinala,  Wood  (sp.  nov.) 

A.  valde  oloriirattt ;  nrticulis  diamctro  G-14  i)lo  Imigiorilms;  oogoniis  plobosia,  ploriiinqiin  dc- 
prt'ssis,  ad  .0014"  crassiri;  oosporis  oiiffoiiii  foriiia  ft  ejus  Imni'ii  rc'iilciililius,  valdc  ucidfalis ; 
puro  lutvralc  supra  mi'dium  pusito;  uiitlicridiis  hioellularibiis  ? 

7)iVjm.— Spor.  rsV(r5"="01".     CcdI.  ^^V—j^Js"  =  .0003:!"  — .0005". 
ffah. — III  stagiHs,  Allogliaiiy  Mounlaiiis. 


ii 


f  ■ 


•  ' 


FIU    ^ir-WATKU    Al,(l>:   OF   TMK    UNITIII)   STATUS. 


lOU 


O.  KyimndroiiH,  very  fllt)iitfiiti> ;  joIntH  fi-1 1  liiiii'H  Umifvr  tlmii  linmd  ;  Hporniiniu  Kl«>l<"sr,  numlly 
(IcprfSNcd,  iibout  .(101  I"  ill  (liiiiiicirr;  iiowiMii-fs  of  tlif  siiiiiv  roiiii  nn  (i|M)riiiiniu,  wImihc  ciivily 
ilicy  uliiioHl  (111;  covcruil  witli  dliurp  Hpiiiun ;  lli«  lutcrul  \totv  pluofU  uliovu  (liu  iiiitUIKi ;  uii- 
llieriiliik  bii'i'lliilur  ? 

lieiiiarkn.—l  found  this  distinct  BpcM-ics  in  ii  littlo  Htnf»nant  pool  in  tho 
wilderness,  known  us  Hear  Meadows,  in  Centre  ('onnty,  of  tliis  State.  'Hie  fila- 
ments are  very  lonj,',  and  were  nuittiid  togetlicr  into  u  sort  of  liltrons  mass.  'I'iic 
male  plants  were  few  in  nnndier,  and  were  attached  to  tiic  femaU-  plant  in  tho 
neif,'lil»orhood  of  tlio  sporanj^ia.  1  have  not  seen  any  composed  of  more  tlnni  two 
cells,  'riu'y  are  fnrnished  with  a  well-marked  foot,  above  wliieh  tliero  is  a  sliort 
neck.      .Vs  I  have  seen  tlieni  they  arc  nearly  straight. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  unikc  out  more  than  one  cont  to  the  spores.  Tliis  coat 
is  very  thick,  and  is  furnished  witli  numerous  thorn-like  spines.  These  are  very 
sharp  at  tlie  points,  but  at  their  bases  are  mostly  very  robust. 

I'ig.  3,  pi.  18,  represents  a  spore  of  this  plant  magniiicMl  750  diameters. 

Subfamily  BUT.BOCILV/rE.E. 

Filniim  riuiio.siini,  soli.'*  stvidis  liyaliiiirt  iiclin)i.s  i'  lia.si  bulbosa  ct  plu.-f  iiiiiuiii  olonnatis  iiistructura. 
Fil  iiiiL'iils  bruiK'liiiig,  funiiBhcd  with  striiigiit,  liyaiiuo,  more  or  less  elongated  seta,  arising  from  a 
bulbijus  baso. 

L'rvKirl-^. — Tlio  IhiUinrh(p/rcc  are  at  once  separated  from  their  allies  the  (I'jhyo- 
iiirw  by  their  bushy,  branched  Inibit  of  growth.  Tlic  sln\pe  of  tlie  indivi(Uml 
cell  is  also  entirely  diffennit,  for  instead  of  being  rc^gularly  cylindrical  they  are 
almost  always  markedly  dilatec'  at  their  distal  end,  so  as  to  be  somewhat  clavate, 
nor  is  tlie  filament  or  its  brandies  ever  ended  by  a  long  seta-like  series  of  narrow 
colorless  cells.  Many  or  all  of  tho  cells  are,  however,  furnished  with  a  single 
very  long  nnicellular  unbranclied  liair.  These  hairs  are  colorless,  hyaline,  and 
provided  with  a  mavke<lly  and  abruptly  bulbous  base.  Tlio  Btilhochu'tac  grow  in 
similar  positions  to  tiieir  allies,  but  are  not  nearly  so  common,  nor  when  jn-esent 
do  they  grow  in  such  abundance,  very  rarely,  if  ever,  forming  tho  dense  forest-like 
fringes  or  the  matted  masses  that  some  species  of  the  (Klo(ji)nie(C  do.  They  are 
reproduced  both  by  /oospores  and  resting  spores. 

T'lie  manner  of  tlic  development  of  and  growth  of  the  plant  from  the  zoospore 
is  very  peculiar.  I  liave  never  myself  studied  it,  but  I'rof.  Vringsheim  gives  tht; 
following  account:  "When  the  zoospore  first  settles  down  it  jji-oduces  a  cell  closely 
resi-mbling  that  of  an  (Eiloijonium.  The  first  change  which  occurs  in  this  cell  is 
the  formation  of  a  small,  conical,  transparent,  colorless  space  at  the  apex,  which 
space  in  a  litth-  while  becomes  separated  from  the  mother-cell  by  a  distinct  par- 
tition-wall, and  at  the  same  time  the  apex  itself  is  ruptured,  and  the  point  of  the 
little  growing  cone  pushed  through  the  opening.  This  rupture  does  not  take 
place  irregularly,  but  by  a  sort  of  circniinscribed  dertiscence,  similar  to  that  of  the 
(KiJoijon'mm,  the  top  of  the  mother-cell  being  lifted  up  like  a  little  trap-door,  and 
finally  pushed  aside  as  the  new  conical  cell  grows  elongate  and  becomes  converted 
into  a  hair.  After  the  formation  of  this  apical  liair,  the  mother-cell  undergoes 
division  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  of  aii  CEdoijaiiiuiii.     Near  its  distal  end  a 


\\\ 


■ 


I  I 


■8 


200 


FUKSH-WATKIl   ALflK   OF  T II K   UNITED   8TATKS. 


cirnilar  Mlit  ftppcurn,  niid  at  tlic  same  time  ii  partition  forms,  ho  tlint  from  tlio 
niotliiT-ccll  lire  (Il'V(1oi»('(1  a  small  apical  and  a  larf,'t'  i)asal  daiij,'litcr-(('l!.  'I'lic  his- 
tory of  the  former  of  tlicsi;  is  simply  oiio  of  (growth  as  rcj^ards  the  main  axis.  It 
increases  in  size  hnt  does  not  give  orij^in  to  m  w  cells.  All  snch  cells  are  formed 
out  of  the  liasal  dan},'hter-cell,  which,  ns  already  described,  divides  into  a  new 
apical  and  liasal  cell—  the  apical  only  to  (,'row  in  the  main  filament — the  Itasal  to 
divide  anew.  It  is  always  the  hasal  eel*,  that  iinder^'oes  ilivision,  thron<;hout  the 
whole  life-history  of  the  plant,  one  rell  nlono  contrihutinf^  to  the  growth  of  the 
main  filament.  The  filament  thnr  formed  hears  tipon  it.-i  distal  end  the  hair  whifh 
grew  upon  the  original  spore-cell,  and  this  hair  is,  save  only  the  hasal  cell,  flic 
oldest  part  of  the  filament.  The  cell  upon  wlii(  h  it  rests  is  tin;  next  oldest,  the 
next  to  it  in  position,  the  next  in  ngo,  and  so  on  (fnnu  older  to  younger)  down  to 
the  hasal  cell,  the  oldest  of  all,  lying  next  to  the  latest  born. 

Although  the  cells  of  the  main  lilaments  do  not  contriiinte  to  its  development, 
yet  it  is  from  them  that  the  lateral  branches  are  formed.  The  production  of  ii 
branch  begins  by  the  appearance  of  a  clear  spac<!  near  tlu;  apex  of  the  cell,  but  this 
clear  space  is  placed,  not  exactly  at  the  apex,  but  a  little  to  one  side.  It  soon  becomes 
distinctly  conical,  enlarges,  bursts  through  tlie  old  cell-wall,  is  cut  off  by  a  cellulose 
partition  from  its  parent,  and  develops  into  a  hair  similar  to  that  first  fornu-d,  but 
placed  at  au  augh;  to  the  long  axis.  It  is  reunirkable  that  the  opening  for  the 
exit  of  the  growing  hair  occurs,  not  by  a  circular  transverse  slit,  but  by  a  longi- 
tudinal one,  the  two  halves  of  the  old  cell-walls  separating  as  the  little  cone  pushes 
its  way  between  them  and  jiersisting  as  a  sort  of  sheath  to  its  base.  "When  the 
hair  is  perfected  the  cell  from  which  it  grew  undergoes  division  in  th(<  usual  way, 
save  oidy  that  the  cutting  off  of  the  old  wall  is  done  obli(piely  instead  of  trans- 
versely, so  that  the  partition  is  obliipie  instead  of  horizontal,  and  the  new  cell 
grows  at  nn  angle  to  the  old,  instead  of  in  the  line  of  its  axis.  The  new  cell, 
conse(iuently,  is  the  starting  point  to  a  branch  at  an  angle  to  the  main  filament. 
This  branch,  like  tlic  nniin  filament,  grows  only  by  the  repeated  divisions  of  its 
primal  basal  cell,  and  bears  aloft  its  seta.  Secondary  branches  nniy  arise  from  it 
precisely  in  the  way  that  it  arose  from  the  parent  stem,  and  thus  at  last  is  formed 
the  bushy  plant  of  the  BidfiDcIuvtca;. 

The  zoospores  closely  resemble  those  of  tlu^  O'Ahxjon'wtr,  and  are  oval  or  glo- 
bose nuisses  of  (thlorophyllous  protoplasm,  with  a  transparent  space  at  tin?  smaller 
end,  surmounted  by  a  crown  of  cilia.  Their  mode  of  fornuition  and  whole  lif(v 
history  arc  also  similar  to  that  of  the  CEdnyonIca;  zoospores,  up  to  the  time  when 
in  their  germination  they  begin  to  produce  new  cells. 

Sexual  reproduction  amongst  all  the  knov.-n  IhiUiorlurlra'  is  similar  in  its  general 
aspect  to  that  seen  among  the  gynandrous  O'Moi/oiilrrr,  but  differs  considerably  in 
detail.  The  oogonia  are  mostly  formed  in  lateral  branches.  Their  position  in  these 
branches  varies  in  the  various  species. 

Since  any  cell  from  the  next  to  basal  to  the  most  distal  of  all  crowne;!  with  the 
terminal  seta  may  be  converted  into  a  oogonium,  according  to  I'ringsheim,  tin? 
cell  wV.ich  is  to  form  the  oogonium  arises  in  the  usual  way,  by  the  division  of  a 
cell  into  two  daughter-cells.     The  new  daughter-cell,  which  is  to  develoj)  into  the 


rip 


FRKSII-WATRll    AI,(),f;   O  I"   T II  K    UNITKD   STATES. 


201 


scxuiil  |mrt,  does  not,  however,  rupture  the  oltl  wall  of  llie  iiiother-cell,  but  growH 
out  lieyontl  it,  mid  there  dilates.  The  new  cell  is  tlierefore  divisihlo  iuto  two  parts, 
a  proximal  eylindrieal  \  ortion,  eontaiued  within  tiie  walls  ot  tlie  niother-eell,  and 
a  distal  more  or  less  j,'lol)idar  piece  beyond  the  latter.  'I'iie  chloroiiiiynons  prot(^ 
plasm  now  collects  in  this  diluted  portion,  Icuviiif;  the  basal  cylindrical  part  bare  nnd 
empty.  The  oogonium  is  not,  however,  formed  directly  from  this  upper  portion 
(the  primitive  oogoniiun,  us  it  nniy  be  called),  l»ut  u  new  wall  forms  wiliiin  tlie  latter 
und  then  it  undergoes  division  much  as  did  the  primury  cell.  In  this  way  it  is  that 
the  upper  and  lower  portions  of  the  old  wall,  /.  r.  that  of  the  primitive  oogoniinu, 
remain  as  u  .sort  of  busal  sheutli  nnd  cup  to  the  fully-formed  sporangium.  The 
litth?  hole  by  wliich  tiie  spermutozoids  find  entrunce  to  the  contents,  of  the  oogo- 
nium is  always  fornwd  in  the  upper  Indf  of  the  wall  of  the  latter. 

As  stated,  all  the  species  of  Jlalhochatiiv  us  yet  kiiown  ure  gynundrous.  Tlu) 
antheridin  reseinbh;  those  of  similar  (J'jl<>(j(inu<p,  und  their  life-history  la  very  similar. 
The  dcvch>pment  of  the  resting  spores  is  said  to  take  place  as  follows :  The  first 
change  is  in  tin;  color  of  the  spore,  the  briglit  red  becoming  green,  e(\)cciidly  near 
the  margins  of  tin;  cavity.  The  outer  wall  is  then  rupturetl  and  the  spore  grows 
into  a  long  oval  body,  whose  contents  ure  chiefly  green  with  u  sprinkling  of  the 
original  red.  The  protoitlasni  of  this  oval  body  gradually  divides  into  four  masses, 
which  become  more  and  more  distinct,  xuitil  they  are  at  last  well  formed  zoosp(n-es, 
similar  to  those  produced  in  tlie  more  ordinary  method,  except,  perhaps,  that  they 
are  redder.  They  are  finally  set  free  in  the  water  by  a  solution  of  the  cell  wall 
surrounding  them,  and  enter  upon  a  brief  free  existence,  to  settle  down  after  u 
little  and  grow  into  u  fully-formed  plant. 


Genus  BULBOCIL^TE. 

AmlrosporiD  in  plnnta  fominod  ortnj,  postoa  liaiic  allixiu  et. in  Qiithcridiis  so  formantos. 
AiKlrosi)oro  arising  in  tiic  female  plant,  afterwards  nfTixod  to  it  and  developing  inio  the  antlicridia. 

B.  ignota,  Wo»n. 

B.  H|)arso  ranicsa,  elongata;  articulia  diamctro  ma.\.  (^^^"  =  .00077")  IJ-S  plo  longiorjluis; 
oogoniis  lonfj.  ,,',5"  =  .002r)",  lat.  jji'n"  =  OOIH",  interdum  latcralilins  et  Kessililius,  ih'.Lr- 
dinn  intor  rnnmlornni  ecliiilas  vegetiitivas  positis,  dissepiinento  nulUi;  oo.sporis  ovulil)u.s,  longi- 
tndinaliter  noiiniliil  obliipio  et  distunto  eo.statiH,  in  letato  proveeta  aurantiaco-brunnuis,  sporo- 
derniatu  cras.so  ;  antlieridiis  3-4  cellularibus,  stipitatis. 

Syn. — B.  ignuta,  Wood,  Prodromus,  Proc.  Amor.  Philos.  '    a.,  1809. 

I/ub. — In  aquia  quiclis,  propo  Pliiladolphia. 

B,  sparsely  Ijranehed,  elongiito  with  the  joints  1^3  times  longer  than  broad  (^^I'lj^"  =.00077"); 
oosporangia  .0025"  long  by  .0018"  broad,  sometimes  lateral  and  se.s.sile,  Konietinics  ])laeed 
upon  the  apex  of  a  braneli,  sometimes  situated  in  the  length  of  the  branches  between  their 
cells;  till.'  empty  cell  whieh  supports  the  sporangium  without  dissepiment;  oospores,  oval, 
fdling  rather  closely  the  cavity  of  the  sporc-caso,  longitudirmlly  somewhat  ohliijucly  and  dis- 
tantly costate,  when  mature  orange  brown;  spore-coat  rather  thick;  anthcridia  3-4  celled, 
scarcely  stipitate. 

liemarkfi.—  When  I  described   und   figured  tiiis  species  I  had  never  seen  the 
mature  fruit,  but  very  recently  Mr.  Quimby  has  communicated  specimens  to  me. 

20      September,  1872. 


202 


V  K  K  S  II  -  W  A  'I'  I')  I!    A  I-  (i  .!•;    (>  K    'I'  II  K    U  N  1  1'  K  D    S  T  A  T  K  S. 


Hi  f, 


1,1 
i: 


ft 


lill 


'riic  color  ol'  tlic  spore  is  oiiiiinc  Itrown,  ami  tlu^  thick  coat  is  sli^litly  tiiif^cd  >vltli 
jcUowisli.  'I'lic  mature  oosporaiif^iiini  is  somewhat  llatteneil  at  the  sides,  not  so 
fUijttical  as  the  young  spore,  which  I  have  fi_i;ureil. 

Kit,'.  5  (f,  pi.  IS,  represents  a  (Vaf^mcnt  of  a  lilanient  sliowing  yonnj^  siwranfifiul 
cells  mii;;nilietl  'JtiO  dianu-ters  ;  T)  li,  icpreseuts  a  hranch  v'\{\\  a  youngish  spore  in  it, 
inagnilied  Mid  diameters;  iiy.  5  c,  was  taken  iVom  a  male  jilant, 

tt.  (llllllOMIl,  W<»ll> 

It.  arliriiliM  iliMiiicIro  \\-'2  |>li>  Iiiiii^ioiibiis ;  n>i);ciniis  pli'niini|ii(i  in  raiiiuniin  lin'vissii:iiiriini 
apiclliiis  |iii.silis  st'ii  iiiU'i'iliiiii  lulcraliliiix,  |ilri'uiiiiiiit'  xi'lain  ti'iiiiiiiiilcia  ^crriililiuN-,  i>iiH|iiii'ii4 
t'lioi'iiiilcr  (ivaliliiis  ant  ovalix,  luiiic'liil  iiuiistiiiclti  lon);itiiilinalit>'r  <>l)li(|iii'  Kiiliarclvhlriatis ; 
unlliri'iiliiH  liii'i'llulariliiis,  slijiilr  iiislractis,  rt'lliiliv  ImihuIo  li'.cdio  iiiiiiiila,  Niiprii  ku'|iu  iMiilnirtu. 

Si/ii.  —  //.  iliinionn,  WiioD,  rriiilioiims,  I'mc.  Aiucr.  I'liilus.  Soc,  1S09,  p.  II 'J. 

//(ill. — !ii  aipiai'io  iiico. 

Joints  1.^  2  liiiics  Idii^iT  tliaii  iiniail  ;  iiiispiii'aii)j;ia  p'lu'rully  ])1n('('i1  <ipi)M  the  imiiIs  of  Hlmit, 
liiaiiclu's  Imt  suincliiiu's  lalcral.  iMnslly  ran_viii,r  a  Irnniiial  srla;  rt'sliiifj  ni>i)rfs  ini'ftiilurly 
oval  iir  iivali',  sumh'wIkiI  iMilisliiiclly  Dliliipicly  l(iii(;iluilinally  iiml  rallirr  closi'ly  Ktriair  ;  aii- 
tlu'iiilia  liii'i'lliilar,  rtiriilslit'il  .villi  u  little  Htipc,  tlicir  lia.sal  crll  tuiiild  in  lluMiiiddlc,  iVripicnlly 
I'onti'iictril  aliovr. 

Renin r/,:i. — This  species  appeared  spontaneously  during  the  latter  part  ol'  the 
winter  upon  some  largi*  fresh-water  alga-  which  I  was  cultivating.  It  hrauchc'- 
irreguhnly  and  sometimes  soniewh;it  pn)fusely,  so  a.s  to  have  (piite  a  bushy  hahit. 
The  antiuT'diii  appear  to  produce  a  single  spermatozoon  in  the  termiuid  cell ;  at 
least  iis  far  as  my  observation  has  gone  this  is  true.  I  ihiidv  I  hav<'  always  found 
th(!  distal  cells  of  fertile  plants  emptied  of  their  contents,  as  though  they  had  fur- 
nished the  aiulrosi)ores  which  had  growr  nito  the  aiitheridia.  'I'his  .-ipecies  is 
closely  allied  to  //.  i/nni/is^  of  I'ringsheini,  trom  which  it  dill'ers  in  the  position  of 
the  oogouia,  in  the  relative  breadth  and  length  of  the  cell,  and  the  number  of  cells 
fomposiug  the  antheridia. 

Fig.  (i  (r,  pi.  is,  represents  a  tihimeut  of  this  species  maguitied  'i6(  «liameters; 
()  />,  a  nnile  plant  maguitied  7.j(t  diauieters. 

II.  Cniibyii,  AVooiv 

li.  |)(<rii)itgiiik  ad  .O.'l.'i"  loiiK'v,  sparso  raninsa;  arlirnlls  Rtcrililiiis  diiunolro  2-S  plo  liiii|j:ii)riliiis : 
(xi^iiiiiis  lati'ialiliu.s  vol  in  raniulnruni  apirt'in  (idsitis,  IranHVcr.so  cniirrniti'i'  civalilni.s;  nu.'^pdris, 
Iraiisvi'ivf  onuiniilfr  nvalil'iis.  iilcrninipic  niMiniliil  li'ian);uhiril)us,  iiiigonii  liiinni  ri'pli'nlihns; 
sponidorniHii  crasso,  hanil  cuslato,  ciioi'miicr  iiuucnito  ;   iintlii'i'idiis  liiccllnlaiilius. 

]>iiim—Vv\\.  stcril.  ,,«.,„"_„ p»,,/'=  OOOdCi— 001.     Spor.  trausv.  ^J J,"  =  .00'-"J('.. 

tfi/n. — /.'.  <'iiiihi/ii,\\i<ou,  I'riH;.  .Vnicr.  I'liiKis.  Si)ci«'ty,  lS(i!),  p.  112. 

Jliih.  —  In  atpiis  (piit'tis,  propi-  Ililicrnin,  Florida;   (William  Ciinliy). 

1!.  vory  lartrc,  attaiTiiiiu;  a  lcM);tli  of  inori"  lliaii  oiic-lliird  an  incli,  sparsely  liranclu'd  ;  sU'rilo 
jo'nls  2  to  H  limes  loiij;er  Umiii  liroad  ;  oosporani'ia  Iiileri.l  or  placed  upon  the  ends  ol'  Iiruncdies, 
irre;rnliirly  transversely  oval;  oospores  of  a  similar  shape,  often  a  little  lriaiif;nhir,  lilliii(?  the 
cavity  of  the  sporanginni ;   spore  coat  thick,  not  costate  hut  irrejrnlnrly  punelale. 

Rciiiiirkx. — It  aii'ords  me  great  pleasure  to  dedicate  (his  very  handsome  species 
to  Mr.  William  Canby,  by  whom  it  was  collected  in  Florida,  as  an  ackuowledg- 
meut  of  favors  receivid,  anil  as  a  testimony  of  respect  and  high  rcgsird  for  him 


-M 


V  K  K  S  II  -  W  A  T  K  11  A  L  (1  A]   O  V  T  H  K   V  N  1  T  K  D    H  I'  A  T  K  8. 


203 


pcrsoimlly,  and  as  hciiif,'  amoiij,'  tlic  foremost  studi-nts  of  Aiiicriciiii  i)Iiaiicrof^iiiiiir 
botany. 

This  species  is  more  nearly  allied  to  aS'.  viitior  t'.an  to  any  other  of  tlu'  Kiiroixan 
forms,  hilt  diifera  from  it  very  essentially  in  size  and  habit.  It  is  always,  as  I  have 
seen  it,  except  in  very  youn-,'  plants,  f-parsely  and  mostly  diehotomously  branched, 
and  attains  a  very  great  length,  at  times  probably  excee«ling  the  third  of  an  inch. 
The  .spore  is  mostly  sessile  npon  the  distal  ends  of  the  cells  of  the  tilament ;  in  all 
snch  eases  1  have;  noticed  that  Uie  cell  npon  whieh  it  was  borne  was  divided  in  its 
middle  by  a  partition  into  two  cells.  Not  nnfrecpiently  tlu;  spore  is  raised  upon  u 
short  i)ranch.  'I'he  inale  jdants  are  attached  to  the  female  filamen's  generally  in 
the  neighborhood  of  (he  sporangium,  to  which  they  sometimes  fasleii  themselves 
immediately.  Thi-y  are  shortly  stipitate,  and  composed  of  two  cells.  The  matnri! 
spore  is  transversely  oval,  now  und  then  slightly  triangnlar,  and  is  nearly  of  the 
<'olor  of  bnrnt  sieima.  Its  coat  is  thick,  oft(>n  slightly  yellowish,  and  has  on  it8 
onter  snrface  irregnlar  pnnctations,  looking  like  corrosions.  These  are  not  detai'h- 
able,  except  when  the  rnptured  sporo  is  more  or  less  completely  eiiiptied  of  its 
contents.  The  sporinif^inm  closely  invests  tho  spore,  and  when  the  latter  is  matnred 
nndergoes  a  circnlar  division,  so  that  the  top  falls  off  and  allows  the  spore  to  escape. 

l'"ig.  (5  c,  pi.  1(),  re]n-esents  a  portion  of  a  filament,  magnified  '2()()  diameters, 
witli  a  yonng  sporanginm  and  yonng  nuile  p'ants  uttaciied  ;  (»  A,  represents  a  very 
yonng  plant,  magnified  'JfiO  diameters.  Fig.  fi  </,  was  taken  from  a  mature  plant, 
and  shows  the  mature  sjjore.  l'"ig.  (i  e,  shows  in  outlint"  a  sporanginm  and  male 
jdants  attached  ,  whilst  (>  (/,  was  drawn  fiom  a  sporanginm  which  had  perfected 
its  spore  and  innlergono  the  natural  dehiscence. 


Fa.\iii,y  (1iri{()0LElMDK7T]. 

Alj?iv  iirrcii',  luirco-,  iiunviiliaco-  vcl  niliiii-fiisco-onloralir,  .sirciila^  wi'pt'  I'nnio.  l''ilii  varic  ramosn, 
I'Vlidilcnimlr  rrasso  vi'l  .subrrassi),  Rrmo,  siihcarlila),'iiii'i'  pni'ilila,  in  |iiilviiiuliis  mimitns  vcl  in  strii- 
lani  tcnm^  aiit  inrrassato-tonicntD.Miini  (Icasissiinc  u(;(j;n'(;ala  vcl  itnplicala.  ('yliii|ilaHMni(ilciiMiin  vcl 
gruniiliisiiin,  aut  niliclliini,  anreian,  ant  llavci-rnHcnni,  intiM'dinn  viridc  tinctiini,  poNt  niurlcni  plcnini- 
(pic  cxpallcsccMH.      ).'iopii)rali()  lit  /.oii^jjdnidiis. 

.Krial  aifinv  (Iiihl-.'n  (iranffc,  or  reddish  fnscDUM,  often  (;ni)isli  wlicn  dried.  Kilainenls  vniiuiisly 
1)rai\elicd,  rin'Mislicd  wilh  a  tliiek,  (ir  lliiekisli,  sul)enrlila(Jtiii<)iis  cytioderni,  densely  a)r};rc>rated  iiilo 
niinnle  ensliions,  ur  a  thin  nr  liinicnlDscly  Ihiekencd  ilraluni.  ("vliopla.-^ni  pninnlHr  nr  conlaininf^ 
(lily  particles,  rcd(lisli-;;i)ldcii,  or  yello\visli-rnse(Mi.s,  soniclinius  tinged  willi  green ;  after  dcaili  often 
colorless  or  nearly  so.      fropUKatioii   liy  Zoospores. 

/iV7/»(/7.x — The  plants  of  this  family  ar"  so  different  from  tlie  others  of  the 
order,  that  it  is  a  matter  of  consideralde  doubt  whether  or  not  they  slioidd  \w 
classified  with  them.  They  rtirely  possess  distinct,  well-pronounced  chlorophyl, 
and  form  mats  or  strata  of  some  shach'  of  reddish,  grayish,  or  brownish,  so  that 
they  iir(>  very  different  in  api)earan<'e  from  the  other  Coii/frrfiirir. 

I  do  not  think  their  position  can  b(>  certaiidy  fixed  until  their  lif'e-Iiistory  litis 
been  move  fully  developed.  In  iissigning  them  this  place  1  have  sinnily  l'ollow<'d 
Prof,  llalu  nlnn'st. 


i.l 


ii 


.'  I 


'I  { 


204 


IMIKSII-WATKR   ALayl']   OF   THE   UNITKP   STATKS. 


Tlio  only  specimens  tli.it  Inive  conic  to  my  notice  arc  in  a  dried  conditi(>n,  and 
conseciiicntly  no  possible  opportunity  lias  been  affonh.'d  of  studying  the  manner  ot" 
reproduction.  No  one  has  us  yet,  at  least  to  my  knowledge,  discovered  any  sexual 
reproduction  in  tlic  family,  but  the  method  in  which  the  zoospores  arc  produced 
has  l)een  carcfidly  studied,  especially  by  Drs.  Caspary  {Ri'i/cimfjurg  Flora,  iHoH) 
and  IIild(;braud  [liotanisdie  Zeitung).  The  little  niotile  bodies  are  not  produced 
in  the  cells  indis(;riminately,  but  in  certain  jnes  set  apart  for  the  purpose,  to  which 
the  name  of  zoosporangia  is  very  applicable.  Thesi?  are  large,  globular,  thick  walled 
cells,  which  are  generally  provided  with  a  pvotuberauiic  at  tiie  top  and  marked  by 
transverse  wrinkles.  They  are  most  frequently  situated  upon  the  end  of  the  filament 
or  one  of  its  branches,  but  arc  rarely  placed  in  the  middle  of  the  thread,  and  still 
more  rarely  the  cell  next  bidow  the  /oosporangium  elongates  itself  sideways  and  \\\>- 
wards  into  a  thread,  so  that  the  reproductive  cell  is  l(;ft  as  a  lateral  one-celled  branch 
or  process.  When  the  zoosporangiuni  is  sufficiently  matured  the  cndochrome 
oreaks  up  into  a  nund)ei'  of  miniito  masses,  the  future  zoospores.  Finally  the 
I 'owning  papilla  of  the  mother-cell  ruptures  and  fillows  the  contents  to  escape  as 
a  well-formed  vesicle,  containing  the  perfected  zoospores.  It  is  said,  however,  that 
sometimes  the  vesicle  is  wanting,  and  the  zoospores  are  discharged  into  the  wat(>r. 
In  the  ordinary  course,  after  a  little  while  the  vesicle  lying  in  the  water  burst : 
and  sets  its  motile  contents  free.  The  zoospores  themselves  are  very  small,  accord- 
ing to  Ilildebrand,  ^J^-^J^mm.  in  length,  hy  ^J^-TrS^niUi.  in  breadth.  In  accord- 
ance with  the  same  authority  they  are,  when  first  discharged,  cylindrical,  but  in  a 
little  while  become  tlatt(>ned,  and  shaped  like  a  flaxseed.  They  are  biciliate  and 
contain  a  large  number  of  small,  orange-colored  particles.  I'rom  thirty-two  to 
sixty-four  of  them  are  foimed  in  one  zoosporangiuni,  and  neither  light  nor  time  of 
day  appear  to  have  any  influence  npon  their  birth.  Ilildcbrand  states  that  their 
motile  life  lasts  from  eighteen  to  thirty-six  hours,  but  according  to  Caspary,  after 
continuing  in  motion  for  about  an  hour,  they  grow  slugg'sh,  sink,  become  globular, 
tlicn  elongate  thems(>lves  and  shortly  undergoing  transverse  division,  actively  com- 
mence to  form  the  new  filament. 

(iemis  CIIIlOOLErUS,  Ag. 

Filu  (.lintincto  articulata,  iiitricatn,  cnormitcr  rnniosa. 
Filaments  distinctly  articuliito,  intrionto,  irregularly  hrnneliod. 

C.  aiireiiin,  (liiNNfe.)  Ktz. 

C.  fili.s  rttniossimis,  in  strntnui  aurco-brunneuni,  ad  duas  tres  iincas  crassnm,  ranspitosnni  et  niollc 
intricatis  vel  in  eiespitulos  aggrcgatis  ;  ailiculis  cnor.niljus,  diunictro  sosqni-,  diiplo  ti'i|)lovu 
li)ngi(iril)ns. 

/)/aHi.— .Max  =  .001". 

Syn. — G.  aureum,  (LiNNfe.)  KiJTZiNO.    Rahenhorst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarnm,  Sect.  III.  p.  371. 

lUth. — Little  Fall.>i,  Now  York;   Godwinsvillc,  Now  Jcrsej- ;   (Austin).     Texas;  (Kavcncl). 

Filaments  very  nuieh  branelied,  interwoven  to  form  a  yellowish-brown  Boftisli  mat,  two  or 
three  lines  in  thieknes'i;  joints  irregular,  1^-3  times  longer  than  broad. 

Rcmarht. — I   am    indebted  to  Mr.   Austin   for    specimens  which    are    labelled 
"  Forms  dense  yellow-brown  cushions  on  rocks,  at  Little  Falls,  New  York   and 


1  i 


mmst 


wmmmmmmm 


FRESn-WATER   AluQM  OP   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


206 


Godwinsvillr,  New  Jersey."  As  dried,  the  plant  is  in  extended,  gray,  felt-like 
masses.  The  walls  of  the  artieles  as  seen  with  the  microscope  are  thick  and 
irregular,  and  the  joints  themselves  arc  also  very  irregular,  tin  nid  ones  heing  often 
swollen  and  rounded  so  as  to  give  the  hranches  a  sort  of  huloous  termination. 

Among  the  Alga;  collected  in  Texas  hy  Prof.  Ravenel,  is  a  dried  specimen  CNo, 
100),  lahelled  "On  Bark,  Houston,  Texas,"  which  I  cannot  separate  from  this 
species.  It  occurs  in  small  tufts,  which,  as  diied,  are  of  a  very  decided  orange, 
and,  no  douht,  were  still  brighter  during  life.  The  articles  are  not  so  irregular  as  < 
in  Mr.  Austin's  specimens,  but  excepting  in  this  and  color  when  dried  they  agree 
very  well.  Besides  tiiese  I  have  several  specimens  from  the  same  source,  which 
are  in  extended  mats  and  agree  in  all  respects  with  their  northern  brethren. 

Our  American  form  appears  to  attain  a  greater  diam(!tor  in  its  individual  fila- 
ments than  does  the  European  variety,  but  1  know  of  no  other  character  sepiirating 
it  from  tlie  latter;  and  consequently  must  consider  them  identical.  The  measure- 
ment given  is  an  extreme  one,  .009"  being  commonly  tlie  limit. 

Genus  BULBOTRICIIIA,  KcTZ. 

Fila  iiidistincte  articulala,  m'liron,  (iniia,  raiiiosa;  rami  in  iipico  iiitumosccntcR,  Bporangia  con- 
Ktitiivntc^s. 

Pilnii,.  ta  indistinctly  articulate,  translucent,  firm,  branched;  the  ends  of  the  brunches  Rwollcn  so 
us  tu  form  sporangia. 

B.  albida,  Wood  (sp.  nov.). 

B.  strato  albido,  coriacoo  vel  crustacco  ;  Tdis  arete  intcrtcxtis,  cnormitcr  raniossissiniis,  colori.-j 
expertibus;  sporangiis  viridibus. 

Hub. — In  muscis.  Northern  New  Jersey;  (Austin.) 

Forming  a  while  Icalliery  or  crustuccons  stratum  ;  thread  closely  interwoven,  irregularly  and 
plentifully  branched,  colorless;  sporangia  greenish. 

Rcmarlca. — This  cnrious  little  plant,  which  was  sent  me  by  Prof.  Austin,  occurs  in 
minute  white  patches  growing  on  mosses  at  the  base  of  stumps  in  woods.  Some- 
times these  arc  encrusted  abiuidantly  with  the  carbonate  of  lime,  when  they  are 
hard  and  crustaceous.  The  sporangia  appear  to  vary  greatly  in  size ;  sometimes 
they  resemble  very  closely  a  single  spore  (probably  their  commencing  stage;.  The 
bases  of  the  branches  are  rarely,  if  ever,  furnished  with  the  bulbous  swelling,  given 
by  llabenhorst  as  a  generic  distinction,  but  such  enlargements  do  occasionally 
occur  in  the  course  of  tiie  filaments  and  branches.  The  filaments  are  composed 
of  a  series  of  cells,  which  are  in  places  long,  and  have  their  end  walls  thin  and  not 
readily  seen. 

Pig.  5,  pi.  16,  represents  a  part  of  a  plant  magnified  460  diameters. 


Family  CIIiETOPnORACEiE. 

Algn;  aquaticn;  vel  palnstrcs,  rarius  terrcstros,  ))lernmque  monoicie  vel  dioicn;.  Fila  varia,  smpn 
dii'holome  nuno.sa,  baud  niro  fasciculatim  ramulosa,  pleruniqui!  in  ciespites  vel  pulvinulos  cumulata, 
ill  inueo  gelatinoso  8ubli(|uido  vel  firnio  iiidulantia.  I'ropagatio  fit  tum  oosporis,  tuni  zoogonidiis. 
/oogonidia  oriunturuul  singula  aut  geminis  aut  cytioplasmatis  divisionc  8-lfi  in  quoque  sporangio. 


ii.  ! 


,  ■  S 


J  -J 


206 


FRESHWATER   ALGyE    OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


Aqiialie,  paludiil,  or  rarely  tcrrestrinl  nlpic,  mostly  monoieioua  or  (lia'i'inus.  Kilaiiipiits  vnrioiifi, 
ol'tcu  (licliotomously,  but  not  rarely  faseitulately  bruiiclied,  iiiuslly  apgrcgiited  into  liirt'y  mo.sscM  or 
little  cusliioiis,  and  generally  surrounded  by  a  firm  or  8ul)liriuid  gelatinous  mucus.  I'mpiigalion  bolli 
by  zoospores  and  resting  spores.  Zoospores  arising  eitlicr  biugly  or  by  the  division  of  ilie  eytioplasni 
into  8-l(i  iu  eaeli  sporaugium. 

Genus  STIGEOCLONIUM. 

Fila  articulata,  simpliciter  raniosa ;  rami  ramuliquo  sparsi,  rarius  faseioi'latim  approximati,  in 
apiccni  ai'ututn,  sa^pe  ))ilir('rum  acliroum  attouuati  ct  plcrumquo  longo  protcusi,  sicpiuH  raniellia 
brevibus  subulatis  instrueti.  (R.) 

P'ilaniouts  articulate,  simply  branched  ;  ))rnnclies  and  brarciilets  Bpnrso,  rarely  fasciculatcly  np- 
proxinitited,  with  their  ends  ueute  and  freciuently  prolonged  into  au  ottenuulo  transparent  seta  or 
hair,  and  very  often  furnished  with  short  subuhi.j  branches. 

Ri')nn)-l:9. — Plants  which  arc  certainly  referable  to  this  genus  are  abundant  in 
every  place  in  which  I  have  ever  looked  for  fresh-water  algic.  I  confess,  how- 
ever, that  altlioiijjjh  very  much  time  has  been  given  to  their  study,  1  have  not  been 
able  to  make  out  any  distinct  specific  characters,  nor  any  identifications  from  the 
diagnoses  of  M.  llabenhorst.  In  a  certain  spring  northeast  of  the  city,  there  grows 
one  of  these  forms,  which  I  have  closely  watched  for  several  seasons.  In  the 
earlier  state  it  appears  at  times  to  possess  the  characters  of  a  young  ( 'hd'tophora 
(pi.  19,  fig.  1),  forming  a  small  gelatinous  base  out  of  which  the  threads  soon 
escape  as  they  lengthen.  It  constituted  a  sort  of  mucoid  layer  adhering  to  the 
boards  lining  the  stones  witli  waving  masses  of  projecting  filaments  six  or  even 
eight  inches  in  length.  The  filaments  were  mostly  about  55V7"  "^  diameter  and 
much  interlaced. 

The  cells  varied  greatly  in  length,  some  being  scarcely  as  long  as  b'  oad,  whilst 
others  were  eight  or  ten  times  longer.  The  short  cells  were  generally  densely 
filled  with  endochrome,  whilst  the  long  ones  were  nearly  empty.  The  branches 
often  ended  abruptly,  but  were  more  frequently  tipped  with  a  long  seta-like 
point.  The  method  of  branching  is  as  varied  as  can  be  imagined,  as  is  shown 
by  fig.  4,  pi.  16,  and  fig.  1,  pi.  20,  all  taken  from  diff'erent  plants  of  this  species. 
I  have  frequently  seen  the  production  of  zoospores,  but  no  other  method  of  repro- 
duction. In  all  cases  a  single  motile  body  (fig.  4,  pi.  16)  was  formed  in  each 
cell.  These  minute  bodies  are  globular  or  pyriform,  and  within  the  cell  exhibit 
no  motion  whatever.  Their  csca))c  takes  place  very  slowly  through  a  lateral  slit 
in  the  wall.  No  cause  of  the  motion  is  visible,  i.nd  diu'iig  the  i)assage  the 
zoospore  is  often  very  much  squeezed  out  of  shape.  According  to  Braun  (Ver- 
jungung),  these  zoospores  possess  a  red  eye-spot.  I  had  not  read  his  description 
at  the  time  my  observations  were  made,  but  did  not  notice  any.  The  zoospores 
germinated  in  the  usual  way,  elongating  and  growing  into  a  cell  with  a  transparent 
seta-like  end,  and  finally  nudergoi'ig  repeated  divisions  to  form  the  jjlant. 

]M.  Braun  states  that  he  has  observed  another  process,  in  which  tiie  contents  of 
a  single  cell  undergoes  a  perpendicular  division,  so  as  to  form  four  smiill  zoospores, 
which  escape  from  the  cell  in  the  same  way  as  tlie  larger  one,  and  further  says 
that  he  kaa  never  known  these  microgonidia  to  germinate. 


!51 


FUESU-WATEU  ALQiE   OF   TUE   UNITED   STATES. 


207 


Genus  DRAPARNALDIA,  Ag. 

Filnarticnlata  ratnosa,  o  cu'.lulis  magnis,  maxiniu  liyaliiiiR,  fascia  clilornphyllosa  IntiiiHcula  pniatiH, 
8cni))(jr  Hlurilibus  furniuta,  faMciculis  ])ciiicillutu-rainulu8iHsiniiH,  c  ccllulis  niiiioribtiH  fci'lililiiis  cum- 
poHitis,  pluH  minus  (luiist;  ubsussa.  Articuli  lermiuulcs  omuiuiu  ramulorum  iuauus  acbroi  sturiluH,  iu 
])iluiu  liyulluuin  pluu  iiiinuH  ulougati. 

Filaments  articulated,  branched,  formed  of  large  cells  which  are  chiefly  hyaline,  but  furnifihcd  with 
a  triinaverso  chlorophylluus  fascia,  more  or  less  donsuly  clothed  with  penicillatcly  ramuloHe  fasciculi, 
foriued  of  smalU^r  fcr:''<!  cells.  Tvruiinal  articlus  of  all  thu  joints  empty,  truuupureut,  ulurile,  and 
elongate,  iu  a  more  or  less  hyaline  hair. 

D.  glomerata,  (Yauoii.)  Aa. 

D.  Dlis  ramisiiue  primuriis  achrois  vel  snbachro' ,,  ad  COOHV"  crassis,  articulis  inferioribus 
diamctro  a:(|ualibu8  vel  paulo  brovioribus,  geniculis  manifesto  constrictLs,  fasciis  cliloropliyl- 
losis  anguslls  dilute  viriiiibus;  ramis  priniariis  subreclangul()-|)i.;cntibus,  sicpe  oppo.siti.s  ; 
ramulorum  fasciculis  confertis,  pateutibus,  alteniaulibus  vel  oppusitis,  dense  rauicllosis,  sub- 
ovalibus,  obtusis.  (K.) 

3ijn. — D.  glomerala,  (Vauciier)  AoAunii.     RABEM.onsT,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III. 
p.  38. 

//a&.— Rhode  Island  ;  (S.  T.  Oluey)  Thwaites. 

Filament  and  primary  branches  colorless  or  subcolorlet'':,  and  reaching  O.OOHT"  in  diameter, 
lower  articles  about  as  long  or  a  little  shorter  than  broad,  manifestly  constricted  at  the 
joints,  chlorophyl  fascia  narrow,  light  green;  primary  branches  subrcctangularly  patent, 
often  opposite ;  fasciculi  of  branches  crowded,  patent,  alternating,  or  opposite,  densely 
ramcllosc,  suboval,  obtuse. 

Remarlcs. — According  to  M.  Thwaites  the  true  Dr.  glomerata  grows  in  Rhode 
Ishind,  as  he  so  identified  specimens  sent  to  him  by  Mr.  Ohiey.  These  specimens 
were,  however,  in  all  probability  dried,  and  if  this  was  so,  I  confess  not  to  attach- 
ing much  weight  to  the  identification.  The  Draparnaldia,  common  near  Philadelphia, 
is  at  once  so  like  and  yet  so  different  from  the  description  of  D.  glomerata,  that  I 
am  unable  to  fully  satisfy  myself  whether  it  be  a  variety  of  the  European  species 
or  distinct  from  it.  It  diflcrs  very  greatly  in  the  thickness  of  the  stem  and  pri- 
mary branches.  I  have  given  above  P»'of  Rabenhorst's  description  of  the  Euro- 
pean va  riety,  and  now  append  one  of  th  i  plant  growing  in  this  neighborhood. 

Var.  maxima. 

Dr.  fills  achrois,  ad  0  004"'  crnssiB,  nrticniia  plcrumqnc  diamctro  duplo  longiorihus,  in  medio 
Ba;pe  valde  tumidis ;  r-imis  primnriis  achrois  vel  subachrois,  oppositis  vel  alternantibus  vel 
ternatis,  elongatis,  dense  ramellvsis,  cum  ramulis  lanceolatis ;  ramulorum  extremoruni 
fasciculis  dense  ramelosis,  ovjitis  vel  l4ie  lanceolatis,  ploruniqne  confertis;  ramulDruni 
artirulis  iiiferioribus  plcruraque  diamctro  (id  \^\n")  subajqualibus,  ttrticuliB  Buperioribus 
diamctro  duplo  aut  tiiplo  longiorihus,  plcrumque  pilifcris. 

Hal). — Prope  Philadelphia ;  Wood. 

Filament  transparent,  attaining  a  diameter  of  0.004",  Us  articles  mostly  tw'ce  as  lonp  ns 
broad,  strongly  swollen  in  the  middle  ;  primary  branches  colorless  or  subcolorlsss,  opposite, 
alternate  or  ternate,  elongate,  densely  ramellose  with  the  ramuli  lanceolate;  "aiciculi  of 
extreme  branches  densely  ramellose,  ovate,  or  broadly  lanceolate,  mostly  crowded,  inferior 
articles  of  the  branches  mo.sily  about  as  long  as  broad  (nVs")>  superior  articles  two  to  three 
times  as  long,  mostly  piliferous. 


208 


FllESU-WATEU   ALO.E    0  1'   T 11 K    UNITED   STATES. 


m  H! 


Rimarfca.— In  this  form  there  are  almost  always  numerous  little  clusters  of  branch- 
lets,  growing  immediately  from  the  main  stem  or  largo  branches;  such  clusters  arc; 
more  rigid,  more  open,  more  broadly  ovutc,  uiifl  less  markedly  piliferous  than  tlio 
others. 

D.  pluinosa,  (VAUciien)  AaAunn. 

]\  filis  riimisque  priiuariiH  liyalinis,  plprnniqno  ,;'„""  =  0.001 70"  crnssis;  nrticulis  dinmotro 
tequalibiis  vul  diiuidio  brovioribus.  rurius  paulo  luugioribud,  geniculia  vix  aut  luodicu  con- 
Btrictis,  fusciiH  cliluropliyllosia  aiigustifl  loite  viridibus ;  iirticuliH  iiircrioribiia  runiulurum  dia- 
mctro  (  iJg'" — 5J3'")  icqualibtis  vid  nubdiiplo  longioribus,  pteno  torulosis,  superioribus  cyliii- 
dricis  ad  aJs'"  alti'imatis,  diaiuolro  duple  triplo-(iuiiitiii>lo  loiinioribiis,  plcrumqiic  iion  pili- 
feria ;  raiiiuluruiu  yascjfu/js  druse  ramcllonis,  elomjatis,  acuta  lanccoialU,  eructo-subap- 
2)resiiix.  (K.) 

Syn. — Dr.  phimona,  (Vauciiku)  Auauuu.      1\au£NIU)Ui>t,  Flora  Kiirop.  Algunuii,  Sect.  III. 
p.  382. 

Hah. — In  rivulis  ct  aquis  quieti& 

Filament  and  primary  brniielie.s  liyiiline,  mostly  (^'""0.00179"  in  diamoter;  artlclpBas  lonff  as 
broad  or  onc-lialf  sliorter,  rarely  a  littUi  longer,  seareely  or  slightly  eoiislrifled  at  the  joiiitH, 
chloropliyl  fascia  bright  grecii,  narrow  ;  lower  articles  of  the  branclicji  about  as  long  as 
broad  dJg'"  —  jia")  or  nearly  twice  as  long,  somewhat  torulose,  the  upper  ones  cylindrical, 
as  small  as  jij"',  two  to  five  times  longer  than  broad,  mostly  not  piliferous  ;  fascicles  of 
branches  denseUj  branched,  elongate,  acutely  lanceolate,  actually  suhuppressed. 

Remarh-ft. — 1  have  found  a  Z?/'aj)rtr?«</(/ia  frequently,  which  I  believe  to  represent 
tlie  European  D.  jihimosa.  As  I  have  preserved,  however,  no  specimens  or 
descriptions,  I  have  simply  copied  the  description  of  Prof,  llubenhorst. 

D.  Billingsii,  Wood. 

D.  valdo  gelatinosa;  lilia  ct  rnniis  primnriis  achroia  ad  yjg,^"  crassi.s,  sparsissimc  ramosis, 
artlculis  diamctro  2-(5  plo  longioribus,  sicpc  medio  valdo  tumidis  ;  fasciis  cblorophyllis  dilute 
viridibus,  sKpc  nullis  aut  subnullis ;  raniulonun  fnscieulis  distantibus,  late  ovalibus  vcl  late 
triangularibus,  alternantibus  vel  oppositis  vel  triplice  vertlcellatia,  spame  ramosis,  patentlsai- 
niis;  ramulis  pilis  longissiniLs  robustis  terminalibus  iustructis;  uospuritt  glubuiiit),  moiiiliformo 
conjunctis ;  sporodcrmate  crasso. 

Syn.—D.  lUllingsii,  Wood,  Proc.  Am.  Fhilos.  Soc,  18C9,  p.  141 

Hub. — In  aquis  quictia,  propo  Philndelp'iia. 

Frond  very  gelatinous,  fllamcnt  and  primary  branches  attaining  a  diameter  of  ^Jj",  very 
sparsely  branched,  their  articles  2-6  times  longer  than  broad,  often  very  much  Bwollcn  in 
the  middle  ;  chloropliyl  band  light  green,  frequently  almost  or  entirely  wanting ;  fascicles 
of  branches  distant,  broadly  oval  or  triangular,  alternat  ipposite,  or  in  whorls  of  three, 
very  open;  ultimate  branchlcts  terminating  in  a  long,  robust,  hyaline  hair;  resting  spores 
globose,  with  thick  walls,  arranged  in  long  nioniliforni  sometimes  l)ranchcd  fdamcnts. 

Remarhs. — I  found  this  plant  about  the  middle  of  March,  1869,  floating  on  the 
surface  of  a  little  pool  in  the  woods  near  Chelten  Hills,  a  few  miles  north  of 
rhiladelphia.  To  the  Ucaked  eye  it  appears  as  ft  gelatinous  mass,  resembling  a 
Tetrafipora,  but  when  closely  examined  this  translucent  jelly  is  seen  to  be  filled 
with  rather  distant  greenish  points,  which  are  the  little  clusters  of  branches.  Tlie 
largest  specimens  I  have  seen  had  attained  a  length  of  nearly  two  inches.  The 
filaments  arc  very  transparent  and  have  the  branches   placed  at  long  intervals. 


M|l 


FllKSlI-VVATKll  \hUAi   OF   THE  UJSITED   8TATE8. 


209 


The  ultiinatc  branch  groups  are  ovate  or  oval,  and  arc  remarkable  for  their  opcu- 
nnss,  tlic  braaehlets  benig  few  in  number  and  widely  separated.  Most  of  the  ulti- 
mate brancldets  are  prolonged  into  u  remarkably  strong  long  hair. 

The  cells  of  the  main  filaments  are  beautifully  transparent,  and  are  sometimes 
cylindrical  but  more  generally  are  barrel-shaped.  13oth  secondary  and  prinnuy 
branches  arc  often  arranged  singly,  sometimes  in  pairs,  not  tuifrefpiently  in  threes. 
When  placed  between  two  ])late3  of  glass  and  examined  closely  by  the  unaided 
eye,  this  species  ii  readily  distinguishable  from  our  other  Drajuiniahlld,  by  its  fas- 
ciculi of  brancht;s  being  so  widely  separated  as  to  be  not  nt  all  confused  with  one 
another. 

I  have  a  single  specimen  which  I  believe  to  be  in  fruit.  The  resting  spores 
(fig.  6,  pi.  14)  arc  in  long  branched  chains.  They  arc  more  or  less  globose,  with 
a  very  thick  outer  transparent  wall,  and  an  inner  green  cndochrome,  which  very 
probably  becomes  brownish  at  maturity.  Except  when  they  are  branched,  these 
series  of  spores  remind  one  very  strongly  of  the  filaments  of  some  nostocs. 

I  dedicate  this  very  beautiful  species  to  Dr.  J.  S.  Billings,  U.S.A.,  to  whom  I 
am  under  the  greatest  obligations  for  aid  in  the  prosecution  of  this  research,  and 
whom  I  have  evor  found  to  unite  the  greatest  scientific  liberality  with  a  strong  en- 
thusiasm for  and  able  prosecution  of  the  study  of  these  lower  vegetable  forms. 

Since  describing  this  species  I  have  received  the  Microscopical  Journal  for  18(i!), 
containing  Dr.  Ilicks's  paper  upon  D,  cruclata.  The  original  de^scripticm  in  the 
liinmcan  Transactions  had  escaped  my  notice.  D.cniciata  and  D.  IiUlw(jsil  arc 
exceedingly  closely  related,  yet  if  Dr.  Ilicks's  description  and  figures  be  accurate 
they  are  probably  distinct.  Thus  in  the  last  species  the  ramuli  are  not  placed  at 
right  angles  to  the  main  filament,  nor  are  they  ever  in  fours,  both  of  which  are 
given  as  characters  of  I),  cruciala.  They  are,  on  the  contrary,  in  D.  BlUingHii  at 
various  angles,  and  commonly  arise  singly,  but  not  unfrequently  in  pairs,  and  very 
rarely  in  threes.  It  is  worthy  of  remark,  on  tho  other  hand,  that  the  figures  of 
Dr.  II.  do  not  entirely  agree  with  his  description,  as  in  no  case  are  there  more  than 
two  and  frequently  but  a  single  branch  at  one  place.  The  cells  of  the  main  fila- 
ment are  also  more  barrel-shaped  in  our  species  than  one  would  infer  to  be  the 
case  with  D.  cruclata.  ■*■■ 

After  all,  however,  I  think  it  very  possible  that  both  forms  belong  to  the  one 
species. 

Fig.  G,  pi.  14,  represents  a  small  portion  of  the  frond  with  fertile  branches  ning- 
nified  4G0  diameters. 


Genus  CHiETOrilORA,  Scukank. 

Fila  nrliculnta  ramiqiio  prinmrii  radiatim  dispositi,  o  cellulis  vegetativis  clongatis,  fascia  cliluro- 
phyllosa  in  morom  Draparnaldiue  ct  Stigcodonii  oriiatis  composili,  sursum  in  rainulos  uumeru- 
Bissimos,  brcviu.s  nrticulatos,  orticulis  extremis  attcnuatis  soipo  iiiaiiibus  noii  aut  vix  piliferis  iii- 
Btructos,  fascicuiatos  plus  minus  dense  congostos  divisi,  massa  golatinosa  firma,  coriacea  vol  dura 
invoiuti,  tiiallum  glubosum  vcl  Bubgiobusum  aut  plane  cxpansum  varie  lobatum  et  fissuiu  cuu- 
Btitucntes.  (U.) 

Pilnniciits  articulated,  witli  the  primary  branches  rndiatcly  disposed,  composed  of  elongated  vege- 
tuli .  u  ceils,  orniiuiented  with  a  chluropliyiluus  fuucia  like  u  Draparnuldia  ur  Stigeueloniuui,  dititally 
27       Boptembcr,  1872. 


210 


FllESlI-WATER  ALU.E  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES. 


I 

Hi!'; 


Tt? 


I  i 


resolved  into  very  nuinoroas  fiisciculate,  nioro  or  less  densely  eonprsted  brnncheH,  with  shorter 
joints,  tiii'ir  end  joints  alternate,  often  empty,  eltlicr  ncit  or  seureely  pililVrows;  Hurroimded  liy  a  liriu 
coriaceous  or  luird  jelly,  ko  us  to  ( 'fm  a  gloliose,  siiliglobose,  or  expanded  tiiutlus. 

Itcmarka. — I  liiive  novcr  seen  the  production  of  the  zoospores  in  this  genus,  hut 
they  are  said  to  arise  one  in  a  cell,  and  to  escape  by  a  sort  of  lateral  splitting  of 
the  wall. 

V,  elegnnm,  (I'otii)  Auakihi. 

Cli.  tliallo  fjliihoso  vel  Kiili^flolxiso,  pisi  vel  eernsi  mnfridtudiiie,  dilute  vel  saturnto  viridi,  nitido, 
Buperiieie  liuvi  vel  <piasi  luliereulata,  elastieu  laolli,  noniiuni|uam  indurato ;  raHeieuloruiu 
rainulis  liixis  vel  confertis,  artieulis  extremis  brevi-euspidatis,  siepu  ]iilireris. 

Syii. —  (J.  rli-ijiiiin,  (Roth)  Aiiahdii.     Uaue.ni'.iUst,  Flora  Europ.  Algaruui,  Seet.  III.  p.  384. 

JIub. — United  .States. 

Thallua  globose  or  subgltdjose,  of  tlic  size  of  a  pea  or  cherry,  light  green,  willi  the  surfiico 
smodlh  or  (puisitubereulate,  elastic  but  Kofl,  soMiclinies  indurated;  branelies  of  thu  fasciculi 
lax  or  crowded;  end  articles  shortly  cusi)idate,  often  pilifei'ous. 

lifmarl'^. — Oik;  of  the  rommoncst  of  f  tir  fresh-water  algtc  is  a  plant  belonging 
to  tliis  genus,  wiiich  I  think  is  probiibly  tlie  C.  elcfjans  of  llolh.  I  am,  liow- 
ever,  iuial)le  to  discover  any  diameters  separating  ('.  j>isljbnnh,  C.  clc(/ans,  and 
perliaps  O.  Iiihrrnilona,  and  hardly  know  by  which  of  the  three  names  our  Ameri- 
can form  sliould  be  known.  Our  plant  grows  generully  in  shaded  pools,  springs, 
and  ditches  in  great  abuntbince,  adliering  as  little  translucent  balls  to  grasses, 
leaves,  twigs,  or  anything  that  may  be  in  the  Viiter.  Tlie  size  of  the  frond  varies 
from  the  young  one,  not  so  large  as  a  i)in's  Iiead,  to  the  old  matr.red  one,  whicli 
may  be  nearly  lui  inch  in  diameter.  The  color  also  varies  greatly.  It  is  always 
some  shade  of  a  pure  green.  The  surface  is  mostly  smooth,  but  sometimes  it  is 
so  puckered  up  as  to  be  a  mass  of  large  liat  tubercles.  It  is  tliese  forms  that  I 
suppose  to  represent  C.  tuhonilosa.  The  thallus  is  genersdly  elastic,  but  at  the 
same  time  soft,  so  that  altliough  reaaily  compressed  and  pushed  out  of  sh.ipe.  it  is 
entirely  mashed  with  some  difficulty,  especially  as,  owing  to  its  slii)perin(  ss,  it 
constantly  escapes  from  the  grasp. 

In  regiird  to  the  individuiil  filaments,  tlic  method  of  their  brandling  !iiid  the 
proportionate  length  and  breadth  of  the  cells  vary  very  much  in  different  in- 
dividuals and  probably  at  different  ages  of  the  same  individual. 

Fig.  5,  pi.  6,  represents  rather  indifferently  well  a  young  individual  of  this 
species. 

€.  cndiviacrolia,  (Uotii)  Ag. 

Ch.  tliallo  lineari,  subplano,  scinipollicari  vel  poUicari,  iionnunquam  valdo  elongato,  la>le  vel 
obscure  viridi,  diehotoiiio-subretieulatuin-laciuiato  (nonnunquatn  habitii  liicciee  fluitantU)  ; 
fills  ramis(|uc  prininriis  plerunu|ue  achrois,  passim  viridi-zonatis,  paralleli.s;  ramulorum  fasci- 
culis  lateralibus,  plus  minus  densis,  divarieato-patentibus ;  nrticulis  ])lus  minus  tumidis, 
dianietro  lequalibus  vel  subicqualibus ;  geniculis  constrictis ;  cytioplasmato  grauuloso 
cITuso.   (U.)     Spi'cies  •mihiigiwla. 

Syn. —  C.  cndimscfolia,  (Roth)  Aqabdil      Rabenuoust,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  HI. 
p.  383. 


u 


P  11  KS  II. WAT  Ell   ALa.fi   OF   TUE    UNITED   STATES.  211 

Bab.— iii>ul\i  Cun.liiiu;  (IlavciicI)     Wood.     Rhode  Island;  (S.  T.  Oliioy)  Tliwnitns. 

Thullua  liiiuar,  lliittisli,  of  half  to  a  whiilu  ihmiil.'rt  hrcucKh,  noiiictiinort  Kieatly  I'hiiigutc,  bright 
or  ohneiiru  greoii,  diiliolommihly  Mihivticulak'ly  laciiiiatu  (KoiiictinicM  with  the  haliit  of 
Itiiiiajluilaitu)  ;  fihiiiieut  ttiidi)riiiiary  brandies  mostly  colorless,  sometiiiies  zoned  with  green, 
imiull.l  ;  lateral  faseieuli  of  branehes  more  or  less  denso,  divuricalely  patent ;  joints  more  or 
loss  tninid,  diameter  eciual  or  subequal  j  joints  constricted  j  cytioplasm  effused  granulate. 

Remarks.— I  have  never  soon  a  living,'  or  wrll-prcscrvcd  spccimou  of  this  8pp(i(<s, 
and  hiivo,  tlu;rofoio,  In  ro  simply  copied  the  description  of  Prof.  Kabenliorst.  J'rof. 
llav(>iiel  lias  sent  to  mo  dried  alguu  labelled,  and  I  think  correctly,  as  Itelonginy  to 
this  species,  but  their  condition  did  not  allow  any  scientific  study  of  them. 

Genus  TILINIA,  Ktz. 

Fila  articulata,  erecta,  simplicia  vol  dicliotomo  ramosa,  basi  alTi.ta,  in  stratum  crustaccuni  siili- 
spongiosuni,  fragile  aggregata.     I'ropagatio  adliuc  igiiotu. 

Filaments  articulate,  erect,  dichotomously  branched,  fi.\ed  l)y  the  base,  aggregated  into  a  sonie- 
wlmt  spongy  fragile  crustaceous  stratum.     Alcthod  of  propagation  unknown. 

P.  diliifn,  Wood,  (sp.  nov.) 

r.  rupicola,  in  strato  cano-viridi  disposita;   fills  ramisquc  fasciculatis,  apice  obtusis ;  articniis 

diametro  1^  plo-3^  i)lo  longioribus. 
Diam. — Max.  0.(1004". 

JJab.—ln  fontibus  nmximis,  propo  Bellclontc,  Centre  County,  Tcnnsylvania ;  Wood. 
Growing  on  stones  and  rocks,  forming  a  grayish-green  stratum  ;  filatr-.ents  and  brandies  fasei- 

uulatc,  with  the  apices  obtuso  ;  joints  1^-3^  times  longer  than  broad. 

iSe/«a;-/tS.— Near  JJellefonte,  Centre  County,  rennsylvimia,  there  i.ssues  from  the 
limijstone  rocks  tin;  Itirgest  spring  I  have  ever  seen,  giving  rise  to  a  creek-lik(!  tor- 
rent, which  supplies  the  city  with  water,  and  passes  on  scarcely  diminished  in 
Volume.  In  this  spring  grows  the  curious  algaj  under  consideration,  forming  a 
somewhat  lubricous  crustaceous  and  stony  stratum  on  the  stones  and  rocks  in  the 
basin.  This  stratum  is  of  a  grayish-green  color,  and  is  quite  f.iible,  breaking  in 
the  direction  of  the  filaments  with  the  greatest  possible  readiness.  When  jdaced 
under  the  microscope  it  is  seen  to  be  composed  of  filaments  whose  course  is  a 
direct  one  from  the  under  to  the  upper  surface.  They  are  apparently  rigid,  pre- 
serving their  courses,  and  not  being  intermattcd.  They  are  composed  of  cylindri- 
\ial,  confcrvoid  cells,  and  are  dichotomously  branched,  and  yet  when  viewed  as 
a  whole  the  filament  and  its  branches  form  a  sort  of  fasciculus.  The  basal  cell 
or  cells  appear  to  be  globular.  When  I  collected  this  plant  I  was  forced  by  cir- 
cumstances to  put  the  specimens  in  carbolic-acid  water  for  future  study,  and, 
therefore,  I  have  had  no  opportunity  of  studying  their  method  of  reproduction. 
I  am  not  altogether  satisfied  in  referring  this  plant  to  the  P!Unia,  and  yet  all  the 
most  important  of  the  characters  given  by  Eabenhorst  are  preserved  by  it.  It 
certainly,  however,  differs  very  greatly  from  P.  rimosa,  Ktz. 

Genus  APHANOCH^TE,  Bbaun. 

Fila  distincto  articulata,  prostrata,  rcpcntia,  intcrdum  in  stratum  irregularc  plus  minnsvo  conereta; 
ramulis  rcpentibus  vel  adscciidentibus  ;  cellulis  chlorophyllaceis,  apice  vel  dorso  setigeris.  Propa- 
gatio  zoogonidiis. 


>i  ):i 


212 


F  II  K  H  II  -  W  A  T  !•;  II   A  I,  (J  A'.   O  V   T  UK    UNI  T  K  I)   H  T  A  T  I'.ti. 


m 


m 


fir  i 


Tlircuils  (li.sliiiclly  ariiciiliilc,  incihlrair,  criTiiiiiif,  Kdiiicliiiics  more  or  Ichs  coiuTrttMl  into  an  Irrr((uliir 
Htriiiimi ;  limuila'a  mt'iiiiiK  or  uHCfiiUiiig  j  i'liluru|ili)lii»iiH  ivIIh  willi  tliu  dorHum  onuicx  gutigeruua. 
I'ropugiitiuii  hy  zuuHpuruH. 

Rcmarkn. — Si-ximl  reproduction  hus  not  ns  yet  been  discovered  in  this  genus. 
According  to  Dr.  IJniun  (Vcrjiing.,  Triinslation  of  tlio  Iliiy  Society,  p.  iHt,  &c.) 
two  zoospores  iiro  generiilly  formed  in  a  cell  by  a  division  of  its  contents  paniUel 
to  the  septa,  but  occasionally  this  division  not  taking  place,  tiie  cell  contents  are 
resolved  into  a  single  zoospore-.  The  zoospcu'es  themselves  are  nearly  globular, 
biciliate,  and  unprovided  witli  any  reddish  eye-spot. 

A.  repenn,  IIuaun. 

A.  fills  procumbcntibus  pleriinriiio  siinplicibua ;  nrticiilif)  cylindricis  aut  tnniidiH,  dlamctro  siilr 
aMpinlihus  ad  1-2  plu  loiif^iurihuH  ;  sutis  o  culiularuiu  dursu  cgrussiH,  pluruuiquu  HitiguilM  8od  in- 
tiTdutn  gciniiiis,  iiitcrdiiin  niillis. 

Diam.—Xvixe.  tdoob"— nooo"  =  .OOOi:)— .0004". 

Syn. — A.  reiicns,  Ukaun.     Uahknuokst,  Flora.  Europ  Algarum,  Sect.  Ill  p.  891. 

Eah. — In  (Edogoniis,  propo  I'lilladelpliia  ;  Wood. 

Fiiamoiits  prociiiiibcnt,  mostly  Biinple;  artii'len  cylindrical  or  tumid,  from  as  long  as  broad  to 
twice  as  long ;  seta  arising  from  tlio  back  of  the  culls,  gunorutly  single,  suuiclimcs  gcmioate, 
Bomutinica  wanting. 

Remarlcs. — The  specimens  from  which  the  above  description  was  drtiwn  up,  were 
found  growing  on  tiie  filaments  of  Q'Jdotjoiiiam  mirubile,  Wood.  They  were  re- 
markable for  the  rarity  with  which  they  were  branched,  for  in  but  two  or  three 
cases  out  of  a  great  number,  were  any  branches  detected.  The  articles  were  fre- 
quently twice  as  long  as  broad.  In  both  these  particulars  the  plant  differs  from 
the  typical  European  A.  rrpeiis,  but  the  descriptions  of  tliiit  form  are  so  short  and 
imperfect  that  I  have  preferred  retaining  the  name  for  the  American  plant. 

Fig.  5,  pi.  14,  represents  an  ordinarily  formed  specimen  nnignified  460  diameters. 
It  had  been  kept  for  some  time  in  weak  carbolic-acid  solution,  and  although  the 
green  of  the  chlorophyll  was  perfectly  preserved,  the  stumos  only  of  tlu;  s(;t8B 
were  visible.  How  long  the  perfect  seta;  are  I  canndt  at  present  say,  not  having 
made  any  notes  on  the  fresh  specimens. 

Gemis  COLEOCH.ETE,  Breb.  (1844). 

Filo  orticulota  ramosa  aut  in  pulvinulum  coiijuncta  ant  in  tlmllura  plannm  Biibdisciformcm 
parcncliymaticum  concreta;  articuli  oblongi,  anticc  phia  minns  dilalati,  anpnlo  siiperiori  vd  dorso 
Bu;pe  in  setani  basi  vaginatnro  product!.  Propagatio  fit  tnni  oosporis  ficcnndntiono  scxuali  orlis, 
tuni  zoogunldiia.  Zoogonidia  in  (pnupic  celliila  friictifcra  unica,  forma  suhglobosa  vcl  late  ovalia, 
polo  antico  ciliis  vibrutoriis  binis  in.structa.  (U.) 

Filaments  articulated,  bronclicd,  oitlier  conjoined  into  a  little  cumnlated  mass  or  parcncliomatously 
concreted  into  a  plain  aubdisciforni  Hiallus ;  articles  oblong  antcri  irly,  more  or  Jess  dilati^d,  often 
furnished  with  a  long  seta  on  their  dorsum  or  superior  angle.  Pni;  'gation  occurring  by  means  of 
oospores,  formed  by  sexual  organs  or  by  eoosporcs.  Zoospores  subglobost  or  broadly  oval,  formed 
singly  in  the  fertile  cell,  furnished  at  their  anterior  pole  with  vibratile  cilia. 

Rimarlc^. — I  have  seen  a  large  number  of  specimens  of,  as  I  believe,  two  distinct 
8peci(-s  of  this  genus,  but  never  having  found  any  fruiting  fronds,  have  not  been 


P  II  i:  8  II  ■  W  A  T  !•;  II  A  I.  (1  .1-;  o  v  t  h  k  u  n  i  t  k  d  s  t  a  T  K  8 . 


213 


nhlo  10  identify  tliciii.  One  of  tlic  forms  jjrows  in  tliin  iiniiicdiiitc  iociilify,  and  is  very 
prohiihly  ('.  mnUtlit,  lJii';l».  TIk;  otiici-  w:is  coilcctcd  in  Ndrllicrn  N[i(hif,'iin.  It  is 
cliiiriu'tcrixcil  i)y  its  frond  never  bein^  disciform,  alliiuugh  cumpuNcd  of  u  single 
pluno  of  cells  pureuciieniiitonsly  united. 


CLA88  i{iu>i)oi>iiV€i:;i:. 

AV^m  iniilticcliiilares,  vogetationo  tcriuiimlis  nou  limitata  j)ra'(litm 
ploniiiKiuo  tiioiciP. 

TlialliiH  o  ccliiilunim  w>ri(>bii8  vol  stratis  8iii<z;ulis  vcl  i)lui-il)iis  {'(unjM)- 
Hitus,  aiit  niulus  ant  e  cullulanim  strato  corticatus,  I'oniiii  <|iiain  inaxiiito 
vaiiiis;  meinbranacous  (Porpiiyridimn),  enistaccuH  {lliidcuibiandtia), 
lilaiuoiitosns  ct  vortieillatiin  raiuosuH  (liatraeliospermuni,  Tliorea),  laBcii- 
foniiis  (Miin<:;ia),  fuliaccus,  etc;. 

Cytioplasma  ])Icnmi(iuo  rlio(lo])hyll<)  (Colin),  rariiis  pliyclm-cliioniato 
coloratmn,  granula  amyloiilea  vol  amylacea  ft  sa'])o  guttulas  olcosas 
int'liuleiis. 

Piopagationis  organa  triplicis  iudolls,  Kacpissiinc  in  plantas  distinctas 
dioposita. 

1.  On/ana  vinsndn  vol  anthcrida  o  fasciculis  collurarum  ])lorumquo  mo- 
niliforniibus  raniosis,  doni(iiio  in  Hponnato/oidoa  vol  Hporniatia  la'oiin- 
daiitia  {Sjioridia  1.  Ag.)  oblonga  vol  ovalia,  acluod,  immobilia  dissulutis 
iurniata. 

2.  Oi'fjannfenii'nea  vol  rijfiforarpin  Ktz.  e  Koria  nnnnnnquam  nionilifor- 
niibiiH  forniata,  qui  e  jdaoonta  isaopiissiino  corlioali  evolviintur,  niidi  vol 
outioiila  niuoilaginosa  vol  inv()li:<'ro  inolusi,  doniduo  Ki)()ras  {/)olijs/)oras) 
nuniorosas  innuobiloH  niox  gorminantos  oinittr.nt.  Focoundatiir  oysto- 
carpiiiin  Btatii  primordiali  opo  organi  pililbrmis  {trivhvijijne  Tliuiot  ct 
Bornot)  quorum  Ki)orinatia  copulantur. 

3.  Tefra8j)ora)if/i(i  o  eollula  cortioali  nnioa  valdo  intuniesconte  formata, 
divisiono  iitriouli  i)riniordiiiliH  cruciata  qiiadrilooiilaria;  in  (pioquo  loonlo 
[vclhdis  scniiidariis,  tiorvriis)  spora  uuica  {tdrusjjura)  tso  format,  (piae  sine 
fuocundatione  gorminat.  (R.) 

Multicellular  algjc,  mostly  triaicious,  furnished  with  unlimited  not  ter- 
minal vegetation. 

Thallus  composed  of  colls  in  rows  or  in  a  simple  or  multii)le  stratum, 
either  bare  or  provided  with  corticral  sti'ata  of  colls,  exooodingly  various 
in  form;  membranaceous  (Pophyridium),  crustaooous  (llildenbrandtia), 
lilamontoua  and  verticillately  branched  (Batrachospermum,  Thorea), 
fasciate  (Hangia),  foliaceous,  &c. 

('ytioi)lasm  mostly  rh()(loi)hyllons,  rarely  phycochromatously  colored, 
including  amyloid  granules  or  starch  and  frc(picntly  oil  drops. 

Propagation  by  means  of  three  innnotilo  organs,  generally  i)laced 
uptm  distinct  jdants. 

1.  AiU/teridia  composed  of  mostly  moniliformly  branched  fascicles  of 


Ill 


K11K8II.WATK11    AI.O.K   OF   T II  K    UNITED   STATKH. 


colls,  which  «li.s.s(ilvo  into  oldong,  ovul,  tninsimrt'iit'  iiimiotilu  sporuiato- 
/oids  {S/Miriili>t  Ap;.). 

2.  ('i/s(tHdr/>iii  Kt/..,  or  PlMUliiJlii,  foriiUMl  of  soinowhiit,  inonillfonn  hoiI, 
which  jiro  evolved  IVoiii  a  gviicrally  cortical  i)lacciila,  and  arc  naked  or 
Hiirroiinded  by  a  iinicilaj:;inoiiH  ciiticio  or  involucre,  and  linally  emit 
nnnicroiiH  innnotilo  Hporcs  (/W//«/x*/t.s),  which  <[nickly  germinate.  The 
leciuidatioii  of  tlio  cystocarpia  occurs  in  their  ])rimordial  ntato  by  eon- 
tact  (»f  the  spermatia  with  a  piliform  or^'an  known  as  trlrhoniniia. 

\\.  '/r/nisponnit/ia  formed  of  nin^ile,  greatly  swnlh'n  cortical  cells,  be- 
omin.u;  criiciiitely  (|ua(lrilocular  by  division  of  the  primordial  ntricle;  in 
each  locidiis  (smiinlKrif  or  niufcr  cilln)  a  single  spore  [MntajHtn)  forms, 
which  germinates  withont  fecundation. 


it 


Family  rORl'in'ilACEiE. 

'rimlliis  miiciiMii-mi'inhraiiiict'in,  roliiu'cim  vol  riiiiiiu'iitortUH,  o  cfilliilnrum  Bcrit'liiiH  vcl  Hirnio  iinlco 
fiinimlUH,  i»lcniiiHni("  luiriPiiniHci'ii.i,  vuldc  liiliriruH. 

VctfL'tatio  lit  I'clliiliirniu  (liviHioiic  in  ilimH  vel  oiiiiu'H  (lirrciloiicH  ri'iu'lila. 

ri-(i|ia);atlo  fU  ti'tnis|ii)ri>4.     Cysloonr|iiu  n<>ii*liiiii  obHiTviitn. 

Tiiulliis  imicoiis-nit'mbriiiiotis,  fuliiii.Tous  or  lilmufiUouM,  forini'il  of  itIIs  in  scricH  or  in  a  Kinglii  strii- 
Inni,  niiislly  piirplisli,  vory  Klippcry. 

(ii'owtli  takint;  pluci)  by  repcaU'il  diviaiuii  of  tlio  ccIIh  in  two  or  all  dirt^ctions. 

rropugiitiun  by  nu'aus  of  tt'trasporcs.     Cyslocurps  not  yet  nbHervcd. 

liemarkfi. — The  only  species  of  this  family  ns  yet  observed  in  North  America 
Clin  hardly  be  said  to  have  n  definite  thallus.  They  are  rather  multittides  of  cells 
heaped  together  and  closely  attached  to  one  another  into  a  hapeh-ss  expanded 
mass. 

Genus  rORPIIRYDIUM,  Naeo.  (ISM)). 

TliulluH  miicoKo-nirnibranaecu.s,  Nnb<'ni.slni'(>UM,  longu  laloipiu  uxjiansiis,  o  I'ulbiiiH  globosi;*  vol 
piilyt'drii'ix  ('oin]i(>silns.     J'ropagatio  adlinc  ij^nota. 

Tlialbis  niiicous-MR'nibrnnous,  Hnbc'rnstaceons,  loiijjj  and  widely  txpaiidcd,  coniposL'd  of  f^loboHO  or 
polyhedral  l'L'II.s.     I'ropagatiua  unknown. 

P.  cruenliini,  (An.)  X.vko. 

r.  thallo  .saluralt!  purparo-wanpjuinco,  liibrico;  cell;  lis  anguloao-rutunduti.s.     (11.) 

Diam.— 0.00021"— 0.00035".     (11.) 

llab. — Now  York. 

Syn. — P.  cnifinlttm,  (AiiAun.)  XAEdF.r,.      Raueniiokst,  Flora  Knrop.  Al)?nruni,  Si'ct.  III. 
p.  391. 

TImllua  deep  criniRon  purpio,  slippery ;  colls  angled  and  ronnded. 

Hemarks. — The  only  specimen  I  have  seen  of  this  .species  was  a  little  speck, 
adherent  to  a  bone  picked  up  or  Gi>i  ornor's  Island,  in  New  York  Harbor.  It  I.i 
very  probable  that  it  was  a  recent  .rrival,  brought  over,  perchance,  by  some  emi- 
grant.    For   it  I  am   indebted    to  Dr.  Billings,  U.  S.  A.      The   description   and 


I 


i.?;l 


F  il  K  S  II .  W  A  T  K  H   A  I,  (J  A)  ()  F   T  II  K    V  N  I  T  i:  I)   M  I'  A  T  K  8. 


!iI6 


jni'iisiirfmciits  ^{ivcn  above  iin;  cojuud  from  Prof.  lliibciihorHt'H  work.    My  HjM'cim«'ii 
U{,M(t»  well  witli  it. 

1*.  iiinKniflciiin)  Wixid. 

1'.  i'i'IIiiMh  ffliihiiHiH  vol  Hul)f(lol)08lH,  Miupo  noniiiliil  pnlytrmiiH  ot  In  iimHHii.n  iiiilcfliiitu  ('.x|iuiikuiii 

CDtilliKMililiiiH  ;  cytioitliiHiiiutt'  |iiir|iiireo,  griiiiuluto;  cytiiiiU'i'rimtu  uruHHO,  liuuil  Iuiiil'IIoho. 
Viam..    tVII  I'uiii.  U'guiii.  biSoo— inVoa-     Tckiiiii,  ani'.nn  — inLo- 
Hyn. — P.  maijnifwum,  Wwiii,  I'roc.  Am.  I'liiloH.  Sue,  lS(J'.(,  i>.  144, 
IltiU. — In  turrn  liuiniila,  Toxok;  I'rof.  Kavcnul. 

Culls  ^Kiliosc  or  Nnligli>lM)st',  orion  Hnnu'whiit  pnly^ronnl  niiil  rcinjnined  into  nn  Indcilnitu  niiisx ; 
vuduL'liruiuu  iKii'iiiu,  grimulutu ;  cull  wull  tliick,  nul  luniiimtr. 

RvmdrlcR. — This  species,  which  wiis  collected  in  Texas  by  I'rof.  lliivcnel,  fi;rowiiif», 
1  believe,  on  wet  sand,  is  very  distinct  from  the  Knroi»ean  plant,  dift'erinj^  essenti- 
ally in  size  and  form.  In  some  instances  the  cells  havo  a  greenish  tint,  but  this  is 
j)ossibly  owinj;  to  iinmatnrity,  as  such  cells  seem  smaller  tiian  others.  The  whole! 
mass  ♦()  the  eye  luis  a  very  rosy  pnrph'  tint,  and  altlioufjli  inider  the  microscope!  it 
appcuvs  nnich  darker  and  more  purple,  yet  it  often  retains  some  of  tin;  roseate  hue. 
At  the  edf!;es  of  the  masscjs  the  dark-reddish  color  often  gives  way  to  a  very  decider' 
greenish  tint,  presenting  an  appearance  wliich  is  very  well  represented  in  the 
drawing  of  the  preceding  species,  in  M.  MKN(iEiiiNi's  il/"HOf/m///(/<t  NonUxhimarnm 
Italiciirum,  <frc.,  Mcniuire  i/ella  Itcalc  Avadeiiiia  tfclle  Scienze  di  Torrino.  The  ccdls 
are  often  closely  iniited  by  their  thick  coats  into  a  very  coherent  mass.  With  the 
ordinary  cells  I  have  occasionally  seen  other  larger  ones,  of  an  orange  color,  with 
very  tiiick  walls.     Are  these  resting  spores'? 

Fig.     ,  pi.  li),  represents  single  cells  of  this  plant  nuignified  750  diameters. 

Family  CIIANTRANSIACEtE. 

TlinlliiR  filnmi^ntoHus.  Fila  nrtieuhta,  o  ecllulnrum  scrio  unica  formata,  ramosa,  Rtrlcta,  nmla, 
raro  pussin:  corlicatu,  rnnii  supcriie  fascloiilutini  rnmcilosi ;  articiili  cylindrifl.  CytiodiTinii,  Iiomid- 
gciiuum,  maxinic  liyaliiium.  Cytioplasnia  lioniogenvum,  pk'runi(|iio  purpurnsccns.  I'ropiipatio  lit 
pcilysporis  UnmobillhuB,  ovalibiis,  in  ramellorum  apiec  vel  lateraliter  formatis,  coryiuboso  aggrogatlH. 
Antlicridia  subgloLjsa,  teriuinalia.     Tutriispora  raro  observato). 

Tliallns  fdamcntons.  Threads  articulate,  formed  of  a  single  series  of  cells,  branched,  straight, 
bare,  rarely  here  and  there  articulate  ;  branches  above  fnsciculately  branched  ;  joints  cylindrical 
Cytiodcrm  homogeneous,  mostly  hyaline,  cytioplasni  homogeneous,  mostly  i)urplisli.  rropagatiim 
by  immovable  oval  polysporcH  formed  on  the  ends  of  the  branches  or  laterally  and  corymboscly 
aggregate.     Antheridia  subglobose  terminal.     Tetraspores  rarely  observed. 


Genus  CHANTllANSIA,  Fkies. 

Familin;  genua  unicum. 

The  ordy  genus  of  the  family. 

C  expansa,  Wood. 

C.  ciespitosa,  in  lapido  stratum  saturate  violaceo-purpurcnm  lubricnm,  indefinite  cxpnnsnm, 
formans;  fdis  purpureis,  niodice  ramosis,  fere  2  lineas  loiigis  et  raniis  plcrnnuiue  slriclis  ct 
rectis,  stepc  clungatis;  ramulis  fcrtilibus  brevibus,  asccndcntibus;  articulis  Uianietru  'i-H  plo 


^u 


<  I 

!    I 


mi   I 


IP'- 

I   ! 

M 


'21G  rili;f<JI- WATER   ALG.K   OT   T  II  K    U  X  IT  K  1)   STATKS. 

loii)riiiril)tis,  oxiroiiii:    o'''.iisi.-i ;  imlyspori.s  in    raiiifllis    luteralibus   riiconiosiiii    i-t   coiifurtim 

I'lumilalis,  ovnlilms  vi'l  iitiiiijiliil  iibiivatis. 

Biain.—V\\.  jj'jff" '"•OOOr.    Siuir.  traiisv.  nnVo"  =  000:27  loni;.  3,'jjo  =  .0004". 

Syn. —  0.  tv/ioHA'a,  'Wood,  l*roiloiuu.s,  I'roe.  Aiirt.  I'liilus.  Hoc,  1809. 

Hub. — III  rivulia,  propo  riiihulolpliia. 

Cicspitoso,  formiii}!:  a  dark  purplo,  slippery,  indefinito  stratum  on  stones;  filanionts  pnrplo, 
imidcrali'ly  lirani'lii'd,  aimost  2  linos  Inn);,  logi'lluT  with  tlio  branches  strict  and  «tn)i(;ht, 
often  elon;j;ate  ;  iiilVrlile  branches  sonicliiuca  very  few,  Hoinotiincs  very  iintncrons  ;  fertile 
branches  sluM't,  asceiidliij;;  joints  !i-S  times  as  lon;^  as  their  iliaiiietor,  the  final  articles  oh- 
tn.scly  rotindcil :  polysporcs  rucenio.«c,  crowded  on  the  ferlilo  branches,  oval  or  somuwliut 
ova  to. 

Ri)ii(irl,'n. — This  spocics  was  found  pvowiiiif  in  iv  running  stroani,  foviniii}^  a  fi'lty 
slimy  coatinj^  upon  lar<;i'  stont-s,  looking  so  mnch  liko  a  stratum  of  OKcillaloria, 
that  when  1  gatlierod  it  I  thought  it  probably  was  a  representative  of  that  genus. 
The  stratum,  howevei",  when  carefully  examined,  is  seen  to  be  nmde  up  of  an  in- 
definit('  number  of  niiiuite,  very  eiosely  approximate  tufts.  Tlio  color  was  a  dark 
dull  purple.  The  ])lant  may  possibly  be  th(>  Chaninuisia  ^-iohura,  of  KiJTZiNci, 
which  it  resembles  in  many  particulars,  but  it  is  nearly  twice  as  long  and  the  iila- 
n.  iits  are  considerably  thicker.  Its  habit  of  growtli  also  seems  to  be  essentially 
different  from  that  of  tlie  European  plant,  so  that  I  have  finally  decided  to  con- 
sider it  a  distinct  species.  The  exact  locality  of  its  growth  is  in  a  thickly-shaded 
portion  of  the  stream  that  runs  along  the  North  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  just  this 
side  of  I'lu'lten  Hills. 

Fig.  2,  pi.  1!),  represents  a  filament  magnified  125  diameters;  fig.  2(i,  a  part  of 
a  fertile  branch  nnignified  -KU)  diameters, 

C.  iiiacrosiior.i.  Wood  (sp.  nov.). 

C.  eaispitosa,  subpollicaris,  olivaoeo-prispa  vel  saturate  violaceo-]iiirpnrea;  fdis  ramosls  ct 
raniis  pk'riini([iie  strictis  et  reetis,  ct  elonjratis;  articuKs  diametro  ;i-S  plo  loiipjioribus;  rainu- 
lis  fertilibus  brcvissimis ;  polysporio  singulis  vcl  gcniinis,  sparsis,  sicpe  distuiitibus,  globosis, 
interduiu  nonnihil  ovalibus. 

Diam.—VW.  plcruniiiue  .0008— max.  .001.     I'oly.'^p.  .0009. 

Ilab. — South  Carolina;   (Kavcncl). 

Cwspitoso,  about  nn  inch  long,  olive-gray  todccp-violet  purple  ;  filaments  a  good  deal  branched, 
with  the  branches  mostly  straight  and  elongated  ;  fertile  branches  very  short  ;  articles  3-8 
times  longer  than  broad  ;  spores  single  or  gcaiinate,  few,  often  distant,  globose,  or  sometimes 
slightly  oval. 

licmm-hs. — I  am  indebted  to  Prof.  Ravenel  for  specimens  of  tliis  species  pro- 
served  in  carbolic-acid  water.  They  arc  labelled,  "  Didl  olive  green,  growing 
against  wooden  boards  in  spring,  Nov.  5,  18(59.  Aiken,  South  Carolina."  The 
most  of  the  mass  is  of  tlic  color  noted,  or  at  least  approaches  it,  but  a  portion  is 
almost  blackish  purjjle.  Tiu>  species  is  a  very  distinct  one,  cliaracterized  bv 
the  larger  diameter  of  its  articles  and  s])oi-es,  by  the  ])ancity  and  shape  of  the 
latter,  as  well  as  by  its  vttriance  in  coloration.  In  some  old  specimens  the  cell 
WiJl  is  distinctly  lamellate.     I  have  only  seen  fruit  in  the  purple  filaments.     The 


FUKS II  WATER  ALGJi  0 1'   THE   UNITED  STATES 


217 


spores,  appaivutly  not  luature,  have  a  grocnisli-brownish  tint.  I  have  also  received 
from  Prof.  Uaveuel  dried  algie,  which,  apparently,  are  the  same  species  as  those 
from  which  this  description  has  been  written,  but  wliich,  not  being  in  fruit,  cannot 
be  absolutely  identified.  They  are,  as  dried,  of  a  bright  bluish-green,  and  attain 
the  length  of  an  inch  and  a  half  or  more. 

Fig.  ;},  pi.  19,  represents  a  part  of  a  branch  of  this  plant  magnified  400 
diameters. 

Family  BATRACIIOSPERMACEiE. 

AIpu  dioico).  TImllus  filiimcntosD»,  arUciilatua,  ramosns,  aut  violacciis,  violncco-jnirpiirous 
vt'l  I'lLTiiluo-viritlis,  inuco  niatrioali  invulutiis  ;  fliis  prinmriia  raniis(|uu  o  cellulunini  surio  iiiiica 
ccntrali  priiuaria  et  scriebus  nunicrosis  sccumlariis  paralli-lis  continiiib  vol  interrniitis  extoniis  tom- 
positis,  aut  raiiiiilurum  fusi'iculis  vorticillatis  '  'uboso  vcl  siib};loboso  deiiso  coiiglubatis  av]unli 
(listaiitia  obsilis,  aut  ramulis  siuiplicibus  vul  diehutomis  dcnao  ubiquc  voslitiB.  Vi'getutio 
tvrminalis. 

DiiwcioHi  nlgai.  Tlmllua  filaiiicntous,  articulate,  braiiclied,  violot  or  violet-puri)lp  or  l)lHish-greon, 
coviT'Mi  with  luucons;  priiiiury  filar.ioiit  and  branchog  composed  of  a  single  central  series  of  cell.s, 
and  numerous  external,  parallel,  continuous,  or  interrupted  secondary  scries;  eitlier  furnished  with 
globosely  or  subglobosely  densely  conglobate,  ecpially  distant  Tcrticillato  fasciculi  of  branches,  or 
evurywhtJrc  densely  covered  with  siniplo  or  dicbotoiuous  branches.     Vegetation  terminal. 

GeP.io  BATRACHOSPERMUM,  Roth,  1800. 

Thallus  filamentosus,  moniliformis,  o  cell'ilarum  serie  nnica  meduUari,  accessoriis  parallclis  corti- 
cata  coniP'^^^iiis,  rHniulorum  faseiculis  subgloboso-conglubatis  obsessus. 

Tliallus  moniliform,  composed  of  a  simple  series  of  medullary  cells  and  cortical  accessory  parallel 
series,  clothed  with  subglobosely  conglobate  fasciculi  of  branches. 

Remarks. — The  BairacJiosjK'rnia  arc  amongst  the  very  largest  of  the  fresh-water 
alga?,  forming  gelatinous  branched  masses  from  ;•,  few  inches  to  even  more  than  a 
for^t  iii  length.  The  fronds  arc  very  freely  and  very  irregularly  branched,  and  are 
evidently  composed  throughout,  i.  c,  both  in  regard  to  the  main  filaments  and  the 
branches,  of  two  portions,  a  centnal  axis  and  much  mon;  slender  short  transverse 
branchlets,  which  often  end  in  a  long  hair,  and  are  arranged  more  or  less  exclu- 
sively in  groups,  so  as  to  form,  to  the  nuked  eye,  at  regular  intervals,  little  balls  or 
knots,  the  whole  plant  thus  presenting  a  sort  of  moniliform  asiM'ct.  Sometimes, 
however,  these  glomeridi  are  placed  so  closely  together,  and  grow  so  large  that 
they  become  confluent,  and  the  branch  to  which  they  arc  attached  appears  as  a 
uniform  thick  and  very  gelatinous  cylindrical  cord. 

The  axis  both  of  the  stem  and  the  branches  of  a  BatrmhoKjicnn  consist  ori- 
ginally of  but  a  single  series  of  cells.  The  development  of  new  cells  takes  place 
in  two  ways,  the  one  of  which  results  simply  in  an  increase  in  the  length  of  the 
axis,  the  other  in  the  production  of  branches.  The  first  of  these  is  the  ordinary 
process  of  cell  multiplication  by  division,  and  occurs  oidy  in  the  end  cells,  so  that 
no  new  cells  are  ever  formed  in  the  central  portions  of  the  axis,  which  increases 
in  length  solely  by  the  addition  of  new  cells  at  the  end,  and  by  longitudinal  growth 
of  the  old  ones.  The  first  step  towards  the  formation  of  a  branch  is  the  i)roduc- 
tiou  of  a  little  \)ouch-like  protrusion  near  the  upper  cud  of  a  cell.     This  increases 

28      September.  1873. 


mmmi 


I 


!" 


218 


F  II  ES  II -WAT  Kit    Ah  U.I':    01'    TIIK    U  X  I  T  K  I)    STATES, 


ill  sizo  and  soon  hv'uv^  cut  off  from  (lie  paicut-ccll  by  a  partition,  forms  a  complete 
coll,  the  starting  point  of  a  new  branch.  If  this  eel)  has  been  formed  alone,  with- 
out companions,  it  is  the  beginning  of  a  main  branch,  and  divides  after  a  very  brief 
period  transversely,  the  new  cell  thus  arising  in  a  little  while  itself  divides,  and  so 
tlie  process  goes  on  until  the  axis  of  a  large  brancli,  similar  to  the  parent  axis  is 
developed,  and  which,  like  the  parent  axis,  increases  only  by  a  division  of  the  end 
cell  and  longitudinal  growth  of  the  central  ones. 

Wiien  a  glomerulus  is  to  be  formed  instead  of  a  single  pouch,  a  number  appear 
around  the  upper  end  of  a  cell,  and  become  cut  off  as  new  cells.  Each  of  these 
is  the  starting  point  of  a  new  row  of  cells,  which  not  only  grows,  at  least  up  to 
a  certain  point,  by  the  division  of  the  end  cells,  but  which  also  gives  rise  to  a 
large  number  of  branches  in  a  way  precisely  similar  to  that  in  which  it  itself  was 
developed,  i.  e.,  by  the  formation  of  littlo  lateral  protrusions,  &c.  These  secondary 
branches  have  a  life-history  similar  to  that  of  the  branch  whose  offspring  they  are. 
They  continually  give  origin  to  new  branchlets  in  the  way  just  described,  which 
branchicts  themselves  produce  fresh  offshoots,  and  so  it  goes  on  until  at  last  the 
forest  of  branchlets  making  up  the  dense  glomerulus  is  evolved.  It  has  been 
just  stated  that  the  original  axis  of  the  main  filament  or  any  branch  is  composed 
of  a  single  simple  series  of  large  cells ;  when  an  old  BatravhoHjicnn  is  placed  under 
the  microscope,  however,  it  is  at  once  evident  that  the  axis  is  in  reality  formed  of 
sucli  a  series  lying  in  the  centre  and  covered  over  and  often  hidden  by  numerous 
longitudinal  scries  of  smaller  cells.  These  latter  do  not  belong  to  the  original 
axis,  but  arc  secondary  additions  to  it,  and  arise  in  this  way.  Whilst  a  glomerulus 
is  being  developed  certain  of  the  basal  cells  of  its  constituent  branches  give  origin 
in  the  usual  manner  to  branchlets,  which,  instead  of  growing  outward  to  form  a 
part  of  the  glomerulus,  grow  upwards  or  downwards,  closely  hugging  and  fiualh 
enveloping  the  original  axis,  and  at  last  forming  a  distinct  cortical  layer  to  it. 

Very  frequently  in  well-advanced  Jiatntchoxjwrms  there  will  be  seen  scattered 
among  the  glomerulus  large,  round,  firm,  dense  balls  composed  of  a  great  number  of 
small  closely-attached  cells.  These  are  the  rej)roductive  bodies.  According  to  11. 
(iraf  zu  Solms-Laubach  {Dolanlscho  Zeilanij,  18G7,  p.  161),  they  are  tiie  result  of 
sexual  reproduction,  and  are  developed  from  aiilhcrklia  and  (ric/iotjouia  (female 
organs)  in  the  following  manner : — 

The  antheridia  are  small  roundish  cells  full  of  a  colorless  protoplasm,  which  is 
remarkable  for  the  very  numerous  bright  granules  which  it  contains.  They  occur 
either  scattered  or  in  groups,  and  are  placed  upon  the  upper  ends  of  peculiar  ovate 
cells,  also  filled  witii  a  colorless  protoplasm.  Most  frequently  there  is  a  single 
antheridium  to  the  basal  cell,  sometimes  two ;  the  latter  number  appears  never  to  be 
exceeded.  Wlien  matured,  the  antheridia  open  and  allow  tlieir  contents  to  escape 
in  the  form  of  rouiidisii  or  flattened  bodies,  which  never,  as  far  as  known,  acquire 
cilia,  and  have,  therefore,  no  power  of  spontaneous  motion.  These  bodies,  which 
are  believed  to  be  spcirmatozoids,  are  unprovided  with  anything  like  an  external 
membrane,  and  are  composed  of  jjiotoplnsm  identical  witli  that  in  the  antheridium. 

^^'!lilst  these  clianj^es  are  occurring,  c(>rtain  cells  in  otiier  localities  are  being  trans- 
formed into  female  organs,  to  which  our  author  applies  tlu;  name  of  TiIcIkkjohih. 


FllKSII-W  ATEll    ALQAi    OF    T II K    UNITED    STATES. 


219 


Those  are  borne  upon  cells  similar  to  those  supporting  the  anthcridia.  At  first 
they  are  not  markedly  different  from  the  other  cells,  but  soon  luidergo  a  very  rapid 
growth.  Tliis  is  not,  however,  regular,  and  is  not  partaken  of  by  a  band  of  tissue 
about  one-third  way  from  the  basal  end,  so  that  at  last  a  long  somewhat  flask- 
shaped  cell  is  produced,  with  a  very  marked  contraction  at  the  point  indicated, 
separating  it  into  two  portions.  The  wall  of  this  cell  is  thin  but  very  distinct,  and 
the  cavity  is  filled  with  a  homogeneous  or  very  sparsely  granular  protoplasm,  which 
is  continuous  through  the  narrow  neck-like  portion.  After  a  time  there  appear 
one  or  more  large  irregidar  vacuoles,  with  actively  moving  corpuscles  in  them,  and 
at  the  same  time  the  neek  appears  to  be  stopped  with  a  slimy  substance.  Careful 
examination  with  reagents  shows  that  this  is  cellulose,  and  that  it  does  not  com- 
pletely block  the  passage-way  through  the  isthmus.  At  this  time  there  appear  lying 
upon  the  free  end  of  the  trichogonia  globular  or  flattened  bodies,  without  external 
membrane,  corresponding  in  all  respects  with  those  already  described  as  being  pro- 
duced in  the  antheridia.  The  end  of  the  trichogonium  generally  enlarges  at  this 
period  into  a  sort  of  roundish  knob,  and  by  and  by  the  end  wall  between  this  and 
one  of  these  globules  becomes  absorbed,  so  that  there  is  a  free  communication 
between  the  two.  Whilst  this  is  going  on  the  globule  fcquircs  a  thin,  delicate 
coat,  and  there  appears  in  it  a  vacuole  similar  to  those  preexisting  in  the  tricho- 
gonium. 

The  first  result  of  this  impregnation  of  the  trichogonium  is  the  deposit  of  new 
cellulose,  and  the  complete  blocking  up  of  the  passage-way  through  the  isthmus 
or  narrowed  portion.  Already  before  the  fecundation,  the  upper  cells  of  the 
branches  supporting  the  trichogonia  have  produced  numerous  branchlets,  which 
growing  upwards  more  or  less  completely  cover  that  organ.  After  impregnation 
the  cells  near  to  the  trichogonium  become  much  larger  and  broader,  their  vacuoles 
disappear,  and  are  replaced  by  a  dense  granular  dark  greenish-brown  protoplasm. 

These  cells  now  show  a  great  activity  in  the  production  of  numerous  branches 
in  the  usual  way,  but  it  is  the  upper  two  alone  which,  with  the  tricliogonium  that 
they  support,  are  concerned  in  the  formation  of  the  fruit  glomerulus.  These  put 
out  all  over  their  surface  an  immense  number  of  protrusions,  which  soon  in  the 
ordinary  way  become  the  parents  of  as  many  twigs  or  branchlets,  which  growing 
and  branching,  precisely  as  do  the  vegetative  branches,  soon  become  excessively 
crowded.  The  base  of  the  trichogonium  participates  also  in  this  production  of 
branches,  and  at  last  a  dense  ball  is  forme'l  of  pscudoparenchymatous  tissue  by 
the  forced  adhesion  of  the  crowded  twigs.  Tiie  central  cells  of  the  glomerulus 
thus  formed  are  very  large  and  bladder  like.  The  outer  part  of  the  ball  is  com- 
posed of  innumerable  radiating  rows  of  small  cells,  the  end  cell  of  each  branch 
being  roundish  so  as  to  present  a  convex  external  face.  At  maturity  these 
cells  open  and  allow  their  contents  to  escape  as  round  masses,  which  appear  to 
have  no  membrane,  but  begin  at  once  to  grow  and  secrete  cellulose.  Their  after- 
history  has  not  been  made  out  with  absolute  certainty,  but  they  are  believed  to 
directly  develop  the  new  plant. 


220 


FUESU-WATEll  ALO^^K   OF   THE   UNITED  STATES. 


Pi! 


^\]\  ^ 
[1-]^ 


V 


B.  moniliforine,  (Roth.) 

B.  poUicrrc,  bi-  tripoUicaro,  raro  pcdalc,  inuco  gvhuinoso  plus  minus  flrnio  involutum,  viola- 
coum,  fuscum,  rufo-bruiiiioum,  purpurcum  vel  cuirulfo-viridiscuus,  vagc  ramosBissiiiiuin  ;  ramii- 
loriim  articulis  oiiinibus  coufoniiibus,  obluiigo-subeluvaliB,  cxtrcmiB  uouuuuquam  ButiguriB; 
intcrnodiis  iiudis  vcl  rumulis  accussoriii.  siuguliii  sparsis  iustructis, 

Diam. — Tctrnsp.  globulus  jfj^  =  .006. 

Syn. — li.  moniliforme,  Uoiii.     Uabeniioest,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  405. 

JJab. — In  aquis  puris,  Michigan  ;  Gray.    New  York  ;  Bailey.    Virginia ;  JackHon,  Alabama  ; 
Tuoinuy.     South  Carolina  ;  (Ilavencl)     Pennsylvania;  New  Jersey;  Wood. 

One  inch  to  a  foot  in  length,  clothed  with  a  more  or  less  lirm  gelatinous  mucus,  violet,  fuscous, 
reddish-brown,  purple,  or  bluish-grocn,  vaguely  and  profusely  branched;  joints  of  the 
branches  similar,  oblong-subclavate,  the  outer  ones  sometimes  setigerous;  intcruodes  naked 
or  furnished  with  a  few  s>oattcrcd  accessory  branchlets. 

Rcmarli8. — This  species  is  very  abundant  in  fresh,  cool  rivulets,  in  springs,  in 
limestone  waters,  in  pine-barren  streams,  and  even  occasionally  in  ditclics,  wherever 
I  liavc  botanized  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey.  It  varies  greatly  in  size,  in 
color,  and  other  particulars. 

The  branchlets,  as  I  have  observed  them,  are  most  generally  not  setigerous,  but 
at  times  they  are  provided  with  seta  of  moderate  length. 

I  have  found  numerous  fruiting  fronds,  but  in  none  of  them  was  the  fruit  in 
great  abundance,  not  nearly  so  much  so  as  in  the  llocky  Mountain  species. 

B.  vagiiui,  (UoTii)  AuAUDii. 

B.  vage  raniossi-'siniuni,  uni-  vcl  tripollicare,  fuscum  vcl  tcrugineuni ;  intcrnodiis  inferioribus 
raniellis  nunicrosis  obes.si.s,  superioribus  nudis  vel  subuudis ;  ramuloruni  articulis  extremis 
sctis  longissimis  int-triictis. 

Z>iam.— Tctrasp.  globulus  ^JJg  =  .00333. 

Sijn. — /;.  vaijum,  (Uotii)  AoAunu.     llAnENiiORST,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  400. 

Hab. — In  aquis  quietis,  Uintah  Mountains,  Nevada ;  (S.  Watson). 

Vaguely  branched,  one  to  three  inches  long,  brownish  or  a!rnginou8;  inlcrnodos — the  inferior 
co.orcd  with  a  dense  mass  of  branchlets — the  superior  naked,  or  nearly  so;  last  articles  oi 
the  branchlets  provided  with  an  extremely  long  seta. 

RemarlcH. — I  have  received  from  Mr.  Sereno  Watson  some  half  a  dozen  dried 
algir,  which  I  have  referred  to  B.  viujum,  with  some  doubt.  Tlicy  are  labelled  as 
having  grown  in  shtdlow  water,  in  a  beaver  pond,  in  Pack's  Caiion,  Unitas,  Uintah 
Mountains,  Nevada,  at  an  altitude  of  7000  feet.  All  the  descriptions  of  B.  vngiim 
which  I  have  seen  are  singuhirly  imperfect;  in  none  is  it  stated  how  large  the  spore 
masses  grow,  and  how  plentifully  the  branchlets  are  provided  with  seta.  As  far 
as  the  descriptions  go,  however,  my  specimens  agree  with  them,  and  I  have,  there- 
fore, refrained  from  indicating  a  new  species.  The  plants  are  remarkable  for  the 
profusion  and  extreme  length  of  the  seta,  and  for  the  quantity  of  fruit  which 
they  produce.  The  fruit  masses  are  small  but  very  compact,  scarcely  more  than 
half  the  size  of  those  of  the  preceding  species.  The  vcrticles  of  branchlets  arc 
often  completely  joined,  and  as  it  were  almost  swallowed  up  by  the  mass  of  inter- 
vening scattered  branchlets  which  arise  directly  from  the  main  axis.     In  the  distal 


FRESH-WATER   ALQ^   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


221 


portions  of  the  fronds,  however,  the  glomeruli  are  more  fasciculate  and  more 
distinct,  for  although  sometimes  so  close  as  to  be  almost  confluent  at  their  spread- 
ing edges,  at  their  bases  they  are  distinct.  This  species  very  probably  attains  a 
mucli  larger  size  than  indicated  by  my  specimens,  and  possibly  varies  as  much  in 
color  as  B,  moniliforme. 

Genus  TUOMEYA,  Harvey. 

"  Frond  cartilaginous,  continuous,  solid,  at  first  transversely  banded,  afterwards  annularly  con- 
strieted  ;  composed  of  a  Ic^.^uuinal  axis,  and  two  strata  of  peripheric  cells.  Axis  columnar 
consisting  of  several  longitudinal  cohering  filaments,  beset  with  closely  placed  whorls  of  moniliform 
ramelli,  whose  branches  anastomose  horizontally  and  vertically  into  a  cellular  peripheric  membrane 
which  IS  coated  externally  with  moniliform  filaments,  gradually  developed.  Fructification  probably 
in  the  superficial  filaments. 

T.  fluviatilis,  Harvsy. 

Sab — On  stones,  in  rivers  and  streams.     River  in  Alabama ;  Prof.  Tuomey.     Near  Fred- 
ericksburg, Virginia ;  Prof.  Bailey. 

Fronds  tufted,  an  inch  or  two  in  height,  scarcely  as  thick  as  a  hog's  bristle,  ranch  and  irregu- 
larly branched,  bushy;   the  branches  alternate  or  secund,  scattered  or  crowded,  twice  or 
thrice  divided,  and  set  with  scotterod  patent  ramuli  which  are  slightly  constricted  at  the  in- 
terstices, and  taper  to  an  obtuse  point.     When  young  the  branches  and  ramuli  are  perfectly 
cylindrical,  and  when  examined  ander  a  low  power  of  the  microscope  show  a  surface  com- 
posed of  minute,  dotlike  cells,  placed  close  together,  ond  marked  at  short  intervals  with  dark- 
colored  transverse  bands.     These  bands  disappear  under  a  higher  magnifying  power.     They 
are  indications  of  the  nodes  of  the  axis  of  the  frond  seen  through  the  peripheric  stratum. 
In  old,  fully  developed  specimens  the  branches  and  ramuli  are  annularly  constricted  at  short 
intervals,  the  nodes  becoming  swollen,  whilst  the  intcrnodes  remain  unchongcd.     When  a 
young  branch  is  bruised  between  two  pieces  of  glass  the  axis  may  be  readily  extracted.     It 
consists  of  seve.al  parallel  longitudinal  jointed  threads  combined  together  at  closely-placed 
nodes,  from  which  issue  horizontal  dichotomous  filaments,  composed  of  roundish  or  angular 
cells.     These  cxcnrrent  filaments  spread  both  horizontally  and  vertically,  and  their  branches 
anastomose  into  a  cellular  mass  or  fleshy  membrane,  which  forms  the  inner  peripheric  stratum. 
In  young  plants  a  portion  of  the  frond,  between  the  axis  and  periphery,  is  hollow,  but  in 
older  ones  the  cavity  is  quite  filled  up  with  cells.     The  external  surface  of  the  cellular  peri- 
phery  is  clothed  with  a  coat  of  moniliform  filaments  gradually  developed,  and  forms  what  is 
above  called  the  second  peripheric  stratum.     These  are  found  only  in  fully-grown  specimens ; 
they  consist  of  much  smaller  cells  than  those  of  the  inner  stratum  ;  they  are  more  strongly 
colored,  and  I  consider  them  to  be  connected  with  fructification.     The  color  is  a  dark  olive. 
The  substance  is  brittle,  rigid  when  dry,  and  the  plant  scarcely  adheres  to  the  paper.     The 
generic  name  is  in  memory  of  the  late  Prof.  Tuomey,  of  Tuscaloosa." 

Bcmark/>.—l  have  no  knowledge  of  this  plant,  and  have  simply  copied  the  de- 
scription of  Prof.  Harvey ;  Smithsonian  Contributions,  1846. 


Family  LEMANEACE^E. 

AlgsB  rivnlares  vel  fluviatilcs.  Thallus  e  proembryone  confervacea  enascens,  setaceus,  sabsimplice 
vel  fasciculatim  ramosus,  cavus,  nodosus,  e  cellnlarum  stratis  internis  et  corticatis  formatus.  Noduli 
plerumque  papillarum  corona  instructi.  PolysporoB  numerosie,  in  seriebus  ramosis  moniliformibus 
fasciculatim  aggrcgata:,  sine  fecundatione  germinantes. 


■^ 


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If 


'Jl  ii    I 


If 


'i22 


FRESU-WATEK    ALQM   OF   T II  K   UNITED   STATES. 


Algo)  growing  in  stri'unia  and  rivers.  TIiuIIuh  developing  frum  a  cunfervoid  protluilldid  rdameiit, 
setiiceouH,  ulinost  simple  or  fuseieululely  branclied,  liollow,  nodose,  composed  of  inteninl  und  corli- 
ctil  strain  oC  cells.  NodiilcH  generally  provided  with  a  corona  or  papilla.  I'olyspores  numerous, 
fasciculutely  aggregated  iu  branched  mouilirorm  Hcries,  germiuuting  without  focuudutiou. 


Genus  LEMANEA,  BoiiY. 


Genoa  uuicum. 
The  only  genus. 


Pevnirlin. — The  plants  belonging  to  the  genns  I^mancn  are  quite  peculiar  in 
aspect  and  liabit.  Tliey  grow  exclusively  in  fresh  water,  especially  frequenting 
streams  wliose  current  is  rapid,  and  whose  waters  are  cliilled  by  the  mountain  air. 
Tiieir  frail,  tubular,  scarcely-branched  fronds  offer  but  little  resistance  to  the 
water,  whilst  their  lower  end  is  swollen  into  a  sort  of  discoid  root,  wliich  adheres 
firmly  to  the  stones.  The  frond  is  mostly  blatfkish  or  brownish,  and  is  formed  of 
two  distinct  portions  or  layers,  of  which  the  outer  or  cortical  is  composed  of  small 
closely  cohering,  colored  cells ;  the  inner  of  much  larger  cells,  which  have  thick 
colorless  walls,  and  arc  placed  so  as  to  Icivve  more  or  less  numerous  interspaces. 
In  the  immature  frond  there  is  also  a  longitudinal  central  column,  besides  some 
sUnider  many-jointed  filaments,  passing  obliquely  through  the  cavity,  but  as  final 
development  takes  place  these  seem  to  disappear.  The  mature  frond  is  alternately 
contracted  and  expanded  throughout  its  length.  In  the  narrow  portions  tlie  iinier 
tisstie  often  blocks  up  the  tube  entirely,  whilst  the  dilated  parts  are  loosely  filled 
with  the  spores,  which  are  produced  within  the  frond.  Tlie  spores  themselves  arc 
oval,  thick ish-walled  cells,  whose  cndochrome  changes  from  grcenisli  to  a  very 
decided  yillow  during  the  process  of  maturing.  They  are  joined  together  to  form 
rows  or  series,  which  are  not  simple,  but  are  very  much  branched,  so  that  from  a 
central  basal  row  arises  a  complex  bush-like  mass  (pi.  20,  fig.  4).  These  spore- 
clusters  are  always  distinct,  a  number  of  them  existing  in  each  sporangial  node  of 
tlie  frond. 

Dr.  B.  Wartmann  described,  nearly  twenty  years  ago,  very  fully  the  way  in 
which  the  spores  germinate  and  develop  into  the  frond.  The  first  step,  according 
to  this  authority,  consists  in  the  elongation  of  the  spore  and  the  projection  of  one 
end,  which  is  soon  cut  off  by  the  formation  of  a  transverse  partition,  and  consti- 
tutes a  new  cell.  ThL  multiplying  in  no  strikingly  peculiar  way  soon  develops 
into  a  branched  confervoid  fihiment.  A  large  number  of  these  filaments  are  gene- 
rally produced  in  one  place  at  one  time  and  form  a  very  apparent  greenish  layer. 
Finally  certain  cells  in  branches  of  these  filaments  swell  up  and  become  very  much 
broader  than  their  fellows,  imdergoing,  at  the  same  time,  division  so  rapidly  that 
they  become  very  short.  By  and  by  they  divide  also  in  the  direction  of  their 
breailth,  so  that  instead  of  a  simple  series  of  cells  there  arises  a  compound  mass. 
This  is  the  beginning  of  the  new  frond.  At  first  it  is  dependent  upon  the  parent 
filament,  but  soon  acquires  a  root-Uke  process  at  the  base  and  develops  rapidly 
into  the  complex  cartilaginous  plant. 


■i-ir 


FRESH. WATER   AhQAi   OF   THE    UNITED   STATES  223 

Mj,  (orillosa^  (Ruth)  Au. 

L.  subsimplex,  plcnnmiue  arcuattt,  cartilttginea  ct  nonnihil  riKi.ln,  1-2  pollicrs  lonpa;  no.lulis 
a,.,.nmmai,s,  ,,m.,|i,,s  „,,,.,a„„i,,  ,,lcru.n,,„o  4-C  euormitor  vorticollutiH,  vd  nuunihil  .,,„..«!« 

Diam.-Sporis.  transv.  max.  TaSnB'-TjVdB"- 

%«.-£.  <oru/o«a  (RoTii)  Ao.     IIaukniioust,  Flora,  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  411. 

£a5.-Influmine    Kentucky;  (Short)  Ilarvoy.     I'cnnBylvunia ;  Virginia;  New  York;  New 
dergey;    Wood. 

«ub8imp!c  mostly  arcM.ate,  cartiloRinouB  an.l  fiomcwl.at  rigi,!,  1-2  inrhcs  long;  no.luIeH   ap- 

caZ'""  ^^'^  ."'^■"•,"77'-  "i;i''"-'^'.  "-tly  4-G,  irregularly  verticillato'or  .o.newl 
scattered,  sometimes  sligliOy  coiiflueiit;  spores  oval. 

Ecnmr/,-s.-Thk  plant  attains  a  length  of  about  two  inches,  and  grows  in  masses 
attachc.1  to  rorks,  often  forming  a  sort  of  turfy  covering  to  tliem,  in  rnnidly  run- 
nnig  water.  In  mass  it  has  a  grayish  or  blankisli  appearance.  The  filament  has 
a  grayish  groundwork,  with  a  dark  baud  at  the  position  of  the  nodes,  which  arc 
enlarged  and  inclose  tlie  spores.  The  transverse  outline  of  the  filament  is  a  very 
irregular  circle.  I  have  found  this  species  very  abundant  in  the  rapid  water  of  the 
b.'huylk.ll.  just  above  Flat  Hock  Tunnel,  on  the  Heading  Railroad,  eight  or  nine 
miles  above  Philadelphia.  Prof.  E.  D.  Cope  has  sent  me  specimens  collected  by 
himself  m  swift  streams  in  Western  Virginia,  and  Mr.  Austin  has  obtained  it  in 
similar  situations  in  Northern  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Austin  has  also  sent  mo  specimens 
collected  m  Canada  West. 

Ii.  fluvi.itiliH,  Aa. 

h.  Kimplox  vel  pnrco  ramosa,  quatuor  uncias  longa  (intcrdum  spithamca  ?),  recta  vcl  snbrecta  • 
nodul.s  subrcmotis,  pupillis  verlicillatis  n.agui.s  ob«sesis;  sporis  globosis  vel  subelliptieis      ' 
/)*am.-Spor.  „'„V'-T5'uW. 

Syn.—L.-fluvialHis,  Agabdu.     Rabeniiokst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sect.  III.  p.  411. 
Ilab — In  rivulis,  Alabama;  T.  M.  Tetera. 

Simple  or  sparsely  branched,  4  inches  long  (.sometimes  growing  of  a  span  length  ?),  straight  or 
aeurly  so ;  nodules  rather  distant,  papillic  vcrtieillate,  large,  prominent. 

FcmarAs—Thc  only  specimens  I  have  seen  of  this  species  were  sent  me  by 
Prof,  llavenel.  This  plant  is  ^  rger  and  heavier  than  L.  torulom,  from  which  it  is 
also  readily  distinguished  by  its  very  large  prominent  papilltc.  These  are  in 
slightly  irregular  whorls  of  three  or  more.  The  spores  vary  in  sha  le  from  that 
of  a  globe  to  that  of  a  somewhat  four-sided  ellipse;  in  the  latter  case  being  some- 
times nearly  twice  as  long  as  broad.  Prof,  llabenhorst  speaks  of  the  plant  attain- 
ing tlie  length  of  a  span.     I  have  never  seen  it  over  four  inches. 

Ii.  catenatn,  Ktz. 

L.  ad  uncias  5  longa,  rogulariter  constricta,  si^nplcv,  comproRsa,  arcnata,  In  massa  obscure 

viulacea;  papillis  nullis;  .sporis  cnormiter  ovalibua  vel  subglobosis. 
Diavi — Spor.  transv.  max  t!^oW  =  -001". 
Syn.—L.  catenata,  YLvtuhq.     Rabeniiokst,  Flora  Europ.  Algarum,  Sec.  III.  p.  412. 


224 


FRESH -WATER    ALO^   OF   THE   UNITED    STATES. 


Uab.— hi  riviilis  frigidis  moiitaiiis  Piuinoiid  Riinge,  It.  .'ky  Mountuiiis  ;  (Scrono  Watson). 

About  5  incbes  long,  regulorly  constricteii,  8iuii>le,  foinprcssed,  arcuate,  iu  uinss  obBuure  violot; 
papules  wanting  ;  spores  irregularly  oval  or  subglobosu. 

Remarks. — I  liave  received  specimens  of  the  plant  from  which  the  above  diag- 
nosis  was  drawn,  from  Mr.  Sereno  "Watson,  labelled  "  Mountain  stream.  Diamond 
Range,  altitude  6500  feet."  In  the  dried  state  they  are  closely  interwoven  into  a 
dark  purple,  rigid  thin  mass.  When  soaked  out  they  preserve  the  same  color  in 
mass,  but  each  individual  stem  has  a  general  light  yellowish,  neutral  ground  tint, 
with  dark-purplish  or  greenish-black  bands  at  regular  intervals.  At  the  position 
of  these  bands  the  filament  is  nearly  round  and  contracted,  wiiilst  between  them  it 
is  compressed  and  enlarged.  The  spores  are  placed,  not  at  the  swelling,  but  at 
the  constrictions,  corresponding  to  the  dark  rings  in  position.  They  are  quite 
irregular  in  shape,  and  of  a  faint  yellow  tint.  The  filaments  between  the  liftle 
knots  of  spores  appear  to  be  hollow.  Their  walls  are  everywhere  very  thin  wh  jn 
compared  with  L.  torulom,  hence  they  are  more  flaccid.  The  species  agrees  lu 
every  respect  with  Prof  Rabenhorst's  diagnosis  of  L.  cateuata,  Ktz.,  a  native  of 
cold  mountain  streams  of  Germany  and  Switzerland.  I  regret,  however,  very 
greatly  that  I  have  had  no  opportunity  of  comparison  with  European  specimens,  or 
a  fuller  description. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


TuE  following  species,  of  which  the  author  has  not  seen  specimens,  were  inad- 
vertently omitted  from  their  proper  places  in  the  monograph.  They  are  all  con- 
tained in  the  Nereig  Boreali-Americana  of  Prof.  Harvey.  The  following  descrip- 
tions and  remarks  are  simply  copied  from  the  work  mentioned. 


Tetraspora  lacunosa,  Chauv. 

Frond  at  first  tubular,  then  Hat,  or  irregularly  lobed,  mcmbranaceo-gelatinous,  palo-grcen,  every- 
where pierced  with  roundish  holes  of  various  sizes.  Chauv.  Alg.  Norm.  Breb.  Alg.  Fal.  p. 
11,  t.  1.  Kutz.  Sp.  Alg.  p.  22T.  T.  Oodeyi,  De  Breb.  Kalz.  Tab.  Phyc.  I.  30,  /.  3.  2'. 
perforata,  Bailey,  M.S. 

Uab. — In  fresh-water  streams.  Abundant  near  Westpoint,  Prof.  Bailey ;  Providence,  Ilhodo 
Island,  Mr.  Olncy.     (v.  s.  in  Ilerb.  T.C.D.) 

Frond  at  first  funnel-shaped,  afterwards  splitting  open,  and  then  flat,  expanding  upwards  and 
irregularly  lobed,  everywhere  pierced  with  roundish  holes  of  various  sizes,  large  and  small 
intermixed.  These  holes  increase  in  size  and  numbers  with  age,  and  thus  at  last  the  frond 
becomes  an  open  network.  The  substance  is  very  gelatinous,  but  rather  firmer  than  in  some 
other  species  of  the  genus.  The  color  is  a  pale  green;  and  the  hyaline  gelatinous  membrane 
is  filled  with  roundish  granules  set  iu  fours. 

Kiitzing's  figure  of  T.  Goileyi  answers  well  to  our  plant.  I  have  not  seen  any 
authentic  specimens  of  T.  Jacunosa,  which  is  referred  by  Kiitzing  to  his  T.  lubrica, 
var.  (i.,  but  the  description  given  of  it  applies  to  the  American  plant.  AVhen  care- 
fully dried,  it  forms  a  very  pretty  object  for  the  herbarium.  (Chlorosjwrmcce,  p. 
61.)     (Harvei/,  p.  61.) 

IVoMtoc  (Uormosiphon)  arcticnm,  Berk. 

Fronds  foliaceous,  variously  plaited,  green  or  brownish  ;. filaments  at  length  (their  gelatinous 
envelope  being  dissolved)  free.  Berk,  in  Proc.  Lin.  Soc.  fide  An.  Nat.  Hist.  2d  Ser,  vol. 
10,  p.  302. 

Hab. — On  the  naked  soil,  in  boggy  ground.  Assistance  Bay,  lat.  75°  40'  N.  Pr.  Sutherland,   (v.s.) 

"Fronds  foliaceous,  variously  plicate,  .sometimes  contracted  into  a  little  ball.  Gelatinous 
envelope  at  length  effused  ;  connecting  cells  at  first  solitary,  then  three  together ;  threads, 
which  are  nearly  twice  as  thick  as  in  N.  commune,  breaking  up  at  the  connecting  cells,  so  as 
to  form  new  threads;,  each  terminated  with  a  single  large  cell,  the  central  cell  becoming  free." 
Berk.  I.  c. 

"  It  grows,"  says  Dr.  Sutherland,  "  upon  the  soft  and  almost  boggy  slopes  around 
Assistance  Bay;  and  when  these  slopes  become  frozen  at  the  close  of  the  season, 

29      Ootober,  X87a.  /  225  ) 


336 


SU  IT  I,  K  mi;  NT. 


tlic  jiliiiit  lyin^  upon  the  Hurfiict!  in  irregularly  pliciitcd  uuishcm  becomes  looNened, 
luul  if  it  is  not  at  ouce  eovereil  with  nuow,  «hi<h  is  iu)t  always  the  <'ase,  the  wind 
carries  it  ahout  in  all  directions.  Sometimes  it  is  hlowu  out  to  sea,  wiiere  one  ran 
(lick  it  u|)  on  the  snrl'a(H>  of  the  ice,  over  a  depth  of  prolial)ly  one  hundred  fathoms. 
It  hu8  been  foiuul  at  a  distance  uf  two  mileu  from  th(!  land,  where  the  wind  had 
carried  it.  At  this  distanci>  from  the  land  it  was  infested  with  Ihliinr,  and  1 
accounted  for  this  fact  hy  presumiu};  tiiat  the  insects  of  llu^  previous  year  had  de- 
posited their  ova  in  the  plant  upon  the  land,  where  also  the  mimo  species  could  hu 
seen  in  myriads  upon  the  little  purlinj,'  rivulets,  at  the  side  of  wiiich  the  Nostoc 
was  very  abundant."  ,\t  p.  '20')  of  his  Journal,  Dr.  Sutherland  further  mentions 
luiviuf;  tried  it  as  an  artich>  of  food,  and  foiuul  it  preferalde  to  the  'I'ript?  do  llocho 
of  the  arctic  hiniters.  Its  nutritive  (|ualities  ar(<  probably  eipud  tu  thoso  of  thu 
jelly  derived  from  other  Alji;a'.     {('/iloniKjKriiu'a;,  p.  ll>i.) 


' 


IVostor  flnKcllifbrmr,  IU.hk.  mid  Cvnr. 

Torri'Hiiliil ;  froml  I'lii'liliiffiiiuu.x,  Ihiciir,  very  narrow,  ooinprcsflrd  iinil  ortcii  clmiincllcil,  imicli 
Ih'iiiicIu'iI,  irrcf^uliii'ly  ilirlKilniiiniis;  Lruiiclu's  Hulid,  di'iisi'ly  tilled  willi  iiuiiilliriinii  cuivt'd 
tliriMid.s.     Hill:  (111,1  Curt.  No.  J«()a. 

Hub. — Oil  niiki'd  iiluiuiiupus  soil,  at  Sail  I'l'dro,  Tt'xiis,  Mr.  riinrlcs  AVri^jlit.     (v.s.) 

Froiiiln  several  inrlii's  in  li'iit?lli,  half  a  line  in  diaiiiotcr,  lyiiiK  pi'osli'ate  on  tlio  Kiirfaco  of  llio 
soil,  iimcli  brniiclu'il  in  nn  irrr);iilarly  dicliotoiiioiis  niuniu'r;  bmnchi'S  cxaclly  linear,  eoni- 
prexsod,  often  eliaiiiielled  on  one  or  tiotli  sides,  thinned  in  the  inidilh^  and  inerussiited  to  llio 
pdfto.  titih)sliiiicr  linn  and  ehistie,  eiirlila^iiiioiis,  solid,  lU'iisely  tilled  with  inoiiiliforni,  eiirved  or 
eni'led,  iiilerlaeed  threads,  which  are  xel  loiigitudiiiully  in  Ihu  froml,  anil  liu  nearly  ]iarallel  tu 
each  other.     C'olur  dark  olive. 


A  very  curious  and  most  distinctly  marked  specie's,  difforiiip;  from  others  of  this 
genus,  mueli  in  (he  same  i.ianner  that  C/itrto/ifiora  <ii(/i'i'i(r/()l!a  does  from  the  ordi- 
nary globose  forms  of  C/urtoji/ioru.     {C/ilDrosjHriiKu;  p.  11;").) 

IVostoc  iiiicroscopiriini,  Caum. 

Fronds  densely  nfrtiretrated,  very  minute,  gioboso  or  olilnng,  iiiimerHod  in  a  hlaekish  crust;  filtt- 
inoiits  few.  Carm.  in  Hook-.  Ilrit.  Ft.  'i,  p.  3U1).  Jlari'.  Man.  Kii.  1,  ;).  1,S4.  N.  muHCorum, 
JIasK.  llr.  Fi:  Mat.  Ahj.  i>.  ii'.l-J, /.  HJiij.  •». 

Ilab. — "Stones  in  a  small  stream,  Hatlin's  Hay,"  Dr.  Sutherland, ^(/o  Prof.  Dickio. 

1  have  not  seen  American  specimens.  In  Britain  this  species  grows  among 
mosses  on  exposed  calcareous  rocks,  but  not  in  water.  The  above  specific  (charac- 
ter is  taken  from  the  British  plant.  The  fronds  are  rarely  more  than  the  tenth  of 
nn  iiu-h  in  diameter,  ami  contain  two  or  tliree  beaded  fihunents  lying  in  a  copious 
transparent  jelly.     {C/tlorosjwr/iuw,  p.  115.) 

Genus  IIydkukus,  Ag. 

Frond  fixed  at  base,  cylindrical  or  compressed,  elongated,  branched,  gelatinous.  Sirucltire: 
seriated,  but  separate,  cellules,  filled  with  bright-green  endochroiiie,  inclosed  in  gelatinous  parallel 
tubes,  ranged  longitudinally  in  the  frond,  and  suiTounded  by  a  common  gelatinous  cuvolopo. 


:M 


SITPPLKMKNT. 


227 


Of  this  gcims  HcvrTiil  sitccics  I'livc;  Ix-cii  (Icscribcil  l»y  itutliors,  all  Imviii^  ii  close 
r('seiiil)luuc(;  to  ciicli  other,  mid  nil  very  vurialile  in  riimiti(Nitioii.  liideetl  it  is 
almost  iniiioHsihlo  to  fix  characters  by  whi<;h  tliey  can  he  iterinaiieiitly  kept  apart ; 
and  iiitstead  of  adding  anothi^r  Npecitic  iiaiiic;  ti>  th(>  already  too  niiiiierous  list,  I 
Mrefer  to  consider  the;  American  specimens  received  uh  constitntin;^  a  luxuriant 
variety  of  the  hoHt  known  of  the  established  species.  All  previously  recorded 
species  or  varieties  of  these  plants  arc  natives  of  rapid  rivers  imd  streams  in 
various  parts  of  Kurope.     {(HiloroHpvititvtK,  \).  llH.) 

llydriiriiN  penicillaliiM,  var.  occidenlaliN,  IIahv. 

Frond  v<Ty  loiin  (1-2  fuot  or  uiorn),  iiiufli  hriuiclKHl ;  brniiclicH  very  irrf'Riilnr,  HdiUcrctl  or 
crowilcci,  woriiiliko,  tiipcriiiK  to  n  firK;  poinl,  iiakcil  or  clotliixl  willi  fi'iilliiTy  villous  runuill ; 
cuIIh  (OlipHoiiliil  or  p(Mir-Hiiiip(Ml,  Iwicu  us  loiif;  us  tiivir  dlaiiivtvr. 

Hub. — ()a  tlio  rocky  Imttoin  of  riverH  nnd  HtrcnmH,  in  n  HtronR  current.  Santa  Fc,  New  Mnxico, 
Mr.  Fcndlor,  Fobruory  to  April,  1847.     (vs.  in  llcrb.  T.t;.I).) 

Froiiih  attBclic(l  at  base,  ono  or  two  fcu't  Iouk,  from  ono  to  four  lincH  in  diameter,  very  much 
nnd  irn'unlarly  branclicil  j  liniriclics  scaltcrrd  or  crowiled,  .simple  or  divided,  a  foot  or  more 
in  iciiKtli,  attenuiited  to  a  line  |)oiMt,  somntirneH  sniontli  anil  naked,  liul  generally  densely 
elotlird  witli  slender,  villous  rainenla,  spreadiiiK  to  all  sides.  The  gelatiiimiH  tubes  or  slientlis 
in  which  tlid  cells  are  Heriat<Ml  are  very  obvious,  and  lio  close  together  in  longitudinal,  paral- 
lel strata.  The  cells  are  of  larno  size,  bright-jjrocn  color,  and  variuldo  Bliupo  ;  Home  are  twieo 
as  long  us  others. 

This  1  had  at  first  supposed  to  bo  a  new  species,  but  now  regard  it  as  a  very 
f^if^antio  state  of  Jf.  j)rn!rHUUn»,  Ag.,  which  under  various  forms  and  of  various 
sizes  is  comnum  in  alpine  streams  in  Europe.  I  fear  characters  d(;rived  from  tlie 
shape;  luid  si/c;  of  the  cidltdes  arc  not  more  to  be  d(;peiuled  upon  than  are  tiiose 
taken  from  the  rumilication.     (^Chlormjiermew,  p.  IIH.) 


Draparnaldin  oppoNita,  An. 

Frond  vaguely  much  bruiielied  ;  joints  of  tlio  main  (ilamont  ns  long  ns  broad,  or  shorter ;  pencils 
of  ramiili  mostly  opposite,  densely  set,  lanceolatc-ucuininato  in  outline,  piuniosc,  bi-tripinnate, 
the  apices  much  attenuated.  Ag.  Si/kI.  p.  59.  Kiitz.  Sj>.  AUj.  357.  Lynijb.  Ilyd.  Dan.  lab. 
(A,fiij.  A.     ItdlracliDxiieriiium  Amcriratium,  Svliweinitz. 

Hub. — III  clear  Blruams.     Now  York,  Professor  Bailey.     New  Jersey,  Mr.  Jackson,     (v.s.) 

Frmid  2-:t  inches  long,  gelatinous,  capillary,  irregularly  much  branched  ;  the  ''ranches  patent, 
lateral,  more  or  less  divided,  and  set  with  lesser  ramuli.  Main  filaments  with  short  articula- 
tions, as  long  as  their  breadth,  or  shorter,  transversely  banded.  At  every  two  or  three  nodes 
and  sometimes  at  every  node  a  pair  of  opposite  pcnicillato-multifid  ramuli  arc  thrown  off. 
Those  are  bright  green,  ovato-Ianccoluto  in  outline,  much  acuminated  and  twice  or  thrice  pin- 
nate, their  pinnules  soniowhat  consiricted  at  the  nodes,  and  tapering  at  the  apex  into  long, 
needle-like,  liyaline  points.     Their  cells  are  commonly  nucleated  and  Dlled  with  endochrome. 


Whether  tliis  be  permanently  distinguishable  from  D.  glnmerntn  is  doubtful.  It 
has  externally  the  aspect  of  that  species,  but  its  microscopic  characters  are  nearer 
those  of  D.  plumosa. 


Wi  , 

if 

1 

:.;  4 


ill 


\ 


GEOGRAnilCAL  LIST  OF  S1»ECIES. 


Ci,A««  PHYCOCHROMOPHYdSiE. 
Ordkii  CYSTIPIIOK^. 

Painlljr  CIIROOCOCCACE^. 
Ohrooooooui 

refraotuii,  M'oiut.  t/ab.  near  I'lilladHlplila. 

miiltlcoloratuii,  H'ao.,  Hub.  near  l'lilla(l«li.lila. 

tliBrmophllua,  H'W.         //.id.  lleiitou  H|irlii«R,  Owbii 

Co.,Calirornia. 
Oloaocapu 
•paraa,  Wiml. 

O»loapbarlnm 


■liiliiaiii,  (IrUn. 

Merlamopedla 

nova,  Wiiod. 

OODTOluta,   1Mb. 


Hub.  near  Pliiladelplils. 

llitb.  iinar  I'liilailelplita. 

Hah.  Hprlng  Millii,  MontKoiiiery 

Co.,  r«. 


Pamlljr  NOHTOCIIACKAi 
Bub-Kauiil/  NovToi'iA, 

Roatoe 

Ausllull,  Wood.  //„,,,  New  Jersey, 

nlpliiuui,  A7«.         lliih.  AllfKlimiy  Moiiiitnlnii ;  Clover 
Mta.,  Nuvadft  i  llaffln'H  Iliiy,  I)rltl»L  America. 


OaolUaria 

I'liloriiia,  Kit. 
corium,  Aff. 
deoorticana,  dfiier 
Frohllchii,  Kiz. 


Okdkb  NEMATOOKNKtE. 
Family  OSCILIMRIACBiB. 


imperator.  Wood 
limoiia,  Ag. 
musooram,  Aij. 
iiuglecta,  Wouil. 
nigra.  Vouch. 
tsnais,  Ag, 

tenuiaaima,  Ag. 

Chthonoblaatoa 
repena,  Kt*. 

lijmgbya 

bioolor,  Wood. 

mnralis.  As- 


Ilab.  near  rblladelphla. 

Hub.  New  York. 

Hub.  Northern  U.  States. 

Ilab.    Sohuylklll    River,    near 

Philadelphia. 

Hub.  near  Philadelphia. 

Hub.  near  Camden,  New  Jersey. 

Hub.  West  Point,  New  York. 

Hub.  near  Philadelphia. 

Ilab.  New  York;  Philadelphia. 

Ilab.    Rhode    Island;    New    York; 

Virginia. 

Hab.  Warm  Springs  of  Washita. 

Hub.  New  York;   Massaahosetts ; 
Rhode  Island. 

Hab.  SohnylkiU  River,  near  Phila- 
delphia. 
Uab.   Whale   Fish   Islands,   Davis 
Straits,  Ilrilish  America. 


onluioola,  Atj. 
oalidarium,  Wnod. 

casruleam,  l.gn. 
Cesatll,  Itah. 
oomminutum,  Kiz. 
commune.  Vouch. 
dupressum,  Wood. 
puuctatum,  Wnott. 
pruniforme,  Agh. 
verrucosum,  Vouch. 
splKerlciim,  Vuuch. 


Huh,  CatooHa  Springs,  (leorgla. 

Hah.    llviiton    Springs,   Owon 

Co.,  Calirornia. 

Hub.  New  Jersey. 

Hub.  Kansas. 

Huh.  near  PhilaJnlplilo. 

Hub.  New  Jersey  ;  Rio  Ilruvo. 

Hub.  Htdit  Jutmy, 

Hab.  N«w  Jersey. 

Hub.  New  Jersey. 

Hub.  Maine. 

Hab.  Centre  Co.,  Pennsylvania. 


Sub-Family  Spkbmobirba. 
Anabatna 

gelatlnosa.  Wood.  Hab.  near  Philadelphia. 

glgantea,  IKom/.  Hub.  near  Pblladelphla. 

nosaquB,  A'(i.         Hab.  Round   Pond,  West   Point, 

New  York. 


Oyllndroipennam 

oomatum,  Wuod, 
flezuosum.  Hub. 
macrospermura,  Kit. 
miuutum,  Wood, 

DoUohoapermnin 

polynpermum.  Kit. 
subrigldum,  Wood. 


Huh.  Niagara,  Canada. 

Huh.  near  I  liiladelpbia. 

l/uh.  South  Carolina. 

Hub.  near  Philadelphia. 


Hab.  near  Philadelphia. 
Hub.  New  Jersey. 


Family  RIVDLARIACKiE. 
RoBtoohopala 

lobatns,  Wood.        Hub.  Schnylklll  River,  near  Phila- 
delphia. 
Ololotrlohla 

angulosa,  Rolh.        Hub.  nudson  River,  near  West 

Point. 

(  229  ) 


■;i 


i  ! 


330 

Ololotiiohla 

inorustata,  Wood 

KlTuIarla 

cnrtilaginen,  W'omt, 


0 E  o a  11 A  p  II I  ('  A  L  1, 1  s  r  ()  r  s  r  ko  i  e  s. 


I  Siroslphon 
Ifiih.   SoImylkiU    River   imnr  guttiiU,  W'twil. 

IMiilaJuliih'a 


Jliib.  Northern  MIckigan. 


Hull.  Clwnr  Pouil,  Ailirondaok 
Mouii  tains. 


liguioolft,  WomI, 
nogliictua,  U'ooi/. 
]ioUuoiJulu9,  Woul, 
pnlviiiattis. 
DoytonumntoiilcB,  Wootl. 


Zonotrlohi^ 

ininutiiU,  iVooil, 

I  St'.gonema 

mollis,  Wiml.         link  Cnvo  of  tlie  Wiiuls,  Niagara.  RaveiiolUI,  IJerhelei/. 

paroeionatn,  Wmid.         llnh.    Cave    of   the    AViikIb, 

Niagara. 

Daayaotls 

luolll.'!,  W'ooil.        'ftb.  Caas  River,  Northern  Michigan. 


Mastlgonema 

uhingatuni,  W'mid.  tlab.  Philndelpliia. 

fertile,  Wooil.  Hub.  Alleghany  Mountaina,  Centre 

Co.,  I'uuuHylvania. 
h.iioa,  ll'im/.  lldh.  Stonington,  Connecticut, 

sfjmictuni,  ll'<.iii/.  lliih.    Casa    Uiver,    Northern 

Miuliigan. 

Maatlgotbrlz 

fli.roaa,  WooJ.  llab.  near  rhil.'.delpliia. 

Family  SCYTONKMACK/-E. 
Scytonema 

Austinii,  Il'/.'i/.  lli'b.  I.ittlo  Falls,  Nnw  .leraoy. 

calotriclioiili'S,  Klz.  Hub.  Honlh  Carolina, 

cataracta,  M'ootl.  Hub.  Niagara  River,  Niagara, 

cortex,  WomI.  Hub.  South  Carolina, 

ilubium,  Wood.        Hob.  Cumberland  Co.,  Now  Jersey. 
immeraum,  Wood.  llab,  Cumberland  Co.,  Now 

Joraoy. 
Myoohrous,  .ly.         Hub.  Weal  of  Crow'a  Neck,  Weat 

Point. 
N.i)gelii,  Kit.  Hob.  near  Bellefonio,  Centre  Co., 

I'ennaylvania. 
U.TVi'noUii,  Wood.  llab.  Houth  Carolina, 

aimpllce,  WoMi.  Hub.  Aiken,  Pouth  Carolina, 

thermalo.  Hob.  i^outh  Carolina. 


Tolypothrlx 

ilistorta,  Mul. 


Hub.  near  Philadelphia  ;  Weat 
Point,  N.  y.;  Kliodo  Island; 
Madison,  Wisconsin. 


Hub.  South  Carolina. 

llab.  So  .:h  Carolina. 

Hah.  Now  Jeraey. 

Hub.  near  Iliberula,  Florida. 

Hub.  Northern  New  .lersey. 

llab.  South  Carolina. 


Hub.  Lookout  Mountains, 
Oeorgia. 


Clabs  CHLOROPHYLLACEiE. 

Oiii.EH  COCCOIMIYCE.E 
Family  PALMKLLACK.'E. 
PleuToooocua 


pulvereus,  Il'ioi/. 

aoriauia,  Wood. 

PalmsUa 

dura.  Wood. 
hyalina,  l.i/n. 

JesiMiii,  W'KxI. 

Fagerogalla 

slellio.  Hem/. 


Hob.  Boiling  Springs, near  Belie- 

foute,  Centre  Co.,  I'ennaylvania. 

Hub.  Now  Jersey. 

llidi.  near  Philadelpiiia. 

Hid).    From  Rhode  Island  to 

WLsuonsin. 

llab.  near  Philadelphia. 


Hub.  Ih'ar  Meadowa.  Alleghany 
Mountains,  (-entre  Co.,  Punn- 
gylvauia. 


Tetraspora 

bullosa,  llotli. 
gelatinosa,  Roth, 

li'brica,  lioih. 

DlctyOBphsBrlum 
puluhelluni.  Wood. 

Rhaphldlum 

falcatum. 
polyiuorphum,  Fr. 


Hub,  Salem,  North  Ciroliua. 

llab.  Salem,  North  Carolina; 

Newburgh,  New  York. 

Hub.  Northern  Atlantiu  States. 

Hub.  near  Philadelphia. 


Hob.  near  Philadelphia. 
Hob.  near  Philadelphia. 


Family  SIROSIPUONACK.'E. 
Sirosiphon 

acerv.'itus,  Wooil.  Hub.  lu  ith  {'arolina 

argillacens,  Wood.  Hub.  South  Carolina, 

oompaotus,  .!</.         //iid.  Salem,  Maasaohuaetta;  New  ' 

Jersey. 
Cra'neri,  llr.  Hub.  Mount  Tahawua,  Adirondack 

Mountaina.  I 


Family  PROTOCOC'ACKiE. 
Folyedrlum 

euorme,  liulfs. 

Scenedeamua 
acatua,  Meyen. 


llab.  Florida. 


llab.  Rhode  Island ;   near  Phila- 
delphia, 
ohtnsus,  il/f^en.  //iift.  Oeorgia ;  Rhode  Island, 

polymorphus.  Wood.  Hub.  near  Philadelphia, 

(luadricauda,  7'iir/>.  Hub.  Rbodo  Island  ;  Penn- 

sylvania, 
rotundatus,  WomI.  llab.  near  riiilad.'lpliia. 


wn^mam 


m.wmm 


■1 


BH 


a E o a  11 A r II 1  c A L  lis t  of  species. 


231 


HydTodlrtyoa 

utriculatum,  Rolh. 


ii> 


Pedtastruvn 

lloryaunm,  Tur. 


flah.  West  Point  and  Wea- 
liawkon,  Now  York ;  Mexi- 
can Houiulary;  I'euusyl- 
vauia ;  Now  Jorsoy. 


I'lib.    Rliode   Island;    PennByl- 
vauia ;  Goorgin  ;  Florida. 
oouBtrictani,  llassall.  Hub.  Soutli  Carolina ; 

noorgia ;  Rhode  Island. 
duodunariuH.        Hub.  South  Carolina ;  Rhode  Island. 
Ehrenliorgii,  dmta.        Hub.  Rhodo    Island ;    South 
Caruliua ;  Qoorgia ;  Florida. 
portUBum,  A'rs.  Hub.  Rliodo  Island. 

Soleuiea,  Ktz.  Jlab.  Rhode  Island. 

Family  VOLVOCINEilS. 
Chlamydoococus 

nivalis.  Hall.  Greenland  ;  Rocky  Mountains. 


Volvox 

glob.itnr,  Linn, 


Ilab.  United  States. 


Oedeb  ZY'GOPnYCEyE 

Family  DESMiniACKiE. 
Falinoglcsa 

olopsydra,  How/. 


Jltib.  near  rhiladul|>hia. 


Penlum 

ItK'liissnuii,  Men, 
cliisti  rioides,  Ital/s. 
Digiliis,  AViWi. 


Jlab.  South  Carolina. 

Ilab.  South  Carolina. 

Ilab.  I'ennBylvania ;    Ni'W  York  ; 

Goorgia. 

intRrrnptnm,  Ilr/b,      Hub,  near  Grahamsvillo,  Sonth 

Carolina, 
.leiinnri,  linlfs.  Hub.  Florida, 

iami'llosum,  Dn'b.  Hab.  Rhode  Island, 

niargnritnoeuin,  I'hrb,  Jlab.  Rhode  Island, 

mi.'.ulnm,  Cln-c         Hub,  Rhode  Island;  Sonth Caro- 
lina; Georgia. 


Cloatetlum 

Leibleinii,  Klz. 

lineatum,  Ehrb, 
Lunula,  Miilhr. 

maximum,  I'lir. 
moniliforum,  Bory, 
parvulura,  .Viri/. 
roslralum,  Ehrb, 
8etaoeum,  Ehrb, 


striolatum,  Ehrb, 
Venus,  Ktz. 

Tetmemorna 

Br6bissouii,  Min, 
giganteus,  H'noi/. 
granulatus,  lire'b, 

levis,  Ku, 

FlenrotsBnium 

Daoulum,  Drib, 
breve,  lloof/. 
olavatum,  Klz, 
conBtrietiini,  Hailfi/. 
crenulatum,  Ehrb, 


graciie,  /{ii6. 
hir.sutum,  HaUey, 
nodosum,  liuUeij, 

Trabeoula,  Ehrb. 


Cloaterlum 

aourosum,  Schr, 

AmblyoniMim,  Ehrb, 

angnstatum,  Kit. 

areolatum,  Wood. 

Cncumis,  Ehrb. 
l>iana",  Ehrb. 

i;iirmilMT(!ii,  .1/. n. 
.liMiiirrii,  /i<i(/s. 
jiinciduui,  lUlfi. 


Jlnb.  South  Carolina;  Georgia; 
Florida. 

Jlab.  West  Point,  New  York; 
I'lovidence,  Rhodo  island. 
Jlitb.  Rhodo  Island  ;  Now  llaniiv 
sliire;  I'oniiBylviuiia. 
Hub.   Northumberland   Co., 
Pennsylvania. 
Hub.  New  York, 
//ai.  Georgia;  Florido;  Ponnpyl- 
vania ;  Rhode  Island. 
Hab.  Philadelphia. 
Hah.  Rhode  Island. 
Hab.  Saco  Lake,  Now  llanipHhire; 
South  Ciiiolina. 


undulatum,  Itailey, 
verrucosum,  liailnj. 


Jlab,  Georgia;  South  Carolina; 
renusylvania. 

Jlab.  Pennsylvania. 

Jlab,  South  Carolina ;  Florida  j 

Georgia ;  Pennsylvania. 

Huh.  IVnnsyivania. 

Jlab.  Georgia  ;  Rhode  Island. 

Hab.  near  Philadelphia. 

Hab.  near  Pliiladelphia. 

Hab,  Stonington,  Ciinneilicnt ; 

Providouoe,  Rhodo  Island ; 

Pennsylvania ;      Georgia ; 

Florida. 

Uab,  Centre  Co.,  Pennsylvania. 

Hab.  South  Carolina. 

Hah.  Atlantic  Slates. 

Hah.  Centre  Co.,  Pennsylvania. 

Jlab.  Rhoile  Island  ;  Pounsyl- 

vania;  South  Carolina. 

Hab.  near  Philadelphia. 

Hub.  Georgia. 

Huh.  District  of  Columbia. 

Jlab.  South  Carolina ;  Georgia. 

JIah.  Rhode  Island. 

Jlab.  Rbixlo  Island  ;  New  Jer- 

B<'y  ;  PeniiBylvania ;  Soutl- 

Carolina ;  Georgia ;  Florida. 

Jlab.  Florida. 

JJah,  United  States. 

Jlab.  South  Carolina;  Georgia; 

Florida;  Pennsylvania. 

Uab.  Pennsylvania  ;   Niiv  .lor- 

sey  ;  South  Carolina ; 

Georgia  ;  Florida. 

Jlah.  Florida. 
Jlab.  Rhodo  Island. 


Triploceraa 

gracile,  I'ailrij. 


Huh.  Rhode  Island  ;  New  .Jersey  ; 
Now  Ilumpiihire  ;  Florida;  (ieorgia. 


verticillatum,  liaiUy. 

Sptroteenla 

bryophila,  1Mb. 
coudeusata,  JJrib, 

Bairbnalna 

Ilii'bissonii,  Kl; 

Dldymoprium 

Grevillii,  Ku, 


Hub.  with  the  last. 

Hub,  near  Philadelphia. 

Hab.  Pruusylvania;    Rhode 

Island ;  Floriiia. 


Jlab.  Florida  ;  Georgia  ;  South 
Carolina;  Rhode  Island. 

Jlab.  Pennsylvania ;  South  Caro- 
liua  ;  Georgia, 


333 

Bphieroiosma 

(ixoRTnUliii,  lliilf: 

|)iiK<liri)tu,  Itailrif. 
Hurratuiii,  lUiiUg. 

H;  Jilotheoa 

(liHilliiMii*,  Smith, 

01111)0811,   J/>'l(. 


a  EPGKAril  IC  A  li    LIST    O  I "    Sl'KClKS. 


Ilah.    Rlimlii   iHlniiil ;    Houtli 

Citrollnn ;  (Imirgin;  Kloridii. 

Hub.  N«w  York;  Now  ,Iiir»i>.v. 

Hub.  South  I'ai'uliua  ;  OcorKln  ; 

V'loritU. 


lliiU.  liliixlo    IhIaikI  :    IVinmyl' 

vniiin;  Sotilli  Cnrolinn  ;  Floriiln. 

lliib.  Ulioilu  IhIaiii'. 


Desmldlum 

npli'.noiiiinn.  Ih,'h.  Hub.  Bontli Carol iim  ;  fieorsla. 

<|iinilrnii):ul.iliim,  Kiz,  Huh.  Smilli  rnrolliin. 

Snurtiii,  .1'/.  Huh.  Atlniitio  Stalim. 


Aptogonlnm 

Hril.yi,  Ralf». 

CoBmarlum 

AiiHvnmn,  IWt'b. 
I>ii»'ii1nliiiii,  linh. 
I^ilrytis,  /loiy. 
ISuHiissoiiii,  Mm. 

llroiinit'i,  Thw. 
r.Tlntnm,  iiulfH. 

conimiKsiirali',  />'i'b, 

co*i!iatuin,  ItiYb. 
ortMi.ituui,  li'tlf'x. 
cui'uniitt,  Cnn/ii. 


niKrgnritiforuin.  7'Hr/i 

MeneglitMiii,  llr/h, 
ornntuiM,  /ui//5. 
ovftU',  liulf's. 
prrsmiilatiiin,  Hnb 

Onimbyii.  H'fiiv/. 
8uMolt;ituin.  I'lt'h. 

sulMirbiouliin',  M.ioi/. 

tctroptlialmuin,  A"/». 
Tliwnti'sil,  l!iilfs. 
miiluUilum,  Coi-rfd. 

Baaat.-nm 

afBni!,  Rnl/s. 
ftiu|mU.ioeuiii.  liulfs. 


Iliifi,  Rlio<l«  lelniiil ;  Ni'W  Jor»i>y. 


llnb.  Flori.1.1 :   Ulin.li.  Mnii.l. 

Il,il:  HIkmIk  IhIaii.). 

//el/'.  IVniisylvanin. 

Huh.  \Vliili<  Moiiiitiuiis,  Now 

Hainpsliiro. 
Huh.  r<>nnsylv:iiiia  ;  (tcorgiji. 
Huh.  near  Alltany,  Ne'vv  York  ; 
t'!>utli  Carolina. 
Ilnh.  Wliito  Moiiot.'iiiis,  Now 
llampsltiro. 
Huh.  Florida. 
Huh.  UIiihIo  Island. 
Hub.  Now  llaiiiimliiro;  IViiiisyl 
Taiiia ;     South    Carolina; 
Otiorgia;   Florida. 

Huh.  Florida. 

Hub.  I'oiiiisylvania  ;  South 

Carolina;  Florida;  Mexico. 

Hah.  Por.nsylvanla. 

Hub.  IthivUi  Isl.and. 

Huh.  IVnnaylrania. 

Hub.  IVnn9ylvania;  Ot'orgia; 

Florida. 

Hub.  iipar  riiiladelphia. 

Huh.  KIumIo  Island  ;  (ioorgia  ; 

Florida. 

Huh.  I.ako  S.11'0,  Now  Ilaniiv 

Hliiro. 

J/nh.  Now  Jorsoy. 

Huh.  Florida. 

Huh.  Rhoile  litland     Sonlh 

Carolina. 

Huh.  South  Carolina  ;  Oeorgia. 
JIuh.  Siuth  Carolina ;  Florida. 


Euutnim. 

Mnalo,  y'lir/i 


llab.  FloridR ;  Pennaylvantn ;  Rhndo 

Inland. 

Hub.  Rhodn  Inland. 

Huh.  llnitod  Htaton. 

Hah.  Sonlli  Carolina;  (l^orgla; 

I'onnHylvania;  Rhode  Inland. 

Huh.  I'nitod  StatoK. 

Hah.  Rhodo  Inland. 

llab.  Florida  ;  Rhodo  Inland. 

1/ub.  tinea  I.ako,  Now  Ilamp- 

nhlro. 

ohlongnm, /iVniY/c  Jiuh,  Rliodii  Inlanil. 

orn.-itnni,  Hhix/.         //oA.  Saoo  IjAj   •,  Now  llauipnliiru. 

Kallsii,  li'ahriih.         Huh.  Sonth  Carolina  ;  New  llanip- 

nhiro;   Rhodo  Inland. 

Torruonsnni,  Khr.  Ilah.  Rhodo  Inlanil ;  Sonth 

Carolina ;  (luurgin ;  Florida, 


oiroulare,  llatial. 
orannuui,  Ihyh, 
Uldolta,  Turp. 

ologann,  llr/b. 
goniniatnni,  lli/h. 
innigno,  /i'ii//s. 
innltiiohatnni,  W'oixl. 


Mloraaterlu 

Anioriuana,  AVird. 
arcnata,  Huilri/. 
llailoyi,  llulji. 

dontii'ulnta,  llifh. 
dinpiitata,  Wiwil. 
t'xpaiiKa,  liuiUy. 
flnihriati.,  Ilul/t. 
foliacoa,  liuilry. 
rnrcala,  .!(/. 
grannlata,  H'oih/, 
Jonnori,  Itulf'n. 
onoitann,  /t'ii//ii. 
pupillifora,  llr/b. 
pinnatindn,  A'':, 
qnadrata,  iiuilry. 
radiona,  .!</. 
ringonn,  ItuiUy. 
Torroyi,  /(.ii/n/. 
truucata,  Cofi/ci, 

Stanrastram 

altornans,  Ihfb. 


Hub.  Florida ;  Soutli  Carolina. 

Hub.  Florida. 

Huh.  Now  York;  liliodo  Inland; 

Sonth  Carolina  ;   Florida. 

•'/lift.  I'onnnylvania ;  Florida. 

Hub.  Atlantic  Statea. 

Hah.  Florida, 

Huh.  Sonth  (*arolina  ;   Florida. 

//a/>.\Vorilon'n  I'ond,  Rhodo  Inland. 

Hah.  Atlantic  Staton. 

7/n/i.  South  Carolina. 

Hub.  noar  I'hiladolpliia. 

Hub.  Florida  ;  Uluxio  Inland. 

Hub.  Florida  ;   liliodo  Inland, 

Hub. 

Hub.  Florida. 

//../..  Florida. 

Huh.  Florida. 

Hub.  near  Princeton,  Now  .lomoy. 

Hub,  Atlantic  Statos. 


Hub.  Ooorgia  ;   Florida  ;   Rlioilo 
Island. 


Hub.  Saco  Lako,  Niw  Hampshire. 
Uttb.  Qeorgia  ;  Rhodo  Inland. 
Huh.  Florida. 
Hub.  Rhodo  Inland. 
llab.  Florida. 
York  ;  South  Caro- 
lina, 
dllatatnm,  Khih.         Hub.  Sonthorn  Atlantic  Stales, 
enstophannni,  Rulfn.         //oft.  Went  Point,  New  York, 
furoigernni,  lir^h,         7/iift.  Soutli  Carolina;  Flor'da  ; 

Rhode  Inland. 


arachno.  Half's. 
arintiferum,  llalft, 
Cerliorns,  //iiiVcy, 
crenatuin,  Hullry. 
cyrtocernni,r(ir.,  Ilri'h. 
dejeotum,  Hr/h.  Huh.  No 


I 


I.    ' 


mmsmm 


UKOU  KA  I'll  IC  A  r    I;  I  ST    ()  I'    S  I' K  (.)  1  K  S. 


2a3 


Btauraktrum 

giaoilo,  JlatJ'ii. 

liliHUlii'ii,  /Hirli 
II^Klrlx,  'lal/ii. 

IiUWisil,     l)Vm(/. 
l<>llglH|lllllllll,   Alill. 

innrKirUniuMiiii,  A7ii7i. 

iiiiiiiiluiii,   H'nm/, 

Inutloillii,  /Ji/^h, 

nrl>iciiliir»,  llhih. 

Iinrndoxiiin,  Miy. 

IMilyiiinrplium. 
IMilytridhtiin,  /Vr. 
|iiuivtiilntuin,  llri'li. 
lliivoiiiillli,   H'oimI, 
Hi'iiiiriiiin,  J'ilirh. 
tiicoino,  Mill. 


Iliib.    Hoiitli   Cardliiin;    (l('l>^^in; 

Florida;  N(tw  York  ;  IMiimIh 

Istiind. 

J/iih,  Klorliln;  lllioiln  Ixliiiiil, 

Iliih.  Itliodo  IsIiiikI. 

Iliiti.  Su((!  I.iikii,  Now  lliiiiipHliiro. 

l/ith.  I'lorldii. 

/lull.  Hnco  I.nko,  Now 

Ilniii|>Hlilro. 

//nil,  Hnoo  l.nkii,  Now 

lliini|mliiro. 

I/ah.  HoiiUi  r.iroljiiii;  Itliodu 

Ixlitiid. 

/I„h.  lihndo  Inliiiid  : 

I'oiiiirtj'lvniiiu. 

//nil.  Kiioo  I.iiko,  Now 

llnin|mliiro. 

//nil.  Morida. 

//nil.  iM.jir  riiilftdi.lidiin. 

//nil.  roiiiiHylvaniu. 

//nil.  Koiilh  Cnroliiwi. 

//nil.  Ainorioa. 

J/ih.  (loiirgia;  Florida;  Uliodo 

Inland. 


Xiiiithldium 

.'ii'iiloatiim,  ICIirli. 
.Ai.lii'(!on,  /^liili. 
aiiiiatiiin,  /Infh. 

l>is(Miariuin,  /■:iirli. 
oi'ii4taliMii,  /Irtfli. 
voronatiiiii,  /■Hull. 
faseioulatiiiii,  /.'lirli 

Artbrodeamns 

ooiivcrgoiw,  /■.'lull. 

Iiioiia,  /lii'li. 

ootooornis,  /-^/irli, 
c]ua(lriduii»,   W'mnl. 


Iliili.  iioar  Pavaiiimli,  (loornia 

//nil.  North  Aiiiorioa 

//nil.  Honlli  Carolina i  Florida; 

New  Ilanijifliiri'. 

J/nli.  Auu'viin. 

/Inh.  Poiitliorn  Atlantio  HtatoH. 

//nil.  Aniorica. 

//nh.  Sontli  Carolina; 

(loorgla;  Florida;  liliodo  I.slaiid. 

//nh.  Poulli  Carolina;  (loorgia  ; 

Florida;  Itliodo  Island. 

//nh.  (loorgia;  Florida;  Houtli 

Carolina;  Uliodo  l.slaml. 

//nil.  Flori.la;  KIkkIo  I.Hlaiid. 

J/nh.  I,ak«  Saoo,  Now 

Hanipsliirc. 


Bplrogyra 

niajiisi^ula,  /ilt. 
nitlda,  />ill. 
Iiroloi'ta,   iViiiul. 
liarvlH|iora,  H'ooi/. 
piili'liolln,  HVim/. 
ipilnina,  /I7, 
rivnlarlM,  l/n\mll. 

HolifoiMllH,   /illth. 

\V(diorl,  Kli. 

Zygnema 

inxigiio,  //n.iml, 

oriioiatnni,  Vniic/i, 


Slrogoiilum 

ri'trovi^rsnni, 


d  iini/. 


MeaocarpuB 

Kttalarirt,  //nmintl. 
|>arvuluH,  //immll. 

Pleurooarpus 

niiraliiliH,  //rami. 


J/nh.  noar  I'liilnilulldiln. 
J/nh.  ntrnr  I'liilailolplila. 
J/nh.  noar  l'liiladol]ihla. 
//»;>.  Illlmrnln,  Florida. 
//nh.  noar  I'liiladidpliia. 
J/nh.  near  I'liiladolplila, 
//nh.  Florida. 
J/nh.  noar  I'liiladolplila. 
J/ith.  nuar  I'liiladolplila. 

//nh.  Uliodo  Ixland;  noar  I'liliit- 

ilolpliia. 

//,(/-.  Virninia;  Florida; 

Noitliorn  Staloh. 

//nil.  noar  I'liiladoljiliik. 


//nh.  noar  I'hiladi  Iplila. 
//"/'.  Uliodo  Inland. 


//nh.  Ntw  York  ;  Ulioda  Inland ; 
Miulilgan;  VVlHoonHiii. 


Family  ZYONBMACEVE. 
Bplrogyra 

cransa,  A'/j. 
duuiiuina,  A/ul. 


diliita,   W'oiiil. 
dnbia,  Kiz. 
elongata,  /lirl: 
insignis,  //os. 
longata,  Vancli. 


30       October,  1878, 


//'/'■.  noar  riiiiadolpliia. 
J/nh.  noar  I'liiladolplila. 
Jliib.  near  I'liiladolpliia. 
J/uh.  noar  I'liiladidphia. 
I/ah.  near  I'liiladolpliia. 
J/nh.  near  I'liiladolpliia. 
//<i'i.  Rhode  Island  ;  ooar  I'liila- 
dolplila. 


OimK.n  SIIMI()l'FIY(,'Hyi;. 

Family  IIYDUOIIASTUKil!;. 
Hydrogaatrum 

graiiiilalniii,  /.inn.  /f„ii.  Dolawaro. 

Family  VAIICIIKUIACK/E. 


Vauoherla 

avor«a,  //nsMill. 
goniiiiala,  Vnnrli. 
polynior|ilia,   HV..W. 

HOHHiliU,     Vuiirll. 


veluliiia,  .ly. 


//nh.  noar  Philadelphia. 
//nh.  noar  I'liilailolplila. 
//ah.  Texas. 
//nh.  Now  York;  Mainn;  Vir- 
ginia; North  Carolina. 
//nh.  Now  York;  Maine;  Virginia; 
Nortli  Carolina. 


OuiiKH  NK.MATOI'IIYCK.^. 

Family  lII.VACKyT!;. 


Protoderma 

vilido,  A'(j. 

tJlva 

niorismopodioiiloH,   How/. 

Enteroir.orpha 

iiil.,'«linali,-i,  Ainii. 

Sctalzomerla 

Udldoiuil,  Ku. 


J/nh.  I'liiladolpliia. 


//nh.  Diamond 
Uaiigo,  Rocky  Mountains. 

J/nh.  Hudson  Uivor  ;  Narra- 
gan.sott  It.ay. 


//nh.  near  Philadelphia. 


^■»t.' U-. .  ,^A  ',-w->«)K(M«^i;WJR'  >  '«(»» 


Mt 


si's 


2:31 


Conferva. 


0  10  O  (J  It  A  r  II  1  ('  A  I,    I,  I  S  1'    O  i'   i^  V  K  V  I  K  S. 


Family  CONKHUVACIwE. 


Drapernaldia 

jtliiiUDSii,  \''ntcfi. 

Hub.  Uiiilid  States.  '  Chwtophora 


lliiii.  iii'iir  riiila<li'l|i1iia. 


I'li'gaii.'),  /loll,. 
iMiilivixlolia.  livlli. 


Huh.  Kastcrn  llnilnl  Hlatcs. 

//((/>.  lUiniK'  l.-ilaiiil;   Koiilh 

Ciii'iilinn. 


Cladophora 

liniuliystt'li'i'lia,  Hull.  Huh.  near  riiilailt'lpliia. 

fiacta,  /'(//.  Ilah.  IViiiisylvania ;  Ni'W  Viiik  ; 

Uliiiilii  Islaiiil.    PlUula 
t;l<iiiii'i'ata,  linn.  Huh.  I.aki's  Oiitariii,  Mrii',  ■  ililiitn,  ll"Oi/.        Hcih.  Criilro  Coiinly,  IViiiisyli'aiii.'i. 


Iliii'oii,  mill  Mit'liigaii. 


Kainily  IKIIOIIONI ACK.K. 
Androgynia 

('('liinat.'i,   M'(/ot/. 
lliinlii,  III).'./. 
iniraliiliM,   H'odi/. 
lunItispDra,   ^y^nltf. 

Piiiigslieimia 

iiKriiualis,   Horn/. 

Bulbochiete 

Canl.vii,  ir,.«.7. 
iluiimsa,  ir,..ir/. 
iciiota,   Woint. 


CoIeocliEete. 

Aphaiiochsete 

rciiuns,  Hniun. 


H„h.  I.'loriila. 
/A(^.  lu.ar  I'liilailcli.liia. 
Huh.  near  I'liiliultilpliin. 
Huh.  iii'ar  riiilaili'ljiliia.  [ 

Huh.  near  IMiilailclpliia. 

Huh.  Ililioniia,  ridriila. 
Huh.  lumr  I'liilniU'lpliia. 

//•//■.  iH'ar  I'liilailrlpliia.  '  i'X|iaii.fa, 


JIuh.  iiikstitrii  Uiiitvil  Htatcs. 


Ilith.  iioar  riiil»(li'li>liia. 


Class  RHODOPHYCEiE. 

Kamil.v  roUI'lIYKACK/li. 
Porphrydium 


criii'iitiiiii,  Aij. 
iiingiiiliiuiu,  H'm'iI. 


Huh,  Nii\v  York. 
/luh.  'I'l'xa!". 


Family  ClIANTKANJ^lACI-ii:. 


Cbantransia 


1./. 


Fainilv  CIlROdl.in'IUF.K 


Cbroolepns 


luai'rospora,   Utttnl. 


JIuh.  Hear  I'liilaililpliia. 
Huh.  Soulli  Carolina. 


I'amily  liATHACIlOSl'HltMACK^'E. 


aiiicum,  Ki:.  Huh.  Nov  YoiU  ;   N,\v  .Icrsi'v  :    BattachoHpennttm 


Bulbotrlcbia 

all.i.la,  \\ou,l. 


Texas.            iiKmilifdiiiii',  H.nli.  H<ih.  Kastcni  tliiilcil  Slatis. 

vamiin,  l!oil,.  Huh.  Uiiilali  Mdiiiitains,  Nmada. 
Huh.  NcrtlMTii  N..vy  .leiscy.    T„oraeya 

lUivialilia.  //iirr.  //,/A.  Alatmin.'i ;   Virginia. 


Family  LFM  '  NFaCK.U. 


Family  riUTJl'OIMIOUACF.T;. 
Stlgeoclouium. 

Huh.  Kastoni  ['nili'd  Stales.    Lemanea 

oati'iinta,  Klz.  Huh.  Dianion.l  Ranp,>,  Rocky 

Miuiiitains. 

Iliiviatilis,  A;i.  Huh.  Alal.ama. 

toailosft,  Holli.  //«/'.  Virginia  :  Kcninoky  ;  I'lMin- 

sylvania  ;   Ni'w  .Iirsey. 


Drapatnaldia 

Dilliniisii,   Wmitl.  Huh.  near  I'liilailelpliia. 

glomerala,  Vunrl}.  Huh.  Klicnle  Island, 

maxima,  vur.,  Il",.,.</.  //,i/i.  near  Fliilailelpliia. 


I  I' 


'  I 


I 

■f 


HI 


mmmmmam 


BinLIOGllAlMlY. 


■[ 


Agardh  (Karl  Adolf). 

I)is|msiti(i  Algiirum  Siiiriiti.         Liuiclm,  1810-12. 

v\iiiiiiiikiiiiigiir  mil  Hlii^l(.l  Lcm.'iiiia,  sniiit  licKkrirniiii; 
oni  Ivmiiii!  ny.i  nilur  dmiif.  Kimi(l.  Svciinkii  Vc- 

tnii.skn|M  AkiiiliiiiiiiiiiM  Iliiiiilliiignr,  xxxv.,  IKl  I,  p.  ;i:i, 

Ui'HkrifiiiiiK  af  «»  "y  nrt  Coiifurva.  Ibid.,  1814.  dp. 
1!).1-2(K).  '" 

S.vii(i|i«Ih   Al^'anim    .^I'aiidinnviw,  nclj..itii   (lispdnitioin. 

uiiiv(ir»ali  Al^'iiiiini.        J,uii(lm,  lhl7. 
I)u  iiHitiiiiKirplKwi  Algarmii.         lain  voii  Okoii.,  lH'Ji). 

Ui'Keii.slmrg  Klor.-i,  vi.,182;t. 
Spmni'H  Algaiiim  ritii  comiit.ii  cum   «ynoii.viiiis,  diir.T- 

fiitiiHupi.ciillci!)  et iloamiptioiiUms  aiuoiiiolin.        Uii- 

phlm,  lH2:i-28. 

Sy.sliMiia  AlKnniiii.        Liiiid.T,  1824. 

Aiif/.iilihiiig  liiiigor    in   ilea   OstriMoliiscIimi    Uiiid.irii 

KiifuiKliMUMi  iiiMKiii  (lattuumiii  mill  Arttiii   vmi  AlgiMi, 

ii.ihst  ihriir  I)ia^Mlostik  iiiiil  lioigul'iintuii  Iteuuirkiingoii. 

Ui'gonaliujg  Klora,  X.,  Is27. 
Eliiii;i«  Ili'TiiiMkiiiii;(iii  (iliBi-  Ilrii.  Dr.  Moyeii'R  kritlsuliu 

liiitiiimi  /.inn  Sliiiliuiii  >lor  SiisswnHser  Alguii. 

llt'goiislmrg  Flura,  1*^.;:). 
looiuw  Algaiuiu  liiiidpicariim.         Liiipzlg,  1828  :)5. 

Agardh  (Jakob  Oeorg). 
ObaerTfttloiier   pa    Hporidii.nii's   liirelo.'  Ikiii  ilo  criiiia 

Algeriie.       Stmkli.  Ao.iil.  llaiiill.,  183(i. 
Beoliaclilungt'ii  iilmr  din   Hnwi'giiiig  dcr   Spdiidicii  in 

den   giiiniMi   Alguii.     (Tian»laUon.)  llci'un.sburi; 

Kloni,  ISlll. 

Didiag  till  iMi  iio;;graiinnr«  kiimii^dom  af  prnpngatioiis— 

(iin.incnii)  \wA  Alg.iniu.     .Stockli.  Acad.  Ilandl.,  ISilU. 
ObrtiTvalidiis   stir  la  propagation  duM  Algii.'S.     (Tiaiis- 

lalion.)         Aniial.  do  Suiun.  Nalur.,  vol.  vi.,  'H:'iJ. 
Anftiloma,  ctt   iiytt  slilgto   bland   AlgoriiH    (Anadi'tna, 

genus    uovniii    conforvoaium    famili:i!).         Stoikli. 

Aoad.  Ilandl.,  184i;. 

Algologiaka  llidrag.        Ofvoraigl  af  KonUl.  V<!tiMi-<k;ipa 

Akaduniieiw  I'urliandlingar,  Sjofii-  Aiganguii,  1^1:1. 
Nya  Algformiir.         Ibid.,  Arg.  xi.,  181)1. 
Spiiuii's,  guiiera  L'tordinea  Algaiuni.       Liinda),  184H-(;3. 

Allman  (Qeorge  James). 

On  a  now  (lonus  of  Alga)  bolonging  to  Ibo  family  Noa- 

tocliincT).        Anii.ala  and  Magazino  of  Nat.  lli.^tory, 

1843,  vol.  xi.  p.  l(il. 
On  an  nudcacribiHl  Alga  alliod  to  Colooolisete  acntala. 

liiitiali  Aaanuiation  Report,  1847. 
On  an  apparontly  undoauribud  genua  of  Friiali- Water 

Alg.i!.         Ibid.,  1847. 
On  two  uiidi  acribed  Algio.         I'roct'edlnga  lioy.il  Irlali 

Aead.,  1847. 
On  niioroai'opio  Algae  as  a  cauanof  tbo  pliunomenon  of 

tlio  coloration  of  largo  m,asiioa  of  water.         I'liytolo- 

giat,  vol    iv.,  I8.')2. 


Alqnen  (P.  d"). 

Notca  on  tbo  Ktruiduro  of  Oaoillatnrin),  with  a  deanrip- 
tidii  of  a  now  apeeica,  poaaeaaing  a  moat  rinuarkiblu 
liicnmotive  power  not  (-'ilia.  Journal  Miuroscopioal 
Biw.,  iv.,  18.1(1. 

Amioi  (Giovanni  Battlsta). 

lluaL'ri/,i(uio  ili  nn'  Oauilhiria. 


Firenzo,  18,13. 


Andrejewaky  (BiasteB). 


Ueber  die  Vogetation  in  den  Iliideru  von  Abano. 
Oniel'e  und  Walllier'a  .(ournal  liir  Cbiinrgio  uiid 
Aiigen  Kranklieiten,  ls;;i.  Anii.ilen  dir  Cliuinlu 
und  I'harmauie,  1832, 

Note  aur  lea  vegetaux  (jni  eroisaeiit  antonr  et  dana  bM 
eaux    tliernialea    irAl.ano.  Aiiiiala    Hiieii.    Nat., 

Hot.)  isli.'i.  (Tranalation.)  Hdiiibuigli  New  I'biloa. 
Jouiual,  xix.,  183&. 

Archer  (William). 

Deseriplion  of  two  new  apeidea  of  Stauraatruni.  Dub- 
lin Nat.  llislory  S(H'.  I  roci  e  llnga,  Ih,";!;  I).  Nat. 
History  lieview  (Dublin),  vi.,  I8."j;).  .louni.  llieroa. 
Koeiety,  lhi;i). 

Notice  on  some  c.tshs  of  abnormal  growlli  in  tln^  Dca- 
niidiacca).         Ibid.,  1   .li;- !).        Ibid.,  Ih.M).        Ibid., 

IbliO. 

ObacrvalimH  on  Ibe  genera  rylindroeyatis,  Mcaot.Tiiia, 
and  .'^iiirola'nia.       Micro-cop.  .lonrnal,  N.  M.,  vol.  viii. 

On  tbc  conjugation  of  yjiirola'Uia  couileiiaata.  Ibid., 
N.  S.,  vol.  viii. 

f.'ataloi:n.i  of  Desmi.lincea!  (Dublin)  Nat.  Hist.  Rev., 
vol.  iv.         Micriiacopical  .liinroal.  vol.  vi. 

Supplementary  Catalogue  of  Desmidi.nen)  (Dublin), 
with  deseripti(ma  and  llguiea  of  a  new  genus  and 
four  new  apecie^.  Natural    lliator.   Rev.,  vol.  v.. 

Notice  of  the  ociMirreiiee  near  Dublin  of  a  Ilnicellnlar 
Alga,  bclievi'd  to  be  allied  to  Ibal  alluded  to  by 
llofnieisti'r  (.\iin.  Nat.  Hist.  3.ser.  vol.  i.,.Ian.  18.')8). 
Nat.  llisloiy  Review,  v.,  18,'i8.  Dublin  Zool.  Hot. 
Assoc,  i'roeecdiiiga,  i.,  IbSi). 

On  a  iiiw  speeiea  and  genua  of  the  DBamldiacere,  with 
some  remarks  on  the  genera  Micraateriaa  and  liuas- 
triiiu.         Nat.  Iliat.  Uev.,  vol.  vi. 

On  the  occurrence  of  Zoospores  in  Ibe  family  Deanilii; 
acea-.  Dub.  Nat.  Hist.  Hoc.  I'roc.  iii.  .loiirn. 
Micros.  Society,  ISlilt.  Nat.  Hist.  Review,  vol.  vii. 

On  A.sleridinm  occurring  in  I'uniuni  digitata.  Micro- 
scopical .lotirn.,  vol.  vii. 

Record  of  the  occurience  new  In  Irelanil,  with  a  note  of 
a  )ieciiliar  condition  of  tlie  Volvorinaceona  Alum 
Sleplianospb.Tra  plnvialia,  &c.  Ibid.,  vol.  vi. 

On  two  new  speeiea  of  S.iprolegnieJB.  Ibid.,  vol.  vii. 

Description  of  a  new  apeinca  of  Cosniariuni  and  of  n 
new    speeiea  of    Xantbidium.  Diibl.    Nat.    Iliat. 

Hoc.  I'roo.  Hi.,  1853-l)'Z.  Nat.  Hist.  Review,  vol. 
vii.,  1800. 


(  235  ) 


■^ 


336 


III  r. I, i()(i  i;  A  pir  v. 


w 


■J  . 


N:f.^ 


Archer  (WllUam). —  Cnnllnueil. 

l)t>H(!rJpli<)n  of  n  new  t*pt'('i»'«  of  Mu-inHti'rtiiH,  with  ri»- 

iii.-irkrt  on  t)u*  iltHtii)rlJi>ii  litttwiM-ii   M.  rotat:t  ( I!'''"**) 

aii.t   M.  ilenlii'Ulatii    (llriM).).         DiiMiii    Nat.    llUt. 

Hoc.  I'roc,  Tul.  iii.         Mieros.  !^oi'.  Jtiiiin.  ii.,  Ih(i2. 
DiMoiiptioii  of  a  now  8|i('i:ic'8  of  Cosninriiiiii  (ConhO.of 

StiiiirnHtrinn  (Mo.vt'ii)  ;  of  two  now  HiH'cioH  of  C'lo^to- 

rinni  (MUscli),  nml  of  Splrota'iiia  (Itn'li.)         Ituli- 

lin  Nn(.  IliHt.  S<Ki.  I'i'uc.  iii.       iMicroHi'op.  Hue.  Jouiu., 

vol.  il.,  IS112. 
(In  n  now  sjMTiffl  of  Ankixtroilvsmus  (ronln),  wllli  ro- 

ninrliK  kk  ri'iinriln  ClostHriuui  UrilDtliii  (llurk),  nml 

C.  mMHi)  (IIm'Ii.). 
On('loslc'rinmnrirnlar(.'(\Ve9t).;         Miorosiopicnl  Hihi. 

Juiirnal,  Ii.,  I><(il!. 
An  iMidmivor  lo  Monlify  I'nlmoi^liv.'i  ninciwooca  (Kt».), 

with  iloHcription  of  tho  plant  lntlit'VtMl  to  lut  nit>;tnt 

nnil  of  ft  now  npocioH,  both  roforrililo  lo  tlio  ^onnK 

ArtliioilosninA  (Kliili.).  Dniil.  Nut.  Ili.'itory  Uoo. 

I'too.  iv.,  ISliJ.         Ilwlwigift,  l.Hiil. 
Po!*i'iiptioii  of  ft  now  spooiort  of  foHniariinn   (ronla), 

nnil  of  .\itliriiilosnin8    (Klirb).         Diih.   N.it.  illHt. 

Poc.  I'loo.,  iv.,  lHti2-a. 
Olisorvnlion  on  Mii'm*loiias  M.ili.alMilo^lmari'nsiii  (IIoli- 

8on),  an>l  on  Pooidinni  pi'Istiiliu  (llol»on).         l>nlil. 

Nat.  Hist.  Soo.  I'nii'.,  iv.,  18(i'J-ti;l.         Jliinisropiual 

Jonrn.,  N.  S.,  vol.  vi. 
Posoriplion  of  n  n(»w  npooios  of  DiM'idinni  from  llonj; 

Kong.         Dnlil.  Nat.  lii.st.  Soe.  I'loo.,  iv.         Micro 

soop.  Jomu.,  N.  ^^.,  vol.  vi. 
Posrription  of  two  now  Hpinrios  of  Cosniarinm,  of  P«- 

niiini,  anil  of   Artliroilcsniun.  Alicro.Hoop.  Journ. 

N.  S.,  vol.  iv.,  lloilwigia,  1,S(14. 
DoHiTJption  of  two  now  spocios  of  Slanrastruni.         Mi- 
croscopic Jonrn.,  N.  S.,  vol.  vi.,  IMill. 
On  ft  now  iionus  anil  spucies  of  Dosniiili.ico^e.         Ibid., 

N.  f.,  vol.  vi. 
On  some  oases  of  nlmorniftl  growth  in  Ueainidiaorie. 

Ibid.,  N.  S.,  vol.  vi, 

Ardissone  (Franoeaoo). 

Eiminorazionu  dullu  Algho  dolla  luaroa  di  Ancona. 
Fano,  IS6li. 

Areschoug  (Johann  Erhart). 

IV  Ilydrodictyo  utiionlalo.  I  nndio,  l.'^SO. 

Uobor  dio  Vorinohrnnnsai t  dos  \Va.isornotzo.s  (l!,vdro- 

<lictvon   utricniatnnt  Koth).  LinniKft,   vol.  xvl., 

IS4J. 

Oni  .\.  lilya  prolifora.  vl'xanda  pa  lofvando  flsk.      Stock- 

hohn.Ufvoislnt  Kon.Votonsk.     Akad.  Fiirliand.  l!*4I. 
Ali.'arnni  niinns  rito  coguitarnm  pugillus  prinins,  tab. 

lU.    I.innaia,  1S4'J. 
Dio   Arton  dor  tlattuni;   I'lva.  Nova  Acta  U.  Soo. 

Scient.  Upsal.  t*oi'.  111.,  vol.  i. 
Copnlationem  hos  Zvgnomacoa).        Stockholni,  (ifver- 

.siijt  K.  Veulonsk.  Akad.  Forhaud.  IMiJ.         Uoguus- 

biirt  Flora,  ISO,'!. 

Arrondeau  (Theodore). 

Kssai    snr    los    Conforvos    tlos   Fjivirons   do   Toulctn.so. 

Act.  Sk'.  I.iniia'ft  di>  Moidoanx,  ',\  Horios,  toni.  iv. 
Olisorvalions  snr  I'Orijanization  dn  iC.vgnoina  orbicularo, 

llassal.  Wessiona    doa    Congria    Hcientiliiiuu    do 

France,  xix.,  \!>5'2. 

Bailey  (John  'Whitman). 

A  skolob  of  llio  Infnsoria  of  the  family  Baocilaria,  with 
sonio  acionnt  of  the  most  inlorosting  Fiweios  which 
liftvo  boon  fonnd  in  n  rocont  tonr  in  tho  LI.  States. 
Aniorioan  .bniinal  of  Sciences,  First  Horios,  vol.  xli. 
V-  1^4.         Vol.  xlii,  p.  8i<.         Vol.  xliii.  p.  321. 


Bailey  (John  V/'hltman).— roiifiriHci/. 

t>n  simio  now  .<pocioa  of  .\nioric;in    Itosnddiacoai  froni 

llio  (  aiskill   Monnt.-iins.         .Xnutilcan  (ii-olo^isL  ami 

Nat.    Assoc.    Itopoits,    1H4:).         .\nior.  Journ.,  N.   ^i., 

vol.  i.,  IS4(i. 
Notes   on    tho    Al^'ir  of   tho  |Iiiilo<l  Htntos.  Ibid., 

New  Scries,  vol.  iii.  pp.  Ml,  p.  :i2!l  Vol.  vl.  p.  ;t7. 

Microscopical    Obsorvationa   made    in    Houth    Carolina, 

lloorgia,  nml  Fh  ridft.         Sndtlisiniinn  Contributions, 

vol.  il. 
Notes  on   new  Bpeiios  and  localities  of  Micro.^eoplcal 

OrganlaniH.         Ibid.,  180;). 

Balfour  (John  Button). 

Obi'OtvalionH  on  tlio  Spores  of  Cryptogams,  and  on  tho 
rcpiodnctivo  processes  in  somt)  Alyni  and  l<*ungi. 
Proceedings  of  the  Koyul  Society  of  Kiliuliurgh,  Sea- 
bion  of  I.'^liT-b. 


Bary  (Helnrlch  Anton  de). 

Horicht    iibor  dio  Forlschritto  dor  Algenknndo  in  den 

Jaliren  •''i.'),  r>(),  ^7.         liotanisho  Zeitung,  IH.'iH. 
Bur  l;i  generation  sexnidio  dos  .ML,ues.  Annal.  Suleu. 

Natnr.  (iiot.),  lome  v.,  I.s.^iil.' 
lloitrag  /nr  Keniitniss  der  Acldya  picdifiM'a.  Itotn- 

nisclie  /eitnoL.',  Is.'i'j. 
liber  (lie  Copulation  der  Oosnildiacien.         Berlin,  Mo. 

tanische  Zcilung,   l.'-.'iT.         liegeiisb.   Flora,  IS.'iV,  p. 

(iiid. 


sisid).    Khoinlaiiiio   omi    tTesijMiao'MS. 

ITnliTsnchnngcn    iili;  r   die     Familio    di'r   ('(Mijngatcn, 

Li'ipzig,  \b:<». 
I'bor  (lie  Algongnttnngen  (Mdoiioninn)  nnd  Hnlboidia^te, 

Verliandlnngen  dor  Sonekonberg  naturwissen.  (lea- 

pelachaft  zu  Frankfurt.  I}^.'>4. 
Bi'ilrag  znr   Kenntnisa  dor    Noslm^noeen,  insbesondero 

di  r  Hivniarioen.         liogensliurg  Fboa,  lS(i;(. 
lMnii:e  none  Saprolognioen.         I'ringshoim's  .iahrbncli 

fiir  wisaona.  llotanik,  bd.  2,  IWild,  p.  l(i;i. 

Bary  (Helnrioh  Anton  de)  ci  M.  'Woronln. 

Heitrag  znr  Kenntnisa  der  Cliyti'idio'n.  Freiburg, 
lsii;t,  al>o  llericlite  der  nalurforschendcn  (iesell- 
aoliaft  iu  Freiburg,  Unnd.  iii.,  lleft.  il. 

Bauer  (Francis). 

Micniscojtical  Observations  on  Red  Smnv.  Tint  .lonr- 
nal  of  Science  and  Arts  (Uoyal  Insl.  lir.  lir.),  V(d. 
vii.,  ISlll. 

Some  exp<M'iinonts  on  tho  Fungi  which  con^titntt*  the 
coloring  matter  of  the  Ked  Snow  discovered  in  Haf- 
lin'a    liay.  I'liilosophiiuil    TraiLsactiona,    London, 

1S20. 

Microscopical  Olwrvations  on  the  Suspension  of  Mus- 
c'ilar  .Slovennnits  in  Vibrio  tritica.  I'hilosophiual 
'i'rana.actions,  1821!.         Ann.  Sci.,  vol.  ii.,  1824. 


Begglato  (Francesco  Seoondo). 

Dello  termo  Fnganeo  nienioria.         Padova,  183S. 

Berkeley  (Miles  Joseph). 

Illoanings  of  tint  Hrilish   Alcae.  being  an  Appomlix  to 
the  Supiilenicnt  to  Kngli.~h  liotany.         London,  1833. 


<     ? 


i!l  in,  lUU  UA  I'll  V. 


287 


I 


Berkeley  (Miles  Joseph). -''»ii(/imn/.' 

l).'rti!ri|ili(Mi  (if  CldsUiriiiiii  (irillllliii,  ii.  sp.         Aiiimis 

ami  MH){iuiiiu  ut  Niituriil  Ili^tDiy,  lh,'J4. 
Uliniiuw  vi'K>itublu  I'liniHitiKin  UhIics.     (Innlt'iior'H  Cliru- 

niclu,  IHU-I.      Aiiimldu  Bulmi.  Niitiir.,  vol.  ii.,  v.  .'^ur. 
Nolu  on  tlio  reuoiit  (liHiovorlc.s  in  icliitlon  lo  tlio  Micio- 

goniilia  of  I'ViwIi-wiUir  Algiu.        Juiinml  of  Liniiuim 

Society  I.,  IHfiT. 

Blasoletto  (Bartolommeo). 

DIaloiiiiii  Al((li(iniloro«r<iiii(!lio  HogKi"-       Trii'sln,  lS:t2. 
U«l)or(lioMulamori)lio.-iuilui' Alguii.      lt<'gi!n«liiiri!  Kloin, 
1  .S3H. 

Uuliiir  mIoroscopi.Holio  in  i  lionil«cli«n  Solutionon  cntstu- 
liunilo  Algun.         Isis  von  Ul<un,  IKil). 

Bory  de  St.  Vincent  (Jean  Baptlste  M.  A  O.). 

Meinoiroflurl«8gi)nrc8(;oufBrva«t  Ilysaui".  llorilt'aM.\, 
171)7. 

Kaaal  inonograplile  Bur  1«;b  OBclUariea.        TailB,  l»-7. 

Braun  (Alexander). 

UuliordnrtWiissi'rnolz,  !Iy(lro.llot.vnn  ulri™latnin,  Itotli. 
Vorlmndlungcn  <lcr  Sdiwiii/.ciisidifn  (Jiwell.Hiliiift  f.ii- 
di«  ges.Mnnilu  Natuiwi.fKDnHuliaft,  1KI7. 

Uolior  das  Vorkoniincii  bewuglichor  Hamon  boi  don 
AlgoH.         Ibid.,  1HI7. 

Botra(dimngi'n  IiIht  din  Kr.sclnnnnnf;  diir  Voijilngnng  in 
ilor  N'iitnr,  iriliiixoniloru  in  dur  l,«in'na  und  Hiiilnnn-i- 
gi'SuiiirlitH  diir  I'llanzo,  bxipsig,  IH.'il.  'I'lan.slalcd 
and  rcpnl)lisliuil  by  tlio  Kay  Houicdy,  London. 

Uobor  .'^pinilina  .lunnuri.         Ilotanischo  Zoitung,  ISfii. 

Clilaniydocot'cus  pln\  iali.-t  bui  liurlin.     Iliid. 

Algarnni  nnici'llnlurnni  (liiiiora  nova  ot  niiiinx  I'omiita, 
pniMni.isis  olwiirvationiliii.  do  Algin  uiiioullularibus 
in  <ionorc*.         Loip/.ig,  \H^)>t, 

Uolmr  (Miytrrdium,  olno  Oattunu  cinzolllger  Soliinarot- 
zorgowiiidisri  anf  Algon  und  liifuHoricn,  Abliand- 
lungon  ilor  K.  Akaduiuio  dur  WiSBonrtuliaft  zu  Dorlin, 

iH.5r). 

Uobor  niMio  Artcn  dor  Ciattung  f^liylridiuin  und  UImt 
dio  daniit  vernaiidto  (lattnng  Kiiizidiuiu 
Monalsboriulit.     IH.III,  ji.  MJ. 

Uobi^r  finigo  mikrodkopi.scliuu  Algon.  liotanisalio 
Zoitnng,  IhUCt, 

I'obur  I'rolocouH  pliivialis.       Botanlsolie  Zuitang,  185(). 

Brebisson  (L.  Alphonse  de). 

IloHoriptiomlo  deux  nonvoaux  gor.ros  d'AIgniiH  (Iiivia- 

tiloM.         Annalosile.i  Si;ience.4  NutnrMlIcB,  IS44,  vol.  i. 
LIslo   dcH  lli'sniidit^'os  oIi-htvics  on  llasso-Norniandio. 

I'aria,  Isriii,  avoc  2  jilancdi. ;  al.so  Mum.  Soo.  Suieno. 

Nat.  do  Cliorbonrg,  1«.'')4. 

BrobisBon  (L.  Alphonse  de)  et  Oodey. 

lguu.4  doM  KnvironBdo  FalaiBo.         Munioires  do  la  Ho- 
ciuto  Acaduudiine  du  Falaiau,  (Hot.)  IH'M. 

Brongniart  (Adolphe  Theodore)  ei  Bory  de  St. 
Vincent. 

Biitanli|Uo  dn  vnyau'o  nntonr  du  ninndu  snr  la  Coquillo. 
Crvpioganios,  vol.  ii.  do  IhxIh,  avoo  all.iH  gr.  in  folio, 
du  llKi  planoliuB  color,  ut  uoir.         I'aris,  182!). 

Brdgger  (Chr.  O.). 

Ulster  llerioht  iilii'r  daa  klidnsto  l.obon  dor  rh;Uij»cliHn 
Algi'n.  ,)aliri'.'<li>'rl('lit  viii.  ilur  natnrforsobrndon 
lli'.-cll.scliaft  (iraubUnduns.     Churwaldon,  It^lJU. 

Bnsk  (Oeorge). 
On  lli«  fltrncturo  of  Volvox  ploliator,        MicroBcopinal 

Transat'tionH,  vol.  i. 
On  Ibe  occnrronf-o  of  Snriiiia  vi-nlrirnli  in  the  linmnn 

Btoniacli.     Miuroscopi  ■  .loinn.,  vol.  i.,  1842. 


CandoUe,  Hoh  De  Candolle. 

Carradori  (Oloraochino). 

Di'lla  traimfioniazionudol  Nostoc  in  Troniulla  voirncona. 
I'rato,  171)7. 

Carter  (H.  J.). 

Noto  (jii  a  Bpocii'H  of  NoHloo  from  Sind.  Jonrii.  of  I  bo 
llonibay  Hranidi  of  tli«  Koyal  Asiatic!  .Soiiidy,  v.,  IH.'jfi. 

On  Kccnndation  in  lliu  two  VoIvimm-s  ami  tlioir  HpiiMllu 
iliiroroniMW;  on  Kndurina,  Spongilla,  AHlaxia,  Knglioia, 
anil  ''ryptoglt'na.  Annalx  and  .Mug.  Nat.  lli^t., 
IH.'ill,  p.  1. 

On  I'Vrtiliitation  in  Kndorlna  idogan.i  and  {'ryploglona. 
Ibid.,  iMfiK,  p.  2:)7. 

On  xpuoillo  cbarai-ti'r,  Kcrnndation,  and  abnorni.il  do- 
velopnnnit  In  (Kdogoniuni.         Ibid.,  lNr)7,  p.  21), 

Cams  (Carl  Oustav). 

lioitrng  zur  Ooscliiiditu  dcr  nnliv  Wansor  an  vorscdiio- 
doui'ii  Tliiorkiirporn  hIoIi  vrzingendi'ii  ^'I'liiniioi'l- 
odor  Algongattnng.  Nova  Ada  Aoad.  Cum,  Loopold.- 
(.'ar.  Natur  Cur.  lid.  xi.,  lionn,  1823. 

Caapary  (Robert). 

Vi'rniidiriingswoiso  von  IVdiastrnm  elliptiuum. 

ilotanisbo  Zoitnng,  viii.,  IH.IO. 
Dewriplion   of   a  ni'W   liritisli   Alga    belonging  to  llio 

geP-tiH  SobizoHiplioii. 

.\nnalB  of  Natural  History,  vi.,  ISfid. 
(Jubor  llio /oiMporon  dor  OattungCbrooli'pun.       Iti'gHns- 

burg  Klora,  l!'r)7.         Hurlin  Itotanisolm  Zoitiing,  IS57. 
Till.  ZoiwporoM  of  CliroolipnH.         (JnartiTly  .lonrnal  iif 

Miuro»i:opioal  .Si-ioiioo,  July,  ISfi!).         Aiinal.  .Si:i«u. 

Nalnr.  (Hot,),  vol.  ix.,  ISOB.     (TrausIatBd  from  Wb- 

gunsburg  t'loraj. 

Ceaatl  (Vincenzo  barone). 

Uobor  dio  Viriiiebriing  von  Ilydrodiidyon  ulriiiilalum 
lioth.         lli'dwigia,  1^,''<2. 

Chauvln  (Frangols  Joseph). 

Obsorvationn    niiiToynopiiiuH  sur  la  Conforva    ziinata. 

MonioirtiB  Sociulu  l.innoonno  do  Noiioandio,  lH2ti  7. 
ObsorvatiotiH  niifrosiiopiijuo  snr  la  niodo  do  roprodnu- 

tion  do  la  (.'oiil'orva  rivularis.         tio.iBiuns  des  C'ou- 

griM  »i;ienlilii|iio  do  l''ranui',  IH:il!. 
Kxaniiin  coniparatif  ilos  Ilydrophylos  nnn  artiouli'ou  do 

lii  Franco  ot  de  TAiiglotorro.         Ibid.,  ls:i. 
Kt'obiToliiiB  sur    rorganisation,  la   frni'lifii-ation    ct    la 

(dassilii^ation   do    jilnsiours  gonros  d'.'ilgiiHS,  avne  la 

dosuription  do  (lUoiiino  espei;ea  iuoditoa.      Caen,  li.42. 

Cienkowskl  (L.). 

Algologisho  Htudiuii.         llotanisolio  Zuituiig,  186C. 
Uobor  einico  oliloropliyllbaltige  UlOBOoapBou.         Hola- 

nisobo  Zeitnng,  18(15,  p.  21. 
Dio  I'sHiidogonidieu.         I'ringslioiin'H  Jalirbncli,  Hd.  i., 

18.')8,  p.  ;)7U. 
UliizidiumConfervtBglomBratie.        BolanistlieZeitung, 

1857. 

Cleve  (P.  T.). 

ISidrag    till    kiinnnlomon  om  .Sverigos  siitv.iltonsalgor 

nf  f.Tinilji'n   Dosniidie.-B.         (ifvers  af  k.  Vet.  Akad. 

Foihandl.  Arg.  20,  .N.  10.  Ilodwigia,  lsi;4. 

Oin  do  Svenska  nrtorna  af  Sliigtet  Vaiicdieria,  De  Caiid. 

Stoekbolni,  IWiH.         Ilodwigia,  18ti4. 
Fiirsok  till  on  inonngmn  ilfver  di  iSvonska  arterna  af 

aUonfainilion  zygneniaro.'e.         Nova  acta  Keg.  Socio- 

tatis  Soienlaruin  Upsalionsia,  18(iS. 
lakttagolaer  iifver  den  livilande  (Kdogonium   (fKdogo- 

dium  Sporens).  (ifvera  af  k.  Vetenskaii-Aknd.,  p.  247, 

1804.         Translated  in  Micnwcopie  Journal. 


^^ 


wmmmk 


2:JS 


\\\  li  I,  I  ()(J  1!  A  I'  II  Y 


w 


Cobii  (Ferdiiiancl  Julius). 

/ur  1,1'lim  viiiii  W.'ii'li-tliiini  liiT  l'l1;in/i'ii/.iiUi<.        Arail. 

CiDM.  l.(M>|iol(l.  Nova  Actii,  wiL,  IsW. 
Niiililrii-;is  zur  Naliirxi'si'liiclile  il«a  I'nilocMU'i'ua  iiivali.s 

KlJ,  lliiil.,  xxii.,  1«17. 

IJi^lii  r  clli>  Knlwicki'liiiigsiji'scliiililc  iIit  ril.uucn/.i'lln. 

Iliiliorsii'lit  iliir  Sulili^sisL'lii'U  (luitulUulml'l  fur  viUir- 

l.'iuilisuhii  Cultur,  IH-lll. 
TclpiT  lilutiiliiilichi'   l''ililMin«i'ii  diirili  mikrii«l<ii|iisihii 

(iri;aiil'<iiuiii.         Uiiil.,  Isfiii. 
Cii  a  IM'W  uciMH  iif  llic  fainily  Volviii'ini'Hi.         Annals 

an. I   M;ii!.  N.it.   lli^l..  iNri'J,  ti-inslal.'.l  fioin   Si..liiil,l 

ami     Kcilliki'i's     /.'il-ilirifl     I'lir    wisscnisi^liafllirliy 

Zoolo^iti,  Vdl.  iii.,  \>Wl. 
Ucliei-  Kt'hnunir  tliT  Zvyni-ni  ■en.  llclitTrtii'lit  ilt-r 

HchlcH.  (li.sitll.  fur  viU.Tl.  Ciiltiir,  iJ^Tii 
I'l'bor  I'rot(UM)('('ii:(  I'l'iist-u-t'us  Ktz.  Hfhvi^ia,  isril. 

l'iittM-suclinni;i'ii  iiltiTtlif  I'jttwii-ki'Iiuii^si'i'Si  hit-litt'  'Iit 

niikioskopisilii'ii    Ali-cn    nn<l   I'iUi'.  Nova    A. la 

Akail.    Cm'm.    I.im>ii(ii.I.,  xxiv.,    I^Tit.         Micni*.   S.ic. 

Joiirii.,  iii.,  l.'^.'i.j. 
Ui'liiT   ilio    K»rt|illan/.iin)!    von    Spli.iiropli'a    nnnnliii.i. 

Monal.slu'riclit   ilor  k.    rnois.    Aka.l.    \Vis<cnsi  li.   im 

lliolin.    It^.^'i.'i.         Ann.    ami    Mai<.    Nat.    llisl.,    l.-<.'ii!. 

Ann.  Hfi.,  Nalnr.  (Dot.),  v.,  l^rni. 
lIulxT  (la.i    (Ic^clilcrlit    (lur    Alm-n.  IIi'ln'rsiclil  iliT 

S.-hli's.    Oi'scll.   viiti'il.  Cnllilr.,   is.'^p.'i.         I!,.p(n-i.  nf 

tin'    Hiitisli    Assovialiun    for    tlio    Ailvanconn-nt    of 

S^i-ii'Uvi',  l!-.'i.'i. 
I!i'oliarli'nni;i>ii   (ilior  lUni  Han  nml  iliii  rdilpltanznn,' 

v<ni  Volvox  i;Inl»ator.         Ui'licrrf.  Hrlil.  lotsi'lj.  v.itiMl. 

t'nltur..  ll-,')l!.         Annals  iin<l  Ma^'a/..  N»t.  llisl.,  Is.'i7. 

Ann.  S<:l.  Nalnr.  (Hot.),  Is.')!!.         Cmnpli'S  Kiinlns, 

xliii.         MiiTo.s.  Woi'.  Jonrn.,  ISTi". 
Ui'bi'i-  oinim?  mnu*  .\Ii;on  Sclili'sions.         .T;»liri'sluM-ii-Iit 

ilt.'s  n.-Unrwisson.  Voruins  i.w  Hroslan,  I^.^7. 
I'l'liiT  li'li'    ilige  Orgniiisnu'U  in  Trinkwassor.        Ilii.l., 

i.-r.;!. 

Ut'litT  I'ontraclili)   nntl   irritalilo  (Jowolio  iler  Ftl.'in/.cn. 

ll.i.l.,  ISiid. 
Conlraitilc  lii'vvi'Iic  im   rilanzonrciflio.         lliiil.,  ISiU. 

(Translati'.l)  .\nnals  and  Mai?.  Nat.  llisl.,  xi..  I."!):!. 
I'i'Imt   il.is    Vi'iliiillniss    iler   Zi'lli'n    in    ili'n   iiii'ilcri'n 

Hilan/.iMi  nn.l  'I'lii.ri'n.         lliiil.,  ISiil. 
I't'luT  rotlion  S.-lmot'.         lliiil.,  ISiil. 
UciljiT  ilie    Alijioi   ilt's  (':nlslra.liT  Spruilrls   nml  iliTrn 

Aiitlioil  an  .liT  I'lildnn:;  il.'s  .•^inudclsinlcis.         lliiil., 

IfMii. 

UoluT   ilio    Vfilirc'itnni;    iler    Aluon.    iiislicsonilero    in 

ili'n  .Mi'dfiis  Knropn's.         Ilii.l.,  lSi!2. 
Vorliillon  .li'r  uiiiniMi  mikroskopisilion  I'llanzcn  nml 

TIiiiMH  /nn»    Li«'li!t>.  Uiid.,   l.'^iili.         Miuro.sc'oj). 

.Tourn.,  N.  8.,  vol.  vii. 


Crouan  (P.  L.,  ""''  H.  M.,  Iimilifis). 

Ohsoi  vaiions    nii'Tosi-tipiiini'.s    snr   Iti   goiiro    Mi'so^Ioin 

Aij.'(rdli.         Aninil.    :j>.'iiin.    Natiir.   (Hut.),   vol.   ill., 

I^.l.'-i. 
Olisfrvations    niit  roscopitjui's  nnr  la  iliss6ntinntion   ct 

l.i  Ki'rniinution    ilos    liinocarpis    {;l  n»r    lu   Cuiifuivii 

xvululata.         lliid.  vol.  x  I. 
Nolo  snr  Ic  giMiro  ,'^pirnlina.  Mi'inoiii'S  ili'  la  HoclrW 

linpur.  ill's  .'^uiuii.  Nat.  ilu  t'liorliourn,  il.,  Ih.'il. 

Curroy  (Frederick). 

On  Mi'phanosplia'ra  phivialis.  Miurn^ii'opiii  Jonrn., 
vol.  vi  ,  iK.'iS,  p.  l:il. 

On  Koinii  Hiitinh  I'ro.sli-Wator  Al^m,         llii.l.,  p.  '2iiT. 

Dareste  (CamlUe). 

MiMnoiri'    snr    la    roloration    ilo    la    nior    ilo    Cliiiui. 

Annal.  Wiion.  Natur..  vol.  i.,  l."-.')!. 
.Mi'iiioiro  snr  los  Aniniali'iili's  rt  aiilrcs  corps  iirfianisoH 

tpii  ilonimiit  a  la  nnir  nno  uonlmir  nni^n.         Annal. 

.Siioni'.  Nal.  (Zool.),  l.'-fi.'i. 

Davalne  (C. ). 

Con  ervt'  p;irisilo  snr  lo  f'vpi  inus  Carpio.         Mrinoirori 

du  la  Soil,  do  Hiol(ii<ii',  i^fil. 
lli'i'lioridn's    pliysiologiipii's    t't    palIiolnt;i*intn    snr    Ir.-i 

Hai'liirit's.        Coinpli's  Uoiidns,  I'aiis,  ISii'^^tunif  Ixvi. 
Uorhcrclios  sur  les  infiisoiros  dn  sang  d.'ins  l;i  niaholitt 

ronniiu  tons  lo  noni  do  sani;  do  ratti.  Iliid.,  Ivii., 

l^U:l.         Jouni.  do  rii.irniauiu,  xllv.,  18lJ3. 

De  CandoUe  (Augustin  Fyrainua  P.). 
l-'loio  l-'iani;:iiso.      'i'oin.  vi. 
llappoit  snr  los  Confrrvos.         .lournal  do  IMiysiipio,  d« 

Cliiniio  ct  do  rilistoirc  Natnrollo,  liv.,  l.'^d'l 
Nolict*  Hur  la  M.-itioro  <pii  a  ooloro  lo  lao  do  Moral  on 

itoneo   an    I'i'intoinps   do    Islif).         Mtiinoiros  t\f  la 

Sooii'i.'  Nat.  du  lionuve,  tonio  iii.,  18'JIJ.         Mdinlairi^h 

Jur  •!.  Suieu.,  1827. 

rirrbcs     (Alpboiiae)     rl    Antolne    Joseph    Jean 
Soller. 

Snr  los  oriiaiiM  roprodni'lonrs  don  AI«no3.  Annal. 
Scion.  Nalnr.  (Hoi.),  xiv.,  ls,''ill-l,s,')l. 

Moniniro  snr  (luolijnos  pointrt  do  la  pliysiolo|;io  dort 
algni'S.         I'aris,  IS.'iii. 

DiUeniuB  (John  Jacob). 

llislori.a  .Mnscornni.  \  (lonoral  History  of  W.-ilor 
Mossos  and  ('orals,  conlaininii  all  tho  known  spcoics, 
tlo'ir  nanu's,  plaoi's  of  gioivlli,  and  senitunti.  h.")  tali, 
Loudon,  I'iti'.i. 


11  •.  ■•  ni      •  ,     ,      1       ,„         ,  .    DlUwyn  (Lewis  Weston). 

Hoilratfo    7.nr   Pliysioloi;!!'    diT    I'livi-oolironiaccon    nml        ^.  .,.,„..,,,      ,  ,       , 

Kloridoon.         .SdinlUiw   Archivo  fiir  Jlik.osc.    Ana-        ^•\""!':"  "'  "'"  ""''"''  ^ '"""■^■'>'-  London,  IS 


ISIO. 
i 
Dlppel  (Leopold). 

HoitiiiL'o  /III-  l.iisuni;  dor  Frau'o  "Koninit  dor  Zilltnoni- 
ltr;in  Idns  oin  WaolistliuTn  von  Anssoii  nacli  Innon  zn, 
odi'r  liosilzt  diosxilio  ziiiili'ii  li  oin  sololics  von  Innoii 
naoli  .Anson.  Hotanisolie  Zoilnni?.  ix.,  Ih.^il. 

Znr    Prinior.li;ilscMaU(:Iifi'age.  Uotron.slnirg   l-'Iora, 

xxxix.,  Is.'ii. 

t'olior  ili"  I''oilpllanznni;  dor  Vanolieria  so.ssilis. 
liouoosh.  Flora,  xxxix,,  IS.MI. 
Dio  Aliton.         Ktnmrs  Dont.scliland   I'lora,  2e  Alitlioi-        Zolltlioilnnj;  dor  I'lotlnix  znnala.        Aliliamlinngon  dor 
■    ■"   ■""  natnrforsoliendon  liesollscliaft  zn  Hallo,  1S(;7,  p  4:1. 

Druce  (T.  C). 

Lncoa,        On  Iho  roprodnrtivo  proroesos  in  tito  ("^onforvoidom. 
Micros.  .lonrnal,  IHiiH,  p.  71. 


toniio,  ls,;7. 
Utdier  ('lilainydoinonas  niaiin:\,  Cilin.     Ilodwij;ia,  181),'). 

Comelli  (Francesco).  1 

Inlornno  alio  .dglio  niiiTo-i-opioho  d.  1  Or.  R.  Hiasolotio  ■ 

K.-laziono.         U  lino,  18:i;i.  j 

Corda  (August  Karl  Joseph). 

Olxirvations  niii-rosi-opiipo.s  snr  los  Aninrilonlos   ilos  ' 
oanx     lliornialos      do    Carlsliad.  Alinanaih    do 

f.irlsliad,  ICo  annoi',  184ii.  1 


lung  1S211-:12. 

Corti  (Bonaventura). 

O^sorvazioni  hiicrosoopisclio  sulla  TronioUa. 
1774. 


ilUHi 


ilHIIIil 


111  11  1,1  UU  K  A  I'll  Y. 


'2M 


Duby  (Jean  Btlonuo). 

llotiiiiiciui  (Jiilliiniiii.        Tomo  ii.     I'mU,  IK'IH, 
Hln^iiliiir  iiinilo  ilii  iiiuUipMintliiii  ilii  I'uiliiiHtiiiiii  i'lli|i- 
tlriiin.      tlu|i|il(iiiii'iitit  l.'i  l!ililioUii'i|iiii  IJiiiviiixi'llii  ilii 
(iMiiKvo.         AnOiivud  iloH  tiuiuiic.  Nut.  ut  I'Ij^h,,  toiiiu 
xvil.,  isr,!. 

ItiliriicliK'tiim  ilurt  AIkhi'H.         lliliUiillii'qiiu  UiilvuiHcllo 
liiirt  Soiuiici'H.         Uuni'V«,  vt.,  IhlJO. 

Dufour  (Louis). 

Kluiiuu  dullu  Al)jliu  dulln  Ligiirlu. 

DulBn  (A.  B.). 

Uoiiitt  ni'i'oiint   of  I'rotoplfiflin. 
iHllli,  vol.  iii.,  N.  a.,  II.  'ill. 


OiMiova,  ISIM. 


Mkrosuoii.  Jounml, 


Famintzln  (A.)  imil  J.  Dor.inotzky. 

Ziir   Kiil>virki'liiiiL'-f;'"*'liiililci  ilcr  (ioiil.lii.n   iiiiil   Zmm- 

por.'iiliil.liiiiK  (liT  I'li'ililmi.  Mciiioiifs  ilo  I'Ai'.iiliniiiu 

liii|>('i'iulii  (liM  hiciiMiucK  (111  HI.  ri'ti'ihlpomg,  Inii7. 
Dill  \Viiklln^'  ili'H   l,iii|iti.rt  aiif  AIkimi  uiid  I'lnl^ju  iiiirliTi- 

iliiii'ii    imliii    viirtvandtii    (lift.'iiil.siniiii.    riiiigKlii'liii'it 

.liilii'liiu  li  liir  WIssKiiH.  Uotaii.  Ilil.  vi. 
Inlliii'iirii   ilii   III  liiiiiiiTii  nrtilliiHllii  Biir   l»   Spiro^'yra 

llillio-|iiiii.         Aiiiiiili'rt  (loH  Scii'iiii'ii   .Niiliiri'lii',  vol. 

vii.,  Im!7. 
Ijilliii'iiro  ill'  In  liiniiiTii  Hiir  In  inovdniiiitili'.i  Clilniiu'ilo- 

iiioiiiirt,  OriuillHioiiii,  ka.        Ibiil, 


Duoluzoau  (J.  A.  P.). 

lisnni  Hiir  I'lilHtoiro  iintiircllii  ili's  ronfiitvun  iIoh  Eiivl- 
roim  ilu  Munlpulliur.         Moiitiiullior,  ibuj, 

Dujardln  (F£11z). 

llistoiro  Nfiturollo  dua  Zonpliytos,  aveo  pi.  22, 
I'liriM,  18-11. 

Hur  qnelquuij  Vi''((utniix  InfurlniirH  ot  purlliuliiT,  piir  In 
NoHtoo.  Anti.iliiri   Kran'.aiHt'M  ut  Klr.mm'rH  d' Ana- 

toinio  (it  du  I'liynlologio  (l.auiuut  tt  Itaaili),     I'arirt, 

Ehrenberg  (CbrlBtlan  Oottfrled). 

l)lo  liiriiHioiiKthiurclji'ii  als   voikoininene  OrgaiiiBniRii. 

Mit  111  Tafidii.         Liiip/.iK,  ISim. 
MlkroskoplHchfl    Aimly.Hii    dit)    ciirlundi.'<(dii'ii    Midior- 

papicr.i  von  l(!K(i  tiiul   I'jliiutt'nmi^  dcKsi'll't'ii  als  iiiii 

I'ldliiit   jiilzt    lelii'iiiliT  Conrurvuii    mid    liilusoileii. 

Mit  1!  Tall-Ill.         Uui-liii,  IK:)1). 
ViTliii'lhiiii.'  iiiid  MiiilliiiiK  dcs  inikroskopisc'lion  I.'liiMin 

in  Siiil-  imkI  iNord'Aiiii'iikn.    Mit4  Tal'idii.         Hi'ilin, 

!«■!;).         .Moniitslii.riulit  diT  k.  rnius.  Akad.,  IMI. 
I'a.Hsat  Klaiili  nnd   Illut-IIdUi'ii,  iiln  uriiH^i'S  nriraninidK'H 

iinsiclitliari'H  Wlrkcii  nihl  l.i'liuu  ill  dcr  Aliiiuxpliuru. 

Mil  7  lafi-lii.         H.irliii,  lb-Ill. 
Mikioniciloj^io.     Unsi  KidiMi  mid  Ftilson  sclialToiido Wir- 

ki'ii  di'H   nniii  litliar    kli'innii   KelbtiatliiidiKiiii  I.uIkmih 

niif  diT  Kiile.         Lidpzlif,  IbB-l. 
Niilist    KorlrtHt/iinR    (llontin  1-22).  ani'lli«t,  1^51), 

f;r.  fol.  KM  Hi'iti'ii.mirniit  Uuiauhni^litid  nii-ljl  lu'i'iidigt. 
Ui'lmr  din  si'it  27il.'ilu'nr  nochwolil  erlialtt'nt'ii  Orgaiii- 

Katioim-l'iiiparato  duM  niikro.-)k(i[)iSLliou  Loht'iirf.     Mit 

;i  Talcln.         liiirliii,  18ti2. 
Ziir  Mikroiic'ologip,  von  Cliiislian  (lotlMi'il  Khroiilii-rR. 

Si'iiiiT  Majiistiit  Kiiediiidi    WIIIihIiii   IV.,  Kmiig   von 

I'liin.-iMim  zuKKHigiiet.    Kin  ninl  vii'izig  'ralVIn  mit  iiliBr 

vlortnnaund  gros.^Hiitliuil.-i  oolorirleii  i''if;iireii,g«zi'icli- 

iii't    voni    Vi'il'a>isiir.         l),m'lli»t,   IH.^i-l,   gr.    fol.    31 

SfittMi  mit  -U  Talelii  und  4U  liliitluni  duzu  gidiurigur 

Krkllirmig. 
MikroHcojiisolio  Aliji'n  nnd  Hryozoa  als  Bculfiter  d«r  iin 

FoinMstoiii  KussiliMi  Infiisorii'ii.         MoiiatMbi-riiditB  k. 

rrt'iirts.  Akad.  WisaiMis.  zu  Diirlin,  IsiKi,  p.  114. 
Uoliorsiolit  dii.s  Mikrosoopistdion  I.ubunii  iu  Californion. 

Ihi.l.,  1S.V2,  p.  423. 
llpiliag  7.11  li.'sliniinnni?  d»s  Stationilron  Mikro.s.  I.idmna 

in  III--  2(1, null  I'ihs  AI;  hiiIiuIk!.         MonaUbur.  Akad. 

Wir-.-iMi.  18.')«,  p.  420. 
[l''or  a  fiutlii'i-  lint  of  inicroscopio  papi-rs  liy  Elirenlieri;, 

1(1  donhltt  i-iiliiniiin,  ,si'«  U«i!i.-<li'r  fiir  din   Monatsbti- 

liclito  diir  K  inig.  Akadiiiniii  diir  Wissfiiscliaftt-n  zu 

lioilin  voin  .laliro  LsSii  bia  1858.         B'lrlin,  18(JU.] 

Ettlngshausen  (Konstantln  von). 

Dill    I'ldtii.'ii'cmi    (I.T  Voi>v^lt.        Hitznnclierichle   der 
Matln'inat.    .N'-ittirwissi'ii.    Classo  der  KaL-ier.  Akad. 
diT  WissiMisi  lial'tun.     Wieu  Bd.  vii.,  1851  uud  band  I 
viii.,  1852.  ' 


Fischer  (Leopold  Belnrioh). 

lli'ltiiigu   ziir  Ki'iiiitniHH  dor  Nnnlooliaoeen. 

I85;t. 

Dor  NoHtocliaceon.         Botaii.  Zuitnng,  IS.'i;), 


lluilln, 


Fleischer  (Johann  Oottlleh). 

Utibi'r  rroIororfiH  K^siMi-pi'iHioiims  Kill/..  Wiirlrinb. 
.lalirb.  xvil.,  p.  fi.'i. 

Flotow  (Julius  von).  , 

Clii-ooli'piH  Koibnri.  I'w.  Botanisoliii  Zillung,  vlll., 
I8r,(). 

Flotow  (Julius  von)  "'"/  Ferdinand  Julius  Cohn. 

Ucbur  lIoinatoiu'ocUH  (I'rotocoi^curt;  pluvialin.  Nova 
Aula,  Bonn,  1843-185(1. 

Focke  (Qustav  Waldemar). 

riiyrtiologirtidiiMi  Sliidicin.         lli'ft  i.,  1847.         Ilrft  ii., 

lHri4.         Brciiicii. 
Ubor  (111!  (.'opulalion  diT  Haiiillarimi  nMl  DciniidiacBBii- 

Itugensb.  Flora  ut  lluilin  liiitan.  Zuit.  1^57. 

Frauenfeld  (Oeorge  /Hiirr  von). 

Die  Algi'ii  dcr  daliuatisihun  Kiiiito.        VVien,  1854. 

Fresenlus  (Johann  Baptist  Ooorg  'Wolfgang). 

Uibur  .^idiiuroplua  aiiiilina.       Uolani.-iilic  Zuituiig,  1851. 

Uebur  den  Ilau  nnd  das  I.ubuu  der  (JacillarlBii.  Mu- 
seum Kuiiukuiib..  3  liandu. 

Ucbcr  diu  Algoiigattiint;('ii  randoriiin,  (Minliiin,  nnd  I!a- 
phidiniii.  Abliaiidlniigun  iSeuckoiib.  iiatuili.  (jub- 
Bul«cli.,  IKST. 

Fries  (Ellas  Magnus). 

Hystcma  Uibis  Vigutabilis.  Pars  1.,  I'laiila!  Ilonmno- 
muui.         l.undit',  1825. 

CorpuH  Floranini  ]ir(ivini'ialimn  Suuciffi.  —  I.  Flora 
Suauica.         Upsalim,  1835. 

Gaebel  (B.). 

liuitrag  »nr  Kcniilni.ss  der  H[ierinatozoidi(^n. 
ll(,>dwigia,  18IJ8. 

Oalllon  (Benjamin). 

K-scai  sur   les  cauHex  de  la  oouluur  virto  de.-*  veiilri'.i. 

Uouen, 1821. 
Apur(;ii    d'liistnirn    natnndio    et    oliservatimH    sur   Ics 

liniitu.i  (pil  sf'parent  Ib  regiie  vegulal  du  regno  animal. 

Boulogne,  1838. 
Oliservalioiis    niicroncopiipiPR    et    pliysiolot'lijiie.-i    stir 

I'lJIva  iiitustinalis.        Precis  Analyti(iuu  dus  Tiavaiix 

de  rAcaduniiu  do  Ronen,  1821. 
Oliservatnnis  iiilero«copl(|Ue9  sur  le  Conferva  comoides. 

Dillw.  Am.  Hci.  N.at.,  1824. 

Olrod-Chantrans  (Julius). 

Uecbcrebcs  clilniiiiiies  "t  niicroscopiqni^s  snr  les  Con- 
f»rves,  BisBBS,  'I'romBllBS,  etc.         Paris,  1802. 


ii  ii 


M I     t 


'vMO 

OlllMip 

H|ii'.  \,«',   fiftuHA  i>l   Kiilliiiiii  Algnriiiii. 

Ooslhs  (Jolinim  WolfKniiK  vniil. 

Millli>'iltiii>:''ii    inn    <li'i    riliiii/.i'iiwi<U. 
|l..iin.  Il.l.  w  ,  I'-.il. 


II  I  II  I.I  (Ml  K  A  I'  II  V 


IIkIiiiiIwIik 


Niim   Ai'ln, 


Ooppoit  (Holnitoli  Kobnit). 

Mi>ii><i|'kiiii^i<n  iil'iT  •ln<«  Voikoinint'ii  von  rdtn/iMt  in 
Iii'Ih'.i.ii  IJiii'lli'ii  iiikI  In  I'i'Wi.liiilii'li  niuiiii'ii  IIimIimi. 
Wli'Kiiinn'n  Ah'IiIvi^h,  IHMV. 

Ortppnrt  (Hnliiiloh  Robert)  mul  reitlliiniul  Jiillim 
CdIiii. 

I'cl'ii  .11.'  Mian  Si'lil,-»l.  1114.  I'i.|.i.i..l.lil  .Ut  .\iIm.||i.ii 
iiimI  \'oriuiilt<iiiiw:*Mi  ilt<r  Hr)ili'MiM,.|ii>ii  ilt.m>ll'M>lt(iri 
nil  ViiIi'iUikIIhi'Ik'  I'lilliir.         Ilri'nliiii,  IhOH. 

OoocUIr  (John). 

(Ill  llio  I'liiifMivii  nlilili  i-i'Kotnlx*  iMi  llii"  iiklii  iif  (111' 
(I.O.IIIhIi.         AiiiiiiIh  nil. I   Wnf.   Nal.   IIIhI.,  vnl.  U., 

IMU,  |..  :i;i:i. 

Oiavnnhorit  (Johniiii  Ludwig  Cliiliitlnii). 

Kliili;t<H   mm  ilrn   liiriiwoili'imrlt.  Nova   .Ni'tii,  llonii, 

ii.i.  XV I.,  i.-^:!:.  i>.  ("41. 

Oiny  (Joliii  Bdwnid^. 

l>ii  111!'  .'ll^.1ll^|1|n<'nl  of  llio  K«iiiilii':i  nii.l  llio  iloniMii  of 
('liloiii.<|M'Miioii4    Al^l«.  AiiiialH    Hiul    M.'ii;.    Niil. 

Ili^l.,  l.xiM,  |>.   IHI. 

Orovllle  (Robert  Knya). 

SoIIihIi  (•iv|i|Oi;lllilii'  I'lom.  U.IIll(ilir(;\l.  IS'JIl   l!'.l. 

Otlinih  (John  William)  ■m.l  AiMiur  Heiifroy. 

Mii'r«i;rii|<lilii  |)ii'lliMi»i>'.  I  il.  'J.         i.iiiiil.iii,  IsiiO. 

Oitinow  (A.). 

H|n-tMim'n   l-'loijr  i'rvploii.iiiin*  Soptciiilii^nliiiiMii   Alriv 

.VI<li;lll.lllllli;oll  lit'..*  xoolof;,-lMil.'lllj>««'lii'll  \'oi'i>illH,  l.si.l. 

Ilii*     lli'Mllli.lju'oi'M    llDtl    IVill.-lstriMMl    rlnh;or    (iNh'iroi 

I'liiM'lioii    Mooro.   iit'l'st   l>illi^l'tl    Hi'iih'iktiii^ioi  iilior 

Itoitli'  l'';iiiiilii'ii  nil  ,MI>:oiiiiMiioii.  Voili.'iM.lhiiu'oii 

ilrr  k.  k.    JoolO};.  liolillli»olu'll    (ll'Kl'llHoll.lft    l!l  Willi, 

ls.■.^. 

I'l'luT  iii'Ui'oiliT  inimMuimMiil  gi'k.nmilo  Algi'ii.        Iliiil., 

l.T.H  lIlU'J. 
I'i'Imt   ilii*    in    II.TliiinliorsIs    1>i>i'ni1i>n    nuBitcpiilnMiiloii 

r^iisw.l'j-^i'r  Pi.-itoinniri'U    iin.l    lii-siiiLliai il   von   ilor 

IiiM'l  ll.'iiika.  \>'.         Ual'i'iilioint'x  llt'ilra);i'ii,  llut't  il., 

Loiivi^,  lM..'i. 

Bannovet  (Adolph). 

rol'or  rino  roiil.iiiiiiso  CoiifiTVi'iiliiMinii;  .Tiif  iloni  Was- 
M'lsalaiiiaiiilor.  Ari'liiv  liir  .\n;»loinio,  rii>-siolo_niit, 
uii.l  nis.*i>iisili.  Mi'ili'riii.  (,.i.  .Million,  \S.\',}. 

Foriiori'  KrliiiidTiiiii;  ilor  ioiilai;irison  ConrorviniliililuiiK 
au(  rio!.ilioii  iiii.i  Was.'^i'isnlainan.lt'rii.       Ilii.l.,  l.'<lii. 

Bartlg  (Theodorel. 

ft'lior   llio  I'liiiklioniMi  (li's  ZoUkirim.  llotani.^oho 

Zi'iliiiij;,  xii..  l>.'i|. 
ToNt   ila.-*    Voili.illoii   ilos    Zollki'Miii  lioi    ilor   ZnlliMi- 

tln.ilui'.i;.  IMil.,  l^-.'.-l. 

Hi'itiiii:i"  «Hr  V.iitwiikolniKsgiisi'liiililoilor  rilanji>ii/.<'lIo, 
Hotanisi'lu"  /.oilniii;.  l."-...'!. 

I'ol'or  .lie  roiijiigatioiiiior  S^iiinigrron.         Rugviiabiirg, 

Flora. 


Hanrey  (William  Henry). 
M;iuual  of  llii>  BriliaU  AI^i.t. 


I.oiiilon.  1S'I4. 


Hntvny  i  Wllllnm  Ilonry).  -  ''o"(i»«i</. 

ln.li'>  Ii.  iii'iniii  Ali'iiiiiin.      A  Hmloiinilli' ('alaliu'iio  of 

nil  tho  (liiii'ia,  Mnilniiniiil   I'iokIi  hiiIoi.  IiiihIoii, 

lNi;ii. 
riivriiln^iin  Millniinlin.  or  n  IIIhImiv  of  llio  IIiIIIhIi  Koa 

u Ih.       i.oimIiiii,  i»<Ii;  i>-rii. 

NoroiM  lliiriMillH  Aini'ili  num.  I'arl  III.  ClilniiiHiii'Miiini. 
HiiiilliHiiiilnli  ('oiililliiilliiiii*,  , 

HnaanI  (Ailhui   Hill). 

oli.'i'i valloti'i  on  llio  iti'iioia  /.yiiniMiin. 'r,viiilaililoai,  ninl 
MoiiKi'olia.  Willi  ill'  .i'ii|itli>tH  111  now  H)ii<i'liiii, 
AiinalH  mill  Miik    Niilni.  MImIoiv,  .Vo  ,  IKl'J. 

(ilmi'i'valliinH  mi  n  iioiv  k"''(|i  ( Vi'Hli'nlMH|ioiiiini),  Kottlin 
(  Voxii-iiliroiii ),  ami  HiiliuoiiiiM  ( VoHli'iihloia  i-oiii- 
|io'iita)  111  |i'io)i|i  tvalor  I'lniloi  vrr,  Willi  iIohi  li|i(itilirt 
111  Hiioilon  innnllv    Now.  llilil.,   IKt.!. 

(Hixoi  valioin*  on  llio  uiowllt.  loiiio.liiolion,  niiil  Hpoi'lmt 

of  tlio  I'laiii'lioil    |.'iri.|i  iv.ilor  I'oiiloi  1 10,  inoHllv  now, 

Willi  oli..ii|vnlloiii*  on  Miniii  of  (lio  ^onoia.  Ililil., 

I.s|:i. 
(Ili.'oi'valinnM  on  fnitiio  |ioliit.i  III  llio  ntialoniy  miil  |ili>- 

xliilo^y  of  llio  I'loHli.waloi   AIkio.  Milil ',  |H|-i. 

Olinot  vntioioi  nil  llio  ^l<lll|ll  Moni'oolln.  or  In  ii  now  Konora 

of    I'lonli-walor  Aliiio,  nml   on  'I'niilaiiili'n,  wllli  ilo 

iii'ri|illiiiiTi  of  n| Inn.  Iliiil.,  jNl:!. 

KliHorvallonn  on  IIiukiiiwIIi  ami  ro|iiiii|in  linn  iif  Kiilorn 

iiMtr|tliii  itilo.iliiialli.  rrniioiMliiiKf*  til  lliii  l.liiiniiaii 

hiiiiioly  of  l.oiiil INlll. 

KnMay  on  (lio  illHliilnilinn,  vllalily.  Mlrnoliirn.  iiin.loi  of 

plowlli    ami    ro|iriiilllolion,  ami    iihoh  of    llio    I'iomIi 

walor  Ciinlofvai.  Mil. I..  It-IH. 

A  Hi. lory  of  llin  llrl(i»li   I'iobIi  walor  Al^ai.         LI  vol-., 

Ion  |il.')tor4.      l.oiiilon,  Ih  l.^. 

Hnwieilt  (Frodorlok). 

On  llio  Mil  tii'liiio  mill  oii'i'iilalioii  of  Nilolla  IrainiliiooiiM. 
Inlolloi'lii.'il  (iliHiiivor,  l.iiiiiliiii,  IHiiii. 

HnsHllnlcRBky  (Frlodrloli). 

Pio  Alijoii  I'lora  I'lifiariH  nml  Holiior  IlnmloHlliinliir. 
Mallioniatiii'lio     NntiinvlH-ii-ii.      iMililioilnniton.     ilor 
rn^ailsi'lion  .\kuiloinioil.  WisHoiiilialton,  I'l-hl.  Inl.  v. 

Bodwig  (RomnnuB  Adolf). 

Tivnii'lia     Nosloili.     I'omnii'iitaliii.  I,I|)ii|bi,   I7!W. 

Aivliiv  fnr  llio  llol.inik  (Idoinor).  ii.  (I7'.>!>' IM'I ). 

Iloiiiorkiiiiiioii  liliorilai  Slnilinin  nml  ilio  IUilor.<iii'lninK 
lior  \\'as.Joinowiii'liso.  iioliHl  lli<Mi'liri'ilinih{  /ivoior 
iniiioii  (onrorvon  (Conforva  ^liilnililora  nml  ('.  loiios 
traliK)  nml  .lor  S|Hin)(ia  Untlili.         Iliiil.,  111.,  IhUJ  D. 

Borm,inn  (Johann). 

llotryilinin  ar(;iilaioiiin  Wallr.,  iili  Al|;«  o.lor  li'luulitn. 
ltl')(onHll||^^  Flora,  ISiis,  |i.  I'^il. 

BlokB  (John  Bnixton). 

(Ill  Fio.sli-Wator  Ali;«'.         Mii-rospiip.  .Iimni.,  1'.  S.,  vol. 

vli. 
On  llio  Piamor|ilio»i!i   of    I,vii);livft,  Siililjogoiiliim,  ami 

I'lasiola.         llii.l.,  N.  S.,  vol.  i. 
On    !lio    Motionlos.H    ^;|looios   (Slatiwiiiiron)    of    Volvox 

glolialor.         lliiil.,  N.  .s.,  vol.  1. 
IJoiiiarkr)  on  Mr.  Arilior'ii  Fapcr  mi  Al({m.         I1iIi1.,T(iI. 

iv.  11.  i::.;t. 

On    tlio  Ainn'lioiil    Form  of  Volvox  «lolin(nr.  Iliiil., 

ISlili,  ]i.  sill. 
l)li!4orvalioiia  on  tlio  (Imiiilia  mnl  confiirvoiil  niainoiitn 

of  Mosso».  aiiil   on   tliil  rolation   of  tlioir   (ioniili.a  to 

tliiwo   of  I.ii'lioiH    anil    of  rntain    l-'rosh-Wfttiir  Algm, 

Trans.  I.inn.van  Sic,  ISCi-,  p.  ,'iU7. 


,ii  ' 


1^1 


Ill  II  I,  KHI  It  A  r  II  V. 


'/ll 


Hloka  (J.  B.).  ^  I'miinunl. 

(Ill    llrii|mrii>ilillii   uniilnlit.  Uunrliirly    .Iciiiriiiil    iif 

MlriiiHiii|>ii  III  Hi'liiiii'H,  viil.  lii,,N.  H.,  |i.  ;i-<.l. 
(ll»ii<rvHtlcrii<i  (III   viigiitiililii  niiiii'lHilil    |iii>lli'4.         Ilil'l  , 

IHII'J. 

IllllobiniuU  (rrniis) 

llt'liiir  I'lii  ChiiMili'iMM  lull  /iMiM|iitri<iililli|iin«.  hMtA 
iiMU'iliHiliiliIti  nut iittitxt.  Vcri'lhrt  i\r»  prMiii'NiHi-litMi 
KIii'IiiIiiimIi'*  immI  \V>'nl|,|iii|ullil,  I  »^l;l ,  |i.  Ilil.        Mil 

tlllllHiillii  /,<'llllllK,   INdl, 

M.vltolnKlMi'liii  lli'ltrllM"  (Ai'lilyn,  Ad.).  I'rliixiiliuliii'H 

Jnliiliiii  ll  llll  WixHIIII.  Iloliiii.,  lid.  *l.,  |i,  'H\t, 

HlUn  (Dr.). 

lli'llilltMw.111' Aliv'ii   O'i'l  llluliiiiiiM'ri  k'liii'lii  Hi'IiImhImiih, 
liiHlMmciiiil4>iii  Hlnililiilin.  Ilrimliiii,  IHlill, 

Hobaon  (J.). 

Ncili'H  III!  IihIIiiii  llcmnlilnm.  Ml<'rniinn|ila«l  Jiiiiriinl, 
N.  H.,  vol.  III.,  |hi;:l,  |i.  |i;h. 

HolTinnn  (Jiikob  rrlacUloli). 

hi'illi'liliiinrti      l''ltirit    Mtlt.r     llolanhii-lMiH    TfiHclMMllillrli. 

'rmiiH  II.     ri'y|itit^iiiii<-ii.  I'iildiii^i'ii,  171'.^. 

Ni'iiii    lliMiliMi'htiliiici'ii    lilicir    Mik'Ii'iImii    irilt    llllnkiiliilil 

iilir  IlKiiiiiittliiHiiiMitiuii'ri.        lliilHiiliiuliu  iiulluiig,  IHIKI, 

|i.  Ilil'l. 

Unfmelnter  (Wllliolm  rrlntlrloh  Donodlotj. 

Ili'luir    illii    Mi'i'liiiiiik    iImt    I'i<iI<>|iIii'<iiiii     llM\vi'KtiiiK»ii. 

Vi'lll'lll'llilii)/i>ri       «l<>.(       hiitlll  lil'ilnr.       lltoilli-llllHrliMII 

Vi'liiilM  til  IImI.I.'IIixik.      IHi;.'i,il.l.  III.         Ki.KnllHlilMK 

Khun,  iMiiV,  |i.  7. 
Ili'liiir  cllii   r(iil|illnii<iiiiK  iliT   Di'Hiiilillomi  tiiil    liliiiiio 

txKli.  I.uI|>/sIk,  ItnrliHitii  Ix.  IHrr/.         Ann.  Nnt.  Hint., 

I  HUH. 

Bookor  (JoRopli  Dnlton). 

I'rylii)<iiniiii  Anluii^liii.  Loihlim,  IK't7. 

Hooker  (William  Jnokaon). 

llrltlHli  Klorn,  vol.  II.  I.oinlon,  IM.IS. 

Horimobnoh  (ChrUtlnii  Friodorloh). 

KIiiIkii  lli'iiliiii'litiini;i'n  iinil  lloniiirkniiKi'n  IiIdt  illii  I'.nt 
HiMliuiiit  nn>l  Mi'liinior|ilioHii  cliir  nli'ili.rnn  vc'Kctalilll 
Ht-liou  (>rf{iinlKniini,         Novn  Aotii,  ]1<1.  x.  iHltl. 

lIolK'riIlK  I'lntHl-'liini);  und  Mi>tiiinor|>lii>m>n  ilor  iili'iliinMi 
Vll^l<tllllli>ll  hull  Oi'gnnlKinon.        i{n);iiiiKli.  I'liirn,  xvlll,, 

iM:ir>. 

Huaemnnn  (Theodora). 

Ho  Aiiiinullliiii  rt  Vii»(«tulll>iiH  In  ('or|>orn  lliini.ino  |i»r.i 
HltniitiliuH,  DimtartatluliiiiugarnllH.         llurollnl,  \s;,^. 

Itzlgaohn  (Hermann). 

Krv]>loKiuiiliiiilii>r  UrHprungilnr  MinHini'ii.         Ilot.'iiii'iidni 

/.iiltniiK,  X.,  IKri'J. 
Hiir    riCxiHtiincii    iln»     BpornmtownclcH    dnim    cvrUinon 

/Mkui'H  (I'linn  iloiiiiH.  Aiinnl.   dim    Huiuii.    Niitur. 

(Hot.)  vol.  xvi.,  inna. 

llolmr   dio   Hpornnliildimn   ilnr    Ohn'tniilioron.    Botanl- 

huIki  /iiitiinK,  X.,  IMt'i. 
Ilidicr  Hlotlirlx    cylliidromiw.i,  lU.         lltidwIglK,  ISriZ, 

nnd  Ui'Kiiimliiirg  Kliira,  iKfi'^i. 
riiykoIoHiHulio  Htiidii'ii.  Nova  A"ln,  ls.'i7,l.d.  xxvi. 

Kkl//.«ii    1:11    uincr    l,>'lii>n!iK»Hclii»tn   ili'n    ll.ipaloitlplinn 

Itiiuinii.  Nova  Aiaa.  limin,  IM.  xxv. 

Al((oloKiHi:lHi  Mlltlii'iliinKcn.       ^iltJiiim?  dcr  flemdlHcli.ift 

UftturforsidnMidiT  Kmiiinl"  ?.n  HiTlin.     Nov.  lI),  lHli7. 
Sixiinmtosplmiriiiii    nnd    HiM>rin,'ito/.OL'n    iler    Hplroijyra 

arcta,  Ktn.         l!.,lwi.'la,'lK.''.'2 
ai       Octobor,  1873. 


It.ilKanlin  (Hermann).     ('•>niiiiHi,l. 

lli'iii4>rkiiiiM    *"   Ulvulai'la  kIk"'i'""i   ""'hI.  Mild., 

IHri.l. 

Ill  Iwr  di<n  iiillnnllrlii'ii  lii>Hrlil>rlil«  nppntnl   Tid  Hplm. 

^y I II  nnd  idiil^i'ii   aiidxrn  I  onltn  vmi.  IIoIiiiiIkuI  a 

/oIliinK,  1**^'!' 
IMi)  NuHtoi!  hIaiiiorpli'Mn.         llild, 
Dili  Koilpllnn/iiiiK  dxr  llni  Html Ililil, 

Mill  Wiiit  oliir   llyiilodiiuia  nnd   tllnrnntHtlaii,  Mild., 

IH,',:!,  p.  dhri, 

llidinr  d|i<  H|i<iri<nldMiinK  dur  I  Indnpliorn.      Ihld.,  Wi'i, 
pp.  fiHi,  rii;i),  7J:i,  7M,'.. 

HidiiT  dim  Hliidlnni  ilnr  HilminaiuiHriilKnii.  U»k*>iihIi. 

Klorn,  IH.MI. 
i^nr   I'lntwIi'kidiin^uttrfrlili'litM  von  ('ladofporlnni   linrlia- 

roiii.  lli'dwiKlii,  l><.'<ri. 

(luliiT  <llii   AlKi'iiKatlnHK    I'dIi  lioliorniliiin.  Ili'iti'im- 

liiirK  I'lorn,  IHni. 
Will  VMrliiHt  bIiIi  I'olli'ina  «ii  No'tor  nnd  mi  dim  Nimlii- 

idiliiMHii.  Mntiin.  /idhiiiK,  1^.01. 

tttii   (Hoiioi'npHi'fi    nnd    ('liriMHifHMiaiiiiii.i    lilaniorplifiiiu. 

lloliiiiH.  /I'llimu,  IH.M,  xil. 

Vi'i^idiililtliirliit  /idlii  nnd  Hi'XIIm,  fdno  liypollidtlNrliM  An- 
diMiliin^.  Hoi nnim  llll  Xiiltiiii|(,  xv.,  lK.'i7, 

Ziir    Niitiiri/niiidili'lilii  dor  Hnndiin   vi'iilrlrnll,  (limdiilr. 

Ari'liiv  rilr  rnlliol.  Anntomln  (Vlnliow),  «lv.  KriH, 
(Hoi'oinpHa  nnd  Clndonlii.  Hotiin.  /.nil.  xlli.,  IH.'ifi, 
NftiditrilKlli.diii  Hmiiorknnui'ii  lilinr  din  Kpi>rniiitft/oi'lij<ni 

diir  Vaiiiiliiirla.         Hiiliiii.  /.It.  xll.,  I'Tit. 


Jenner  (Bdwnrd). 

I'lora  of  'I'nnliridKn  Wiillit. 


I'linliridxH  WhIIk,  lA-Ki 


Jeaaen  (Carl  rrledoiloh  Wllholm.) 

I'raiiolri'  i/iMii-iiH  AlKurniii    Moni'i/riipliia. 
inangnrallH  liolanlca.         Klllu',  IhlH, 


bi^Hl'ltfltio 


Juratika  (J.). 

tjiihtir  Conrurva  iinrno  rnio^a,  Klilx.  ViirliandliiiiK''n  dt-r 
k.  k.  /ooIokIhiiIi  liotnn.  lloHuHHclilirt,  VVlin,  IMid.  lid. 
14. 

Karaten  (Hermann). 

Hi'llriiK  /iir  Ki'iiiitiilKn  diii  KvlliinliiliHriii.         notanlnclm 

Zi'iliiim,  IK-lli. 
(J.diiir   din    Hnffi'ifiint^Hortranii    nnd     di.i    HiiH-ft/iinpiifer- 

HidiiilnniiKnn  iIit   DHcHlatorloun.         itv^iiml..   I'lora, 

IHSll. 
I)l«  Kiirtpnanmng  dnr   ConfiTva  fonlinallii.  Hota- 

nlHidio  /.hIIiiiik,  ■'■Ti'J. 
(IlilaniydoooiMiim  plnvlalJH.        Hotanliirli.)  X.ltnnK,  lft,'i2. 
Hotaiiluidiii    rii(iirtinrliiini.fi'n    aiiH  i\ftii   pliyiiloloKt<ii:)M'n 

l.aliorutorinin   diir  laiidwirtliHi  liaftun   l.idiraiiHtalt  in 

lliirlin.  Iliirlin,  I  Hi;.'!. 

Hi'rliditiKnni<  in   rrln(<«li«lm'i4  Naclitrax  jtnr  Krilik  nnd 

lli'xnlilidito    diir    l;'nt>iri<nidiiiiitfiin    liliKr    dnn    AlgKii- 

gHHidili'idit.         Ilotanimdin  Zuilnni!,  liiilO. 
7jUt  'liinidilidito  diir  H<irruclitung  d«r  Algi'U.  Ilota- 

nimdiii  Zuitung,  IB.''?. 

Klokz  (Jean). 

Flor.i  rpyplogainliini'  (lea  FUndres.         (land  et  Pariii, 

1H(;7. 

BUngaley   C.  B.). 
On  cilia  npon  tliiinnrr.'ieflnr  Oiieiltstorla.         Micrnacop. 
Journal,  Ihnf),  p.  24:i. 

Knlphof  (John  Hleronymna). 

riiviiikalHidiii  lintKrHiii  hungeQ  de.4  Peltivs,  [auf 
Wiuaun].         Krfurl,  1753. 


1 1 
( 1 


2n 


It  I  II  I.I  ()(l  It  A  I'll  V 


Ktaus  (O)  el  A.  MtlUrdet. 

I'iiiidi't  xiir  111  iniiii'iii'  riiliiiiiiili'  iIm  IMiyflni'liroiiincKoii 
vl  DiiiloiuiiM.  Mi'iuuliuii  Uu  lu  Hucliitu  Nut.  dii  r*lruii- 
tourg,  UiiiN. 

Kuhn  (Jullua). 

IJiilwr  oiiK'  ill!  [niiorn  cKm  FaiiltlilMrlinnroii  lilieii'li'  A\n», 
I'lttiirortK'i'iirt  Hrriilylii.  Aliliaiiiilini^  nalurlurifuU. 

lltjmiullM'Imft.     llallc,  IBti-t.         lUilniglu,  iMi'l. 

Kiitilng  (FtiedrlobT). 

Al(((iliinl.<ili«Mlttlii'lluiini>n.        ni'Ki>imliiirR  Klorn,  lH:i;). 

Ilt'ltrnit  2iir  KkiiiiIiiUm  UIht  iIIii  Kiitsli>liiiiiK'  iiml  McU- 
in<>r|>)iti''tt  iU\r  iiitult'rn  vi^MidiiMliricht*))  Or^*iinirtini>i), 
Dclmt  eiiiiT  HyHti'in.itl^i'liiMi  ZiiHantmcnrtttdliiiii;  ili^r 
hifliiir  ^Hliitrigt)!!   iii(*<lt>Mi   AlKi'iironiiitii.  l.iniinDa, 

viil.,  \nX\.        AunnUHi'l.  Natiir.,  ii.  (Hot.)  Is:l4. 

I'l'lmr  SplinMotiliiH  iiat.tiH,  oliin  iiuiiu  HlUnwaM.scritlttu. 
Miiiiitn,  viii.,  Ih;13 

lloliiir  Uliiiiiiioina,  Agli,  lleliur  t>iii«  iiimih  (lattiing  il«r 
Cuiifittvauuuu    (Ulutlirix).  Iti'gttuab,   Klura,  xvl., 

iHas. 

UiibiT  ili«  Hililuiig  orgaulM'lior  Mati>rii>  wUsmirigiiii 'Itlia- 

liarl>i*i'tlni!tiir.  .loiiriial    ftlr    ]trakti.Hi'liM    Clit'iiiiit 

(HiJiuaiiii),  I.,  I'^iU. 
V^'n^alllllllll^   dor  .Mii'roeyntln  iinilirlim.  Klz.,  in  Aly- 

K|diii'rlavliioilua,Tiir{iiu.         Ui'gHiinbiirg  Flora,  xvii., 

IMH. 
Ulu   tTinwaiidliing  nledurer  Alg<-nfnrnii>ii  in  liiiliore,  an 

wio  aiu'h  ill  Oattiiiigoii  ifiiu  voriieliii'iioiioi'  l''aiiiilioii 

und  Klaiiaen  hiilioror  i'i'y|iU>)(aiiioii  mil  .lolligoiii  ilaii. 

Naliirkiiiidigii    ViTliaiidl.    van    dn    llollaihi.    Maatii- 

I'liapiiiJ  dor  Woloimoli.  iH  llaarloiii,  i.,  l.^^ll. 
Ui'lior  uin  noiioH  Ilolrydiniu  (H.  Walliotliii).         Avad. 

CioH.  Loop.  Nova  Acta,  xix.,  1^4-. 
Kx|ioKitiuii  «y»toniati.|Uo  doH  gonroH  ot  d«s  organlnrntm 

vi'giHaux    inr^riuiirs.  Aiinalo.t   dva   Buiun.    Nat., 

vol.  ii.,  1834. 
Fonuatioii  dn  gonro  Ulutlirix.         Iliid  ,vnl.  i.,  18:14. 
OlHorvatlona  8Ur  k<  gonru  llloiononia,  Agd.         Ibiii. 
I'liycologia  genoraliK  odor  Auatoiiilo,  I'liysioUigio  und 

Systuniknndu  dor  Tange.         L»i|i/.ig,  1843. 
Phyoologia  Oonu.inioa.         Nordliauaon,  lK4.'i. 
H|ifeie8  Algaruni.         Loipzio,  18,'ii). 
Talinlm  riiycilogicTPodor  AbliiMungun  dor  Tange,  Hand 

1  bia  XV.,  tuit  l.'iliO  Tafoin.  Nurdliausun,  lti4.^i-18(iti. 

Laooate  (C.  M.,  van  der  Sande),  m  W.  r.  R.  Su- 
rlngar. 

Niinw  ItMscbroveiiB  on  vooroiuo  llnra  nionwo  Zoolwater- 
Wioron,  verzami'lJ  iu  Druntlio,  ll-Un,  .lull,  ISIi!!. 

Iiandsborough  (David). 

British  Sua- Woods,  witli  Nolo.-!  of  the  Fro-sU-wattir  Algie. 
Loudon,  1857. 

Laurent  (J.  Ii.  M.). 

Noto  snr  la  roproduction  dii  VoWox  globator.         Paris, 

Soo.  riiilom.  I'roo.  Verb,  1848. 
Sur  lea  deux  aortea  de  coris  roproilnctonrs  dn  Vol»ox 

gloliator.  Ibid.  1849. 

Nolo  sur  lo  Volvox  globator.         Comptos    Itondna   et 

Lea  Memoiroa  do  la  SouieUj  de  IMologie,  l^.^O. 

LawBon  (Oeorge). 

Report  on  liio  Muscl  and  Di'sniidioa>  rolloolpd  dnring  a 
trip  to  We.«t  Lomond  Hill,  Fife.  I'rocoudinga  Kdin- 

bnrgli  Botanical  Soo.,  IS.I.'i. 

On  Macadamia.  a  neir  Oenus  of  Protoaro.'e.  Trana- 
aotioiH  of  tlio  Kdiiib.  Bot.  Soc,  vi.,  ISIill. 

Note  on  I.i'iiiaiiea  v.iriogata  And.  liiid.,  lS(i3.  Kdinb. 
New  I'liiloaoph.  Journ.  xviii.,  18l>3. 


Xiswaon  (Oeorga).— ronfinnnJ. 
(In  tlio  Nirui  tnio  mid  liovolopiiioni  of  nulrydiiini  granii- 
laliim.  I'idiiib.  llotaii.  ^u(l.  Tiaim.,  vol.  vi.,p.  4:11. 

Lebtat  (B.). 

NoleHiir  b'lt  Coiifurveii  fpii  croUiiont  daiirt  Ion  barialnaiU 
ri'tabliaHoiuvnl  thoriuul  du  Niiria.         Ibid.  Ib.'iO. 

Leidjr  (Joaeph). 

On  tlio  oxHti'iK'o  of  Kiitopliyta  wllliin  liealtby  aiilniala 

a!4    a    iialnritl    oondilioii.  Pioo.    .Ncad.    Nat.    So., 

I'iillail.,  1818-11.     Aiinala  and  .Mag.  Nat.  lliat.,  I8MI. 

A  Flora  and  Fanua  williiii  Living  Auiuiula.         Huilth- 

on.  Coiitribiitioiia,  |8&;1, 

Leapluaaae  (O. ). 

1.,'rt  /nosporo.H  ot  lea  anllieroioldoa  den  AtgiioH,  liiatolro 
do  la  deooiivorto,  dn  iiionveiiiont  ot  doH  I'oiii'tioiia 
pliyniologiiiiiea  do  uoa  orgaiiua.  Act.  de  Liun.  Hoc. 
du  ll<jrdoaux,  l8(il. 

Llantenant. 

lloHi'liioibiing    einiger    neuon     Algou.  RegullsburiJ 

Flora,  1S3I-1834. 
Ileitriigo  znr  Algonkunde.         Ibid.,  1H3D-1840. 

Lindaay  (William  Lauder). 

I'rotopliyta    of    U'olaiid.         Miiroaoop.    .lonrii.,    N.   H,, 

vol.  vii.  p.  117. 
Prolopliyla  of  Now  Zealand.         Ibid.,  vol.  vll.  j>.  I|i7. 

Llnke  (Helnrloh  Fttedriob). 

Ilaiidbiit'li  /iir  I'likoniiniig  der  iintzbaraten  mid  am 
buiitigatonvorkoiiiiiioiideiiOowiioliso.    Bt'rliii,lh'J'.l  33. 

Llnne  (Carl  von). 
Syxtonia  Natiniu. 


(VuriouK  editions.) 


Lobb  (B.  a.). 

On    tiio    Sidf-liivision    of     Miornstoriaa 

Micro.s.  Hoe.  Tiaiia.  ix.,  1801. 
On  ('oainariniu   radiatnm,         Microacop.  Journ 


dentlonlata. 
9., 


Liidera  (Johannea  B.). 

Uobor  AlHtaiiiiniiiii;  nn<l  Kiitwiokelnng  des  IVu'lorlnni 
Torino  lliij.  Vibrio  liiieola  Klirb.  llotaiiiaelio  /ei- 
tuug,  18(i(i,  pp.  33  aud  411. 

Lyngbye  (Hana  Chrlatlan). 

Aoeoniit  of  a  New  .Vrrangemeiit  of  the  .Mg.-B.         KdUib. 

Pliil.  Journ.,  ii.,  Ih2ll. 
Tontaineii    llydrophytologlni    daniem,   adjeutia    siuini 

speeiebua  norvogioia.         llavnl.Ti,  Isl!'. 
Kfterrotning  oni  Ilr.  Oaiilona  iniknwkopisolieogpliyalrt- 

logiaku  Under.siigelsor  mod  Conferva  eonioidea  Hillw. 

u'rated,  Tidaakrift,  iv.,  1820. 

Maokay  (Jamea  Townaend). 

Flora  lliberniea.         Dublin,  183U. 


Trannlated  iu  Bull.  Sei. 


Martena  (Oeorg  von). 

Reiae  naeb  Venedig,  1824. 

Nat.,  vol.  vi.,  182."). 
Algologiaebe  Mittbeilnngon.  zunial  iibor  Jiirgena  nlgo- 

loi^iauhe  S.iiuuilung.         Kogenab.  Hotaiilaelio  Zoitung, 

1830. 
Ammanria  Jungerinannioidea.         Ibid.  183G. 
Ainpbicoa  puatulata.         Ibid.  183li. 

Martins  (Carl  Friedrioh  Philipp  von.) 

Flora  Cryptoganiiea  Erlangenaia  "isteiia  vogetablia 
eelaisse  ulliina  [.inn.  in  agrn  Rrlaneensi  liucuaiiiie 
detecta  auotoro.         Noriiubergje,  1817. 


nniLroaR  A  nrv 


24a 


Meneghlnl  (Oluaeppe). 

('(iii»|ii>i!liin  A|i(iliiKiaii  i:iin«ii('(i«.         I'«t«vll,  Ii.'IT. 
O'liiil    nulla   orKitiHiHrnlU    u    II.HiulogU    il«||«    Aluliii. 

I'liiiiivH,  ih:ih. 

HyiiopilK  DHHiiililnariiiii  liuoumiiia  oogiiltaruni  aiiulorl. 

I.hiiiinn,  IM-tli. 
M(>llcl^rll|lllia  NiMtiH'liliiKariiiii  Ilnllduniin,  mlilitii  Hpn- 

ciliiiliiii  lie  lllviilnrlii.         MiMiuiliiMlulla  Itualii  Au(wi>l- 

niiihi  iIhIIu  HciiMXii  dl  Tdriiii),  Ih42. 

Alghn   llnlluiiH   «   Uiluitttiuliti  illuatrat«,  I'aJov*. 

1H42-Jil.  ' 

Uettenhslmar  (C.)> 

Ui'liiT   l.i'ptiitlirlx  (HlirncHii,  Kta    AlilinnillHiigen  Sulio- 
kHiili.  iiiitiirr.  lliwi'Mw-liiilt,  Alilmihll.  lM.'i7. 

M«yen  (Frana  JuUua  Ferdinand). 

Uplinr  (IIh  xlKfliitlilliuliohii  SiirtH-HcWMKHiig  In  iliiii  7i«\- 
lull    ilur  I'lluiizuii.  Aiiiid.  Civrt.   Luoii.  Nuv»  Auto, 

xlii.,  IsJii. 

Krltinc'ho  lliHtrllgo  lum  Btuilliim  <l«r  HilsawnimornlKi'n 

I'lorii,  X.,  IHi!7. 
Utilior    ili"    TriKstli-y'iii'lin  Krllnii  Materia,  win  (ilwr  die 

MiiliiiimiiilKHi)  (Imh   I'nitiicduiiiH  virlills  In  I'riHMtlHyft 

licaryiiiilHHniKl  lu  UWalurrestrU.        Liunien,  II.  Itt27, 

pp.  ;)HH-4(Pl). 

Uoluir  .liiH  (Ikihh  .'<plri))iyri»   Mnn.,  iilmr  illii  UtiWHgiing 

unil    iMHtiiiiiiirplio-fu  il«r   Up.  prinuuiM   inslwannJoru. 

Mniiiivi,  li.,  tH27. 
HdllriiK'ii  iiir  I'liyniologlB   niiil    Synlonmtik  lUir  Algen. 

AuaJ.  I'ii>!i.  Loop.  Nova  Acjtn,  xiv.,  IhUh. 
BeoIi.iolitiiiigHn     Ulmr    «lnii<H     nlcilorH    Algenformen. 

Acad.  CiiiH.  Loop.  Nova  Ada,  xl».,  1H2H. 
Nac'liti'lii;ii   zii    iniiincn    "  U»ol>nolitiingc<n     IU)i<r   I'liiign 

nlitduiu  Algnnfoiniun."         Olcun,  Isl»,  xxili.,  1831). 

Mloheli  (Plerantonlo). 

Nova  plaiitarnm  gHnora  Jnxla  Toiirnofortil  mnthodum 
dl.spostta.     Floi'ontiai*,  17^1). 

MiUardet. 

(lernilnation  dis  zygortporus  d«a  gonerft  StanrAHtrnm  ot 
Clonliirinin   «t    mir   noiiv.    gnn.  MCnidlrt'a    du    lu 

Socltfta  dus  Scion.  Nat.  do  Strasbourg.  ISGH. 

Montagne  (Jean  Frangols  Camille). 

8nr  IVxi!<lBn«i  dea  tutra3|xir«H  dana  uno  Alguo  do  la 

triliii8<l<is  'Avn»Cmtm,       Couiptua  Kuudua,  xxi.,  1845. 

Ann.  Nat.  Ili»t.,  184,5. 
Qtiul(iut>H  niotrt  snr  le  Nostoo  prnniforino,  ofp&co  noii- 

vidln,  tnnt  II  la  fiiis  pour  In  Kloro  Kramjais.         Uuvuu 

llotaniipii',  !.,  IH4.')-il. 

Kxploratiou  aciontillipia  d«  I'Algyrle.  Algnea.  Paris, 
lH4(i. 

Uub«r  ThwaitDsIa,  cine  neuo  (iattung  doa  Algun.       Ro- 

gHMHburg  Flora,  184ii. 
Vn   di'rniur   mot   snr   le   Nostoo   ednlo   da    la   Chino. 

Uevno  Uotaniiiui),  ii.,  184(1-7. 
R<;nuni<i  Hiioe'lnct.  doa  olisorvalioiis   faitiM  Jiia(|'i(M  snr 

le  rub6faotiou  dea  uaux.         Aluinuir  >lo  la  Sou.  do  lliii- 

logiB,  184!). 
Nolo  aur  la  station  insollte  (In  qnnlqnea  Flnrldfkia  dana 

lea  uaux  doncBS  et  courantea  d«s   rnisstianx   do   la 

Ouyauo.        Conipti's  liundus,  18.''i(>. 

Sur  I'algue  di'fl  oDnfrf  do  limace.  Mem.  do  la  Soc. 
niolog.,  111.,  IH.Il. 

Sur  la  coloration  rouge  dea  substancea  alimpntalres 
par  la  prC'.sonco  du  Monaa  prodigioaa.  Mom.  du  la 
Soo.  Biolog.,  iv.,  18.52. 

RfisumCi  dt'rt  observations  faitea  pur  la  rubufaction  (lea 
oaux  ;  auivi  d'nno  note  du  M.  Alpli.  I>o  Candollu  snr 
la  diatinetion  des  deux  riignua  orgaiiisi5a.  Itibl. 
Univ.  AruhiTua,  xix.  18,'>2. 


Montagna  (Jean  Ftangola  Camilla).  — CuMd'nuo^ 

Note  nur  di'ux  Algnea  ijulh  pendant  lea  expt^rlenue  iln 
KouxKhiganlt,  reiutlvea  a  I  luitlon  ilu  aal|HHr«  aur  I* 
vegi'tatlon.         (!oniptea  Iteiidnn,  xlll.,  Inljll. 

Hylloge  geiiuruni  Hpuulernnii|ne  Cryploganinrum,  qnaa 
In  varliH  opurlbua  dvaurlplaa  lu(Millin«>iUe  IIIUHlrutna, 
nnnu  ad  diagnoriini  rednutaa,  nonnulUai^uu  ituviia 
InterJiitaaH,  utu.         I'aria,  IhrMi. 

Montagna  (Jean  Ftangola  Camllle)  <  i  Rayer. 

Nouvellu  un|i^'uu  d'Alguu  duua  lea  urluua,  Muui.  Hoo. 
Uiolog.,  1H4U. 

Mod  -Salnot  (Tboraaa). 

l.tfltru  nilH^ive  a  un  »len  amy  aur  le  aujut  du  fait  pro- 
diglenx  [dune]  plnye  lougu  uuiuuiu  aang.  I.a 
Jardin  Sununola.     tiuna.  llii>4. 

Morren  (Auguate  et  Charlea  F.  A.) 

Ueoliurubua  pbyHiologi>|Ui'H  Kur  lea  liydropliytes  de  la  Hul- 
gli^ue.  ile  Mumoire,  eontunaiil  lea  rculien^liea  phyHiulo- 
gl'inea,  botanliinua,  iiH>lovi(|Uua,  et  clieiiiiipM'H  aur 
rinllueneo  tprexeruent  la  tnuiiore,  Itta  alguea  t>t  lea 
animaluulua  de  couleur  verte  <hi  riinv;*',  ronteiina 
dana  lea  eaux  atagnantea  et  louraiitea,  aur  la  i|iiantit£ 
et  i|nalltu  dea  gaz  i|ne  (M'lleaei  peuvent  vuntuuir. 
llruxullea  Acad.  .Sol.  .Mem.  xiv.,  1^41. 

Morren  (Charlea). 

Kxperienc  ea  nur  raliaorjitlon  de  I'aznte  par  lea  aniniaU 
eulea  et  lea  algnea.  I'nrla,  Cuuiptus  Ituudua,  18M. 
Ann.  Sol.  Nut.  (Zool.),  18D4. 

Morren  (Charlea  F.  A.). 

Rtaaia  pour  duterini •  I'lnlluenoo  qu'uxerc^e  la  luml6ra 

aur  la  manlfuatation  et  lea  d6veloppeinenta  dea  etres 
vegfitaux  el  anlmaiix,  dont  I'origin  avalt  C'le  attrl- 
Imea  \  la  giih^ration  direi^te,  apiintanCw,  ou  i'<juiviM|ue. 
Ann.  Sui.  Nat.  (Zool.)  IbilS,  iii.  iv. 

Iliatoiro  d'un  genre  nouvuau  du  la  tribudea  Confervi^ei 
nomm6  Aplianizom6ne.  Bruxullua,  Acad.  Sci.  Hull, 
ii.,  183.'i,  iii.  181111. 

.Mumoire  aur   lea  Cloaturlea.  Ann.  Hui.  Nat  (Bot.), 

v.,  18H(i.      Hinxellea  Acad.  Scion.  Hull.  ii.  IMIi). 

neeliercbea  pbyalologiipiea  aur  lea  bydropbytea  de  la 
Helgiijue.  ler  .Menioiro;  lliatoire  d'un  genie  iinu- 
Teau  do  la  trilni  dea  ('onferviiea,  noininu  par  I'auti'ur 
Aphauizumuue.  Uiuxelles,  Aoad.  Sci.  Mem.,  xi., 
1838. 

De  I'existence  ilea  infuaoirea  dana  lea  plaiites.  Ibux- 
ellea  Aead.  Sui.  Hull.,  vi.,  18:W.  Aiiiial.  Nut.  His- 
tory, vi.,  1841. 

Reuborcbea  pbyslologlipiea  aur  lea  llydiopbytes  de  Ilul- 
giipie.  2u  Memoiie:  lliatoire  dn  geiiiu  llydiiHliulyou, 
liotli.         llrux.  Acad.  Sci.  Mem.,  xiv.,  1841. 

Reulierulies  pbyaiologi(|uea  snr  les  llydropliylea  de 
Delgiciuo.  4o  Mcmoiru  :  Keclierulies  aur  la  ruln'fau- 
tion  dea  eaux,  auiviea  d'observationa  aur  lea  app.i- 
rencua  vf'getalua  ([ue  prentient  lea  animaluulea  dea 
famillua  ilea  Mouadinea,  Cryptomonnilinea,  et  Aala- 
sieea.         Ibid.,  xiv.,  1841. 

Rechcrubea  pbyaiologlquea  .aur  lea  llydropliylea  de 
Belgii|Ue.  Be  M6moiro;  lliatoire  du  genre  lliema- 
tococeua,  Agnrdli.         lliiil.,  xiv.,  1841. 

Reidierdiea  pliyaiologiiine  aur  les  Ilydropliytoa  de  Bel- 
gique.  lie  Mumoire  ;  lliatoire  da  genre  Teaaarartlira, 
AVir.         Ibid.,  xiv.  1841. 


Muller  (Karl). 

L'elier  die  Conferva  crtliotrlclil,  Dillw.  Regenabarg 

Flora,  1841. 
Kiniye  Heiiierknncen  uber  die  Hnruina  vcutrlcnll,Oooil- 

sir.        Butuu.  Zuiliiiig,  v.,  1847. 


n-  \ 


,1 1 


244 


UIBLlOaUAlMIY. 


MuUer  (Karl)  <(  Brnst  Hampe. 

riiinla-  Miillciiaiiro  Auslniluaiuu— Alyai.     l.iiiiia'a,  1S'J4. 

Miiller  (Otho  Frledrlch). 

Vi'riiiiuiii  tfiriLstrium  et  lluvialiuiu  aiiccinita  liiaturia. 

Ilal'uiau  «t  LipsiaK,  177:i-7. 
Aiiiniak'ula  IiilusiTia,  lluviatilia  ot  luariua.        Uafuiau 

I'l  Liiisiae,  17f?ti. 

Naegell  (Carl). 

Uie  iicuercn  AlgtMisysti'ino  iiii'l  Vcrsin-li  ziir  Hecriiinl- 
iiiit;  citu'H  t'ik^uiMi  t^ysliMiis  (Icr  Algt-ii  iiiul  l-'Un-idoen. 
Mil  10  mil.  tafcln.         Zurich,  1.^47. 

(latliiniiiii  fiiizolligcT  Algoii.         Zurich,  IS-IH. 

Ik'itrlvj^KZurwi^SL'U&chartlichviiBotanik.     Lt'lpiig,  18C0. 

Nave  (Johanii). 

IJebt'r  iliH  Kmuit  ki'luiii^  mi'l  rort[>tl:in/.unij  ih'r  Allien. 

lir\iiin.  .l:ilii<.-hi'H  iiatuiwi.vs.  t?i'i:l..  \>M. 
I1[i>  Aliii'U  Miihrriis  nml  SihU'su'US.  Vorhaiiciluiigi'ii  cU'3 

iiat'.iiforsi'h.  Vi>ri>iuua  in  Ihiinii.  lSii4. 

Algoliigisrho  Notizi'ii.  Ilotaiiischi'  ZiMtunu,  It^Cil. 

Unhi'r  iliK  (Jri'iizi'ii  unci  Hi'iulirunu'spuiictf  ili'S  Tliicr- 

reii'hs  uud  ilur  I'llanzeiiwell.        Hriinn.  Verhanill.,  i., 

Nees  von  Esenbeck  (Christian  Gottfried). 

Heiiu'rluiiim'ii  filler  rdufiMva  in.aiMilis  vhl  O.nferTa 
.Tgagriipliila.         Hfgeu^lmi),'  l''hira,  1>:'4.  \     -IH. 

Ui'lii'r  eiiu'ti  lilaii-rotliMH  Karlislnir  liiT  aiili  lici  dcr 
ZiMsetzuug  viMi    Osoillatoriuu    UiMi't.  Jouru.    ile 

I'harmacii',  xxii..  18110. 

Nicoluccl  (Giustiniano). 

I>(i  iiuilins.liim  Aluis  a.iiia>  iIuKia.         Neaiwli,  181:5. 

ITitzsch  (ChriBtlan  Ludwig) 

licitrag  jur  Infusorii'iikun.li'  (uliT  NaMulnsi'lireihu:i){ 
ilt'i  Zakarioii  iiiul  ll.aiillarit'U.         Halle,  1S17. 

Nylander  (William). 

Niitula  circa  Spcnnosiram  ct  Noilnlariain  Algaruin 
(;i'ii«'ia.         Auual.  Scion.  Nat.  (Hot),  vol.  x".,  18'il. 

CUrsted  (Andreas  S.). 

lii'retuing  om  en  Kxcursion  til  Trinilclcn,  en  alUivial- 
(l.mneise  i  O.lenseljdril.  Kjiibei^iavun,  18-li 

Olivi  (Giuseppe). 

lii'.r  riva  alroimriuirea.         P.-idova,  1793. 

PeriiU. 

I'eluT  ilie  Refruihtunj;  un>l  ilen  fieneratioiiswechael 
<ler  Algen.         llotanischo  Zeitung,  IS."*'). 

Perty  (Maximilian), 

lienierkungon  iilier  ilie  llaoillaiieen.  Item,  Mittheil., 
1848. 

Ueher  verlicale  Verhreitung  uii.scroscop.  l.uliensfiirmen. 
U.i.l.,  lS4i). 

Uelier  ilie  Menlitilt  <*iniger  Algeu-  und  Infu-nriei.- 
.•<ipiwn.         Uiiil.,  18li:l. 

Mieroscopisolie  (Irganisnnn  iler  Alpen  uml  der  Itali- 
eni-'clien  ydiweiz.         llii.l.  1S4SI. 

Die  Ilewegung  dnrch  Rchwingenle  niikroskopische 
t>rganeini  Tliier-  nii'l  Pllanzenreiolie.  N'el'>t  l-jiirter- 
.;ngHn  iiher  t^porozoiiUen,  liifiisorieii.  nn-l  11  u-ill:irien, 
und  iiher  din  Klen.Hntarstruutur  der  Ilaleyni'i'lla  llu- 
viatilia, var.  Nynipliae:e.         Hern,  1848. 

Ueher  den  uefiirhten  Sehnee  des  St.  (lotthard,  vom  111 — 
17  Keh.  ir-roK         Ihi.i.,  1^.M.. 

Znr  Keiintniss  kleinster  I.ehens.'nrinen  .inch  B.in.  Fnnc- 
tioiien.  Systeiiiatik.  mit  Spei-ialverr-  ;chnias  iler  in  der 
Schwiiiz  bcobachteteu.  Mit  xvil.  lilh.  Tafeln.  Bern, 
1852. 


Sulli)    Alglie    viventi    uello    termo    Kuganei,    l.ettera. 
Milano,  1817. 


Feteratein  (J.). 

Uelier  das  Stutliuni  der  Stdiwiiniuie  nnd  Versuche  die- 
aellieu  aufzubewalireue,  (Katereichi.'iches  Uulauiiichu 
Wiichoidilalt,  Isfji 

Fetrovsky  (AndrS). 

utudea  algo](igii|ues.  Annal.  8ei(  n.  Natnr.  (lint.), 
vol.  xvi.,  iMiJ,  Bulletin  yo.iely  Iniper.  Nat.  do 
Moscow,  l8iil. 

Anlwort  auf  11.  Wnlsseo's  Biimerkaiig.  u  lu  den  fetude» 
algul.        Ibid.  18(12. 

PoUlnl  (C'ro) 

Sulhi    Alxhe 
Milano,  181 

Fringsheim  (Natan). 

Uidier   Keiniung  der  rnheiiden  P|Hiren   nnd   liber  eine 

l*\irni  beweglichcr  yjioreu  bei  8pirv /yra.         Uegcna- 

buig  Flora,  18.'!'.;. 
Uelier  die    Herrnchtung  und  Vormehruiig   der  Algen. 

Berlin,  .Monatsbericht,  18.'i7. 
Uelier  l''ort|ill;inzung  von  (^trlastrnni  Naegeli.  He- 

gensliurg  Hot.  Zeitung,  l8ri2.     Ann.  f^ci.  Nat.  (Hot.), 

xi.,  18.'');!. 
Uohcrdie  Hef. "chlung  uml  Keimnng  der  Alueu.        Ber- 
lin. Monatsli.  der  k.  Akad.  der  Wias.  18.^.'i.         Ann. 

Nat.  Hist.,   Is,..'!.         Aui!.  Kcieu.  Nat.  (Hot.),  185,'). 

Mio.  .lour.  vi.  18.'i8. 
Uelitir  die    Hefruehtiing    und    den   rieiu'rationsweclisel 

der  Algen.       Berlin,  Monaisb.  der  k.  Akad.  der  Wisa. 

1857.        Micro.-'.copioal  Journ,-tl,  185H.         .\nnal.  8ci. 

Natnrellii,  vol.  v.,  185il. 
Beitriige   ziir   .Morpliologie  und  Systenialik  der  Algen. 

I.  Morphologie  der  il'Vbigoiiien.        Jahrbuch  fiir  wia- 
aena.,  Botanik.,  Bd.  i.,  p.  1 1. 

II.  Saprolegnieen.         Ibiti.,  p.  284. 

III.  Uie  Coleocbateen.         Ibid.,  lid.  ii.,  p.  1. 

IV.  Nacntriige    znr    MorphoUigie  der   tSa|./olegnieen. 
Ibid.,  p.  205. 

Velu'r  die  PanerscliHiirmer  des  Waaaernetzea  urd  einige 
iliiien   verw.-indle   Bildungt>n.  Berlin    Monatsher. 

der  kiihig.  .\kad.,  ISliO.  Ann.  8ei.  Natiir.  (Hot.), 

I8ii(i.     Joniual  Microscopical  8ci.,  ii.,  18ii2. 

Nachlragzurt'rilik  nnd  (ieschichli  lU  "  Uiilersiichnngeii 
uber  das  Algei'gescblccht.  l'rings,'ieim"a  Jahrbuch 
Botan.,  ii.,  I81IO. 

Prinsep,  Macaire,  et  Marcet. 

Analyse  de  la  neige  rouge  du  Pole.  Menioires  de  la 
.S(x:iut6  d    tleueve,  Ton.e  4,  1828. 

Pritchard  (Androvir). 

.A  History  of  Infusioia.  including  Desnuiliaceni  and  Pia- 
toiuacea',  British  and  foreign.  4lh  ed.,  neariy  loOO 
|iagea.  40  pi.,  mostly  Uiatuiua  uiid  Infusoria.  Lou- 
ilon,  18U1. 

Rabenhorst  (Ludv7ig). 

Dent...  lilands  Kiyptog;inie!i-fl(>ra,  oder  llrviidbucli  zur 
Bestininiungdcr  kryptog  .lischen  (teHitclise  I'cntsch- 
lands,  der  8chweiz,  des  l.i  ..bardiacli-Vei'.eti.'inisi  hen 
Kiiiiigreicha  und  Istrieua.  Band  ii',  Alg.'u.  Leipzig, 
1847! 

Beitriige  r.nr  niihern  KennlnLfa  und  Verbreilnng  der 
Algen.  Heft  i..  mit  7  Tafeln.  Leipzig,  180:),  Kelt  ii., 
mit  5  Tafeln.  Leip-ig,  I8ii5. 

Sysleinatisclie  I'ebersieht  .'  f  ,iuf  meiner  italieiiisehen 
Hei--e  beobachteten  Kryptog:' men.  Kegeiiahurg 
Flora,  ipJO. 

Die  Algen  Pachse.ia.  Dotaniach  1  Zeitung,  1851,  2, 

:t.  8-si-i;o. 

Frklarnng  .'.-r  Tali.  ii.  mit  Ppirogyra  olivnacpna  U., 
yiroaipbon  p.'i*'nifornils,  Kl.'..,  S.  tornlusns  nov.  ap. 
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BIBLIoaUAl'UY. 


245 


RabenhoTst  (Ludwig). — Coniiuurd. 

Ai((()l(>ni8ohe!i  Cmloauiii  (KiiiUusa  ilur  Dainpfuiaaoliiiiea 

auf  J'.u  lluruii).         Ibid. 
KryptogauiBii-llora  viii)  Sai:liaBii,ilur  Ober-Lnii«it2,Tliiir- 
iii);uii,   1111(1  Nui'illMilimeu,  uiit    ltorai;k«iuliti){UiiK  >lur 
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180:). 

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Heiting  zur  Cryptogaimiiifliira  Kiid-Afiiuas  ;  I'ilie  iiiid 

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1«D5. 

Kin  iiHuea  Tradigium  (I'aliutiUa  uiriaos).  Ibid., 
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Ralb  (John). 

Tbe  British  Desmidicm.         London,  1848, 

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Koniarks  on  tlio  Species  of  Desmidiuiu.  Ibid.,  vol. 
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UoluT  CoiifiMvaanrco-fnlva  Ktz.  Abliandlungen  des 
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Vebi-r  «in  nia.sai'iiliafles  Anftreti'ii  von  Claiiopliora  via- 
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Rose  (August). 

I'eber  Hnlbochirle  Retigera.  Iledwigia,  1852.       His 

most  important  juipers  omitted. 

Rossman  (Jnllns). 

leber  Irin-Saroina.         Rogonsburg  Flora,  1857. 
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im;4. 


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I'eber  TreniBlla  noatoo. 


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iRKr, 


18(15. 


Iledt 


■>g'*, 


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Schmarda  (Ludwig  ITarl). 

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Wien,  lS4t>. 


>i 


f!  '. 


i    II 


i       'i 


^ 


246 


BIBLIOailAPUY. 


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liolanische  Xeitung,  l80il. 
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Moile  itf  Hie  formation  of  spores  iu  a  species  of  Vesi- 

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Mikroakopischo    Beob.achtiingcu. 
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9iir  rOacillatoria  labyriuthiformis,  Ag. 
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Nova    Actro,    Bonn, 

Ibid.,    1837,    Bd. 

Annal.  iSoo. 

Wien, 


Ilio  Pllanze  in  Momentu  der  Thierwerduug, 

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Vogt. 

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BIULIOGRAPIIY. 


247 


Wallroth  (C.  Friedrich  Wilhelm). 

Annus  luitimicus,  aiv«  suppli^iueutum  tiTthim  nil  Ciirlii 
Hiirengiilii  Floiam  llalensum.         ilaWi',  1815. 

Flora  Cryptonaniici  OeruiauisD.  Pars  posterior  contin- 
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Wall  (J.). 

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Waitman  (B.). 

liuitriige  znr  Anatnmio  iind  Entwickluni;si.'eschic1>te 
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Welwltsch  (P.). 

Systimiatisclie  Acifziililnn^  der  Siiaawanser  Algen  tJnter- 
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Synopsis  IJostocliiuuaram  Austria  iuferioris.  Wien, 
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Wlegmann  (A.  F,). 

Uclii'r  Kntsti'liiing  von  Kntomoslracfien  nnd  I'odnrnllen 
aus  tier  rricr^tlryai-lieu  griincu  Materit*,  Vrrwaiullnng 
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Fortsutzmig.        Ibid.,  lid.  xi.,  p.  541. 

Willan  (Robert). 

Obaervationa  ou  the  Sulpbur-waltT  at  Croft  near  Dar 

lingtou. 
[A  couferva  dosoribed  on  p.  9-10.] 


Williamson  (W.  C). 

On    structure  of   Volvos    globator. 
Trauaactious,  vol.  i. 


Microscopical 


Wood  (Horatio  C). 

Notes   on   some   Algffl  from  a  Ca'iforninn  TTot-Spring. 

American  Journ.  Science,  vol.  xlv.,  N.  Series. 
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Alg:c.         Transactions  of  tbe  American  I'biloaopbi- 

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Wyman  (Jeffries). 

observations  an<l  experiments  upon  living  organiamo 
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Zanardlnll  (Olovannl). 

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Ueber   Cladopliora    Heufleri.  Verbnndlnni;en   dos 

zoolog.-botan.  Vereiua  in  Wien,  lid.  ii.,  1803. 


^ 


i;! 


I '    I 


I 


III  i 


I     1 


n 


#11 


mm 


INDEX. 


Ahabxna,  B7 

llos-at|Ufit,  A'/s.,  38 

gHl.ttiiiosa,  Wvotlf  38 

Kigantea,  IVoud,  38 
Androgyniii.  198 

ecl'iinata,  Wooil,  138 

Huntii,  Wood,  197 

mirabilis,  ^V„  d,  19G 

inuUispora,  Wood,  19(i 
Ankistrodesmus  falcatua  (Corjd), 
ApliannchiFte,  211 

rep4>ns,  JJntun,  212 
Aptngoniiim,  126 
Aptogoniam,  liaileyi,  Ral/s,  127 
ArtUrortesmus,  157 

convergens,  Ehrh.,  159 

incus  (BrSh.),  158 

octocornis,  Ehrh.,  158 

quadridaua,  IKooJ,  158 

BAMnrsixA,  125 

]!r6l>isdonii,  125 
HatrachoapermacftB,  217 
Iiatrachn>iperni<iiu,  219 

nioniUforine,  Roth,  220 

Tagum,  liolh,  22U 
nirliatia,  12 
BotryJiHm,  175 

argillaceum,  176 
Bnlboclia^le.T),  199 
Mulboeliietu,  201 

Caiiliyii,  Wood,  202 

(luiiioaa,  Wood,  202 

ij,'iiota,  Wiml,  201 
Balliotiichia,  205 

albiila,  Wood,  205 

C.«iX)SPn.HRiDM,  13 

dubitiiii,  (rrun.,  13 

ChiBtopUora,  209 

elegans  (Knih),  210 
eiiiliviicfolia  ( lt,ilh),  210 
pisiforinis  (/i'"f/i).  210 
tuberculosa  (/lolh),  210 

CbeetoplioraociB,  205 

Cliantransia,  215 

expnnsa,  irf)r»f/,  215 
inacrospora,  Wond,  216 
violacea,  Kiz.,  211) 

CliantranaiacetB,  21  "i 

Clilamydiicoccus,  99 
itiv;ilia,  99 

Clilorococcnin,  87,  88 

Chlonipbyllaci-ffi,  77 

CliroococcacMro,  10 

Chroococcus,  11 

niullicoloratus,  Wotid,  11 
rHfractUff.  Woo<l,'\l 
lliHrinopbihirt,  Wood,    12 

Chroob*pideai,  2  '3 

32       Uctober,  1872 


Chroolopiis,  204 

aurt'um,  Ktz.,  204 
Ckthonoblaatns,  21 
repens,  Ku.,  21 
Cladonia,  88 
Cladophora,  187 

bracliyateleolia,  Rnhcnhorst,  188 
fraola,  Dillwi/n,  188 
glomerata  {Linn.),  187 
85  i  Closturium,  109 

aoerosum,  (.S'r/ir.),  Ill 
areolatum,  Wood,  111 
amblyonema,  Ehrli.,  116 
angustatum,  Kl:.,  110 
Cuoumis,  Ehrh.,  113 
Diauo),  Ehib.,  114 
Khreiibergii,  Mengh.,  113 
Jeiinerl,  Ualfa,  115 
juiicidum,  italfs,  110 
L»ibleinn,  AVi.,  114 
lineatum,  Ehrh  ,  112 
Luuula  (.Miillir),  111 
maxinnini  (rar.),lll 
moniliferum  (_/S'iri/),  113 
parvulum,  Niri/il.,  115 
rostratuni,  Ehrh. ,i\5 
setaceum,  Ehrh.,  IK! 
Btriolatuui,  Ehrh.,  VO 
trabecula,  Uiiilnj,  120 
Venus,  A'(z.,  Hi 
Coccopliyo 'ce,  78 
Coleoclitete,  212 

soutata,  lir^h.,  213 
Collema  bulbosum,  25 
Conferva,  186 

nuiralia, /J/7/«).,22 
Confervaceffi,  If'U 
Conjugala  longata,  Vtiurhcr,  166 
Conjugation,  101 
Ctumecting  cells,  Thwiiitfi,  23 
Cosmariuin,  127 

auKcnum,  lir/h.,  130 
bioculatum,  ISr/b.,  131 
Botrytis,  ZJ<,rw,  128 
Brebissonii,  .l/eiif'/A,  128 
Broomei,  Thw.,  133 
cwlatnni,  Rnlfi,  133 
commiaaurale,  Br^h.,  132 
connatum,  lirt'h..  134 
crenatum,  Rul/s,  131 
Cucumia,  Cordu,  130 
depressnm,  Bailey,  130 
niargaritil'erum  (  Turp.),  127 
Meneglienii,  Br^h.,  131 
ornatum,  H,ilfs,Vi1 
ovale,  n,ilfs,'M» 
pyrainidatum,  Brih.,  130 
Quimbyii,  IKnoi/,  134 
snblobatum,  yjrrt.,  132 
suborbiculare,  IKfc'r/,  129 
tutroptkaluiuui,  A'(;.,  129 


Cosmarium. 

Thwatesii,  /?»(/»,  134 
undulatum,  Ci/m/k,  132 
verrucosuni.  Bniliij,  121 

Cylindrosperniuni,  39 
coniatura,  Wood,  41 
flexuoaum,  Riilictih.,40 
niacrosperninni,  A(;.,  40 
miuutuin,  U'uuu,  39 

Cyatiphorie,  10 

Cyslocoooua,  88 


Dasyactis,  50 

mollia,  Wood,    50 
Deamidium,  126 

aptogoiiium,  Brfh.,  126 

euatephanum,  Ehrh.,  155 

qnadrangulatuni,  A'(r  ,128 

senariuin,y;7ir().,  155 

t^vartzii,  Agardh.,  126 
Dictyoapbieriuni,  84 

pulchellum.  Wood,  84 
Didyniocladon  cerberus,  Bailri/,  154 

furcigerum,  Brib.,  154 
Didymoprium,  l.i5 

Brebisaonii,  A'(i.,  126 

Borreri,  Rolfs,  1-5 

Grevillii,  Ktz.,  125 
Docidiuni  clavatum,  A'/;.,  120 

conatriotum,  liuilnj.  121 

Ehrenbergii,  Rolfx,  118 

liirautum,  Bailri/,  121 

ininutum,  AVi//).,  107 

nodoaum,  Bnilei/,  120 

liodnlosum.  Brifh..  120 

pristidpB,  Ilohsnu,  122 

undulatum,  120 

verrucosuin,  Bailfy,  121 

verticillatum,  Ralf',  121 
Dolichospermum,  41 

polysperniHin,  42 

Buurigidum,  iroo(/,  43 
Draparnaidia,  207 

Billingaii,  ll'mrf,  208 

cruciata,  IlirKs,  209 

glonierata  (  IViiic/i.).  207 

maxima.  Wood.  207 

opposita,  Ihirv.,  227 

plumusa  ( I'awcA.),  2(*8 

EBTBROBORrnAiutostinaliB  (/^inmcuj), 

183. 
Euastrum,  135 

affine,  Rolfs,  138 

ampullaeeum,  Rolfs,  138 

ansatum,  Ehrh.,  139 

binale  ( 7'»r/M'w),  140 

oirculare,  Uossal,  139 

crassum  (Brth.),  137 


(  '-^19  ) 


M 


I  ! 


250 


Kuiit:triim. 

diileltft  (7'rir/iin).  KiS 

I'logHiis  (lln'h.),  nil 

«(Miiiiiatiiiii  (/lii'li  ),  136 

liisi«iie,  /wi//:<,  1;1H 

Jenui'ri,  .Irc/j*')-,  IMil 

iiiarnnritifiTUiii  i'l'"'!'-),  1-7 

iiiuUilobatiiiii,   (I'd"'/,  litr) 

oMotiKum  (diii'ill'),  IIIG 

omntiiin.   Il'c"*/,  l:t7 

Uilfrtll,  U.ihnil,.,  lH'.t. 

VHrniiMwuiii,  lUtr''.,  13ti 
KToiiiiin,  88 

(JKOonAPiiirAi.  IjsT.  2-9 
rildliiiliiin,  Tiuiiin,  I'J 
(lloeoi'fipiia,  Iw 

Hjtars.i,  M'ri'K/,  13 
flIof(tpriiiin  niui-Driiiin,  Uisxnl,  124 
Ciluintrii'lia,  45 

nimiliisa  (Holli.),  47 

iuuruatata,   Hum/,  4I> 

IlKTKRnrYBTS,  23 

llyalollura,  124 

ilisillicns  (Smilli),  124 

iinuosa  (.I/.17.),  124 
llydroiiiot.voii,  !12 

>. •rioulatmn,  lltilh,  05 
nyilr()j-aatroa\  17't 
Uyilniiiastruiii,  IV'i 

^ranulatum  {Linn.),  ITT) 
Ilydriini!",  22ii 

p.Miii'illatiH,  .{■/.,  227 

iKciili'iitalis,  //(irr.,  227 

IsTMMl.H,  123 

l.stllm»^<ira,  123 

Lkmanfa.  223 

i-a ala,  AV.-.,  223 

fliiviatilis,  .!<;.,  223 

tcinilosa  ( /i'"//i),  323 
l.cmam-aec.T,  221 
LvMcliva,  22 

liUiilor,  »■,,..(/,  22 

uopiilata,  llarrrii,  22 

muralis,  .\ij.,  22 


MASTKiONKMA,  51 

I'Uiii^atiim,  ll'.mi/,  ,13 
fortile.  HVi.../,  Til 
halos,  Wotnl,  r>2 
sejunctuni.  W'uoil,  53 

Mastinnihrix,  55 

fll.rosa,  Wmul.  55 

Meri.-iinopeiliu,  14 

oonvoliita.  Ih-t^h.,  15 
plaiu'a,  15 

Mi'iiittTranea,  .V.;i/.,  15 
iu>va,   H'MOf/,  14 

Mertocarpii!*,  173 

parvulus,  lli'sal,  174 
scalariA,  llititxitl,  173 

Mn'iot.'piiiuin,  1(15 

MierastHrias,141 

Aiiieric-aiia  (Khrh.),  143 
anuiata,  linihy,  141 
Bailcyi.  «.i//:s,'l43 
dBiiticiilata  (Ihi'h.),  145 
disputata.  H'ocf/,  142 
expaiisa,  liaih-if,  141 
flmtiriata,  /.'.iZ/s,  145 
fdliai'ca,  liailty,  147 
fuicata,  Ajiirdh,  144 


INDEX. 


MiorantoriaK. 

graim'ala,  Wooil,  14G 

iiiuisa,  142 

Ji'iiiiori,  lialff,  I4(i 

u.^cltaiiri,  Jiiil/'a,  142 

IiapilliTiTa,  Jin'h.,  140 

piniiatlllila,  A'/:.,  143 

(liiailratii,  lUiilnj,  142 

railiosa,  Atjnrdh,  145 

rolala,  A'ii//i,  144 

ringi'ii-i,  lliiilei/,  143 

Torri'yi,  lj<iilii/,  147 

Irunoala,  ('oi</ii,  144 
MicrocystiH,  Mmeiih,,  12 
MoiKKUiiiiis  (lii(><lttnariii!4,  Uititi'i/,  1)8 

ocluiKuiu^,  Wui/cy,  !I8 

Nrmatoorxb.b,  I'l 
Nostdc,  27 

ari'ti<'iiiii,  Hfrl..rlr;/,  225 

Atisliii  i,  llooi/.  27 

alpiniiin,  A/r.,  2D 

i-aTuImnii,  l.ijiKjh.,  31 

i-alcicola,  .1;/.,  33 

eali'lariiiin,  Hoin/,  34 

(Vsatii,  /i<i/.<.,32 

iMiiiniiiiitituin,  A'/r.,  3(1 

foiiinmiK*,  Wiuflnr,  37 

i'rUtatuiii,  llaiirt/,  21) 

<lepn«rtsuin,  M'onf/,  30 

llagellifurmo,  /in/t.   and    Curtis, 
22ii 

liulieiioidos,  30 

inicrosoopii'UiH,  C/rm  ,  22G 

])Utu-latuiii,  ]\''i"il,  32 

jininifin-niB,  y1(;/i.,  28 

sph.Triouin,  Vtiurh.,  30 

Siiilii'ilaiidii,  hickir,  21) 

vcrriu'osuni,  I'uhlA.,  28 
X(t3toi-haoi'a\  23 
Nostoi'liopsis,  44 

loliatiH,    HVdi/,  45 
Neiiiatophycea',  181 

Okcii.i.akia,  17 

I'lilorina,  Ktil'iiiif,  1^ 

cnritiiii,  A'jiiTdh,  17 

ducditii'aiirt,  <iin<r.,  17 

I'ri.lilii'liii,  A'/r.,  Is 

iniperator,  W'ooil,  20 

liiuo^a,  Aijanlh,  III 

iiiusL'oruin,  Aijnnlh,  17 

iinjilerta,   H'eui/,  2(1 

nigra,  I'liMr/i.,  17, 11) 

tenuis,  .l;/'>  17 

temii»«ima,  Aij.,  17 

priiict'ps,  21 
Oscillariai'O.T,  1(J 
Odoutella,  123 

trid«ntata,  n,>ilnj,  127 
(Edi)i;oniaci'a>,  188 
U'MogoniuiP,  1110 
Oidogoniiini,  1115 

iluntii    ir.)o./,  107 

iniMiualis,  H'od./,  105 

inirahiliii,   MV>«c/,  100 

umltispora,  H'uw/,  IDS 


PAflBROnAMA,  81 

stellio,  Woud,  82 

PalniBlla,  70 

dura,  Wood,  SO 
liyalina,  /.i/niih.,  81 
Jesenii,  11  o'lf/,  70 

Palniollaoi'a',  78 

ralmogliDa,  105 


Palmngloia. 

cl.'psydra.  Wood,  105 

PediaHtruin,  05 

lioryanum  (Tnrpin),  9' 
constriutiini  (llnatul),  i)7 
diiudHnariiiH,  08 
KliriMiliurgii  (Corda),  98 
pKrtiisiiiii,  Kiilzimi,  07 
siiloiinia,  Kutsiiiij,  07 

Penium,  lotf 

Urrbisrtonii  ^^fenr,^h.),  108 
cliwturoidHs,  /i',(//s,  lOU 
digitus  (AVird.).  106 
intdrnipttini,  lirt'ti.,  108 
Jiinn«ri,  A'ii//j,  1('8 
laniBlloHUiu,  liirliinunn,  lo7 
niargarilai'i'iiiM,  Jiliih.,  107 
niinut'.iin,  t'lere,  107 

Pataloiiut'ia,  titi 

alatuiii,  llerkil\j,  OG 

PliycliOi'lirtuii,  10 

Pliyei>cliri>iii(ipliyie«),  0 

Phyooi-yau,  lit 

l'liyl«ol<yaii.  It) 

PliVHoia,  88 

Pilinia,  211 

diluta,  ir.)-),/,  211 

IMeurocarpus,  174 

niiraliilis,  liiaun,  174 

Pleuroeocriia,  7H 

pulveniiis.  Wood,  79 
aoriatus,  irDm/,  78 

PlHurotmniuhi,  118 

baciiUnii  (llr/h.),  119 
bruve,  1^1..../,  110 
clavatuni  (Ktz.),  120 
coii.strictum  (llnlley),  121 
crviuilatuni,  IC/nh.,  110 
gracile,  liithfiili.,  122 
liirsutuiu  (lliiilii/),  121 
iiodosuiu  (/iiiiUtj),  120 
tralifcula  (AVir/.'.),  US 
uuilulatuin  (llnihii),  120 
vwrrucosuni  {/initri/),  121 
rerlii'iliatuiu,  liabcii.,  121 

Polyi'ilrium,  S8 

enoniiH.  linlh,  89 

Porphyrai'ea'.  214 

l*ori>liry(liiini,  214 

cruontum  (.!'/•),  214 
inagnillouiu.  ir<"i(/,  215 

PriiigsluMuiia,  105 

ina'qualis,  M'ut'i/,  195 

Protococoacoa?,  85 

i'rotiH'occUii,  8li 

ProtoiliTina,  182 

viride,  Kiilziny,  182 

RiiAminii'M,  85 
falcatum,  85 
polyuiorplaiin,  Frrsen,  85 

IDiynchoneiiia,  l<i3 

elougata,  Wnnl.  1(14 
pulcliHlla,   Wood,  1G4 

RliodiipliyteiB,  213 

Kivularia,  47 

cali'arna.  Sin,,  50 
oarlilagiuca,  HViui/,  47 

Rivulariaeea),  43 

SALMAris,  103 

Sueiiedesmus,  89 

aouttiH,  Metffo,  90 
oMusns,  Xlri/en.  90 
IMilyiiiiirplius,  IJoiii/,  91 
(|uadr{rauda  (/orpin),  91 
rt>tiin(latus,  M'ooit,  01 


»i 


mm 


Soliiznmorifl,  184 
LBibluinil,  186 

Sojrtoiifliiift,  !}^ 

AuBtlllii,    Wnml,  SS 
calotriulioidiis,  Kuizing,  CI 
oatarncta,  l('i>u>/,  6'1 
cortiix,  Wiiml,  (i4 
(lulihiiu,  WuhI,  (S3 
iiiiiner8iim,  V'uod,  59 
Myoc'hioim,  /I./.,  IJl 
NaiKHlii,  Kl!.,b'd 
ocuilatuiii,  lliirvey,  83 
KavunellM,  Wum'l,  (14 
Bimiilioe,  Wuod,  57 
thtirmali',  (i(J 

Soytonmuautuo,  55 

8i|>ii"i)hyceiB,  174 

Siroiiphon,  73 

acervaliis,  Woait,  74 
argillacuiis,  Wumt,  73 
oompaclun  (Aij.),  09 
aoralloi<l»»,  75 
Cramarl,  Urniiq,  70 
gnttula,  Wwiii,  73 
ligniooU,  ir.</«/,  72 
noglectua,  (!'.".(/,  71 
polliiciJulus,  Wood,  69 
pulviiiatiirt,  75 
Bcytc'iietiiatoides,  Wood,  (JS 

Sirogoiiimn,  178 

r«lrovur«iiiii,  Wood,  173 

Slroaiplioimcea),  U7 

Spormntia,  23 

Spermosirea),  37 

FpUairozosnia,  123 

excavatiim,  IMfis,  123 
pHlcliriim,  lliiiicji,  123 
Benatiiin,  IJuilei/,  I'U 

Sphajrozyga,  43 

Oariuicliii'lii,  Ihirvij,  43 
polyspi'iiua  (A.7i.),'43 

Spirogyra,  1()3 

crasna,  Kaizhnj,  171 
dHuiiiiina,  Mii  lir,  11)7 
(liliUa,  Wuod,  170 
diibia,  Kutziutj,  l(i7 
elongata  (lirrk-.),  104 
iiiaigiiis,  Hiissal,  100 
longata  ( IViKr/i.),  10(5 
majuscula,  Kiilz.},  109 
iiitida  (/lillrr.),  109 
proli'cta,  ITum/,  105 
parvispora,  IKooi/,  109 


indp:x. 


Spirogyra. 

piiluliHlla,  Wood,  104 
qiiiiiina,  Aij.,  107 
rlvulaiirt  (Uti.iHiil).  li:s 
BHtiformix  (liolh),  170 
VVeb«ri,  Alz.,  105 

Spirotmiiia,  122 

liyophlla  ([inh.),  122 
coiiiliiiirtata  (lir^li.),  122 

Spoiidylosium,  123 

Hlauraxtriiiii,  147 

alturiians,  Jire'h.,  ITiO 
araohiie,  Uaija,  152 
ariHliferiim,  /i»//s  149 
I'erberiirt,  Jluiteif,  154 
crHiiatiini,  /inilii/,  151 
cyrlooeruiii,  lin'h.,  151 
dnjiictiim,  Wrrt.,  148 
dllatatuui,  A'Ar^.,  150 
enorme,  li'iljs,  89 
eustephaiiuin,  linlfa,  155 
furcigoniin,  /^fV..,  154 
gracilH,  /?«//:«,  152 
liirautiiiii,  klirli.,  OiS 
Ilystiix,  /i'<i//s,  lft4 
Lewiali,  Wood,  149 
loiigi8piiniin,.lrc/i(.r,  148 
margaritacBHiu,  Eluli,,  150 
niuiiituin,  Ifooi/,  154 
miitlcum,  limb,,  148 
orbiciilaru,  Ehrh,,  148 
paradoxum,  Mtyen,  152 
polymorplium,  151 
polytriolinm,  J'tIi/,  153 
puiiotnlatiiin,  /i/rt.jlSl 
Raveiiellii,  IKum/,  153 
Btuiariuin,  Klirh.,  155 
tricorue,  Mniiijli.,  150 

Btephanoxantliium  euatepliaimm, 
A'uVi/h;/,  155 
Benariiiiii,  A'ulsimi,  155 

Stigonuina  inainiiiHllositiu,  77 
Uavunclil,  liirLeleii,  76 

Stigeocloniuu,  200 


TETBEMORnS,  110 

llrebissonii  (.1/pHf(//i.),  110 
gigantciia,  Wood,  117 
gramilatua  {lir^h),  117 
bvia  (A'u/i.)>  Ha 
Totraapora,  82 

bullosa  W""'),  84 


251 


Tetraapora. 

g«l.iliim«a  (flnili),  83 

liibilua(/iV(/i),  82 

perforata,  y/iicii^, 82 
Tolypotlirix,  05 

diatorta  ( MiilUi),  05 
TriplocHraa,  121 

graciltt,  lltiiley,  122 

TMrtiuillalum,  llailti/,  121 
TuoniHya,  221 

fliifiatilla,  llarreij,  221 
Tynilaiidoa  cruclala,  llitasul,  173 

iuaiguis,  JJuiatil,  171 

Ulta,  182 

latiBaima,  Ifarre;/,  1S3 
ineriaiiiopedioidua,  H'ooi/,  182 
orbioulata,  llabeithoial,  183 

UWaosffl,  1>'2 

Vaociirria,  179 

averaa,  llnsml,  ISl 
cxapitoaa  (  i'atirhei),  179 
g«iiiiu!>ta  (  K<iii(7irr),  180 
polymorpba,  Wooil,  Iso 
sussilia  (  I'micAfr),  179 
aerk'ua,  Li/nijbi/ii,  181 
velntiua,  Aijuydh,  ISO 

VaucheriaeeiB,  170 

Volvoc'iiiBa),  99 

Volvcx,  100 

glubator,  100 

XANTHimCH,  1S(> 

acul«atum,  Ehrb  ,  15(5 
Arotisfon,  l-'hrb,,  150 
arinatum  (ISr<li.),  15(J 
biaunarium,  Ehrb.,  156 
Ilrubiaaoiiii,  y;.i//;«,  150 
coi'onatum,  Ehrb.,  157 
criatatuin,  llri'li.,  157 
faauiculatuiu,  Ehrb.,  157 

ZuNOTBIOniA,  48 

uiinutula,  H'oo//,  50 
mollis,  Horn/, 48 
parcezoiiata,  Wood,  49 

Zyguuina,  171 

insignfi  (ffnixnl),  171 
cruciatim,  laucA.,  172 

ZygniJiiiaccw,  159 

Zygophycea),  100 


4 


^•( 


CORRECTIONS  OP  TIIE  PLATES. 

Plate  IV.,  for  Zonotricha  read  Z<mntrichia, 

riate  VIII.,  for  urn  in  the  termiiiatious  of  the  epeciflo  name  of  figures  2,  3, 

and  4,  read  us, 
Plate  IX.,  fig.  3,  for  argiUnren  read  nrgllltiveHu, 

Plate  X.,  fig.  4,  for  liotryococnis  piilclu  llus  read  Dictt/ospJurrlum  pulchclium* 
Plate  XI.,  fig.  .'>,  (),  and  7,  for  CoAuiarium  read  Clitsteriiim, 
Plate  XII.,  fig.  1  and  20,  for  Co.imdrium  read  Closterium. 
Plate  XV.,  fig.  8,  for  insit/nis  read  innignc, 
Plate  XVI.,  fig.  4,  for  Dnlhotricha  read  Ihilhnirichia. 
Plate  XVIII.,  fig.  1,  for  l\inijsheimii  read  Printixluimia, 
Plate  XXI.,  fig.  7,  for  tctraoplhahnum  read  tetrojilhitlmiim. 


•I 


I 


KXPLANATION   OF   PLATES. 


I 


I 


1 


PLATE    I. 


Fig.  1.     A  siiiRle  filamnit  of  Oscillaloria  chlurina,  Kiitziiij,',  nmBiiifiod  750  diameters. 

Fig.  2.  The  cud  of  a  filnment  of  an  Oxcillaloria  sui)posed  lo  be  idcntieul  with  O.  FrohUchii 
Klitziiig. 

Fig.  3.     O.  nigra,  Vauelicr. 

Fig.  3  a.  lleprcscnts  a  portion  of  a  mat  or  mass  of  Oscillatoria  nigra,  Vnnelicr;  ilierc  is  too 
miicli  grtHUj  in  tiic  color. 

Fig.  3  b.  Uepresents  several  filaments  separated  from  the  edge  oPtJic  mass  and  slightly  magni- 
Hcd. 

Fig.  3  c.     A  portion  of  a  lilament. 

Fig.  3  d.  A  portion  of  another  filament  still  more  highly  magnified.  The  color  in  3  c  is  moro 
natural  than  that  of  3  d. 

Fig.  4.  A  portion  of  a  filament  of  0.  limosa,  Agardh,  magnified  1250  diameters.  The  articles  in 
thi.s  filament  are  moro  distinctly  separated  than  natural. 

Fig.  5.     0.  ncglecia,  Wood. 

P'ig.  5  a.     An  outline  view  of  a  filament,  magnified  450  diameters. 

Fig.  5  6.     A  full  figure  of  the  same,  magnified  500  diameters. 

Fig.  0      O.  impcralor,  Wood. 

Fig.  C  a.  K  presents  the  end  of  a  filament,  magnified  250  diameters.  In  the  centre  of  the  plate 
is  a  friignieiit  (ruarked  simply  fig.  /;.),  out  of  which  the  cndoeliromc  has  been  partially  squeezed  to 
show  the  markings  of  the  sheath  at  the  joints. 

Fig.  7.    Lynghya  bicolor,  Wood.     Fig.  1  represents  a  -moderately  magnified  portion  of  a  filament. 

Fig.  a  (near  to  fig.  8)  represents  a  portion  of  an  ordinary  filament  very  slightly  magnified. 

Fig.  1c.     A  portion  of  a  filament  containing  a  heterocyst,  magnified  800  diameters. 

Fig.  t  (/.  A  l)roken  end  of  a  filament  showing  the  sheath  extending  beyond  the  cndoelirome, 
magnified  SOO  diameters. 

Fig.  8.  A  variety{?)  of  Lynghya  bicolor.  Wood,  from  the  Schuylkill  River,  magnified  200  dia- 
meters. 

Fig.  9.     Cosmarium  Qidmbyii,  Wood.     The  bands  between  the  cells  arc  too  heavy  and  prominent. 

PLATE    II. 

Figs.  1  b  and  1  c.  Rifi'ercnt  stages  of  germination  of  tlio  spore  of  a  Cylindrospermum  of  unknown 
.species,  magnified  respectively  800  and  1200  diameters. 

Fig.  1  a.  A  chain  of  spores,  believed  to  belong  to  the  same  species;  one  of  those  spores  has 
commenced  to  germinate. 

Fig.  2.     A  portion  of  the  upper  surface  of  a  frond  of  Nosloc  calidariuvi,  Wood. 

(253) 


254 


EXPLANATION    OF   T  H  K    PI.  AT  K  8. 


15 


il 


J' 


4-1 


l''i){.  2  h.     A  "first  form"  filnniciit  nf  IIip  kuiik'  si)i'ci(.'H. 
Vift.  2  a.     A  niuiiK'iil  froiii  an  old  froiKl  of  llic  hiiiiio  pluiit. 

Kiif.  3  r.  Frugiiiuiits  of  tiaaiiu  IVoiu  tliu  U|)i)t'r  Burluco  of  a  luuturo,  uctivoly  growing  [iluiit  of  llio 
KIUIIU  MpuciuH. 

Fig.  3.     A  niamont  of  Nosloc  commiiiutum,  Ktz  ,  magiiiflcd  800  diameters. 

Fig.  4.  A  filamoiit  of  Anahitna  (jeUUinoM,  Wood,  magiilQed  700  diiimctcrs,  Hliowiiig  tlio  largo 
glol)uiar  body  at  tlie  end,  siiiipoacd  to  be  a  sporo. 

Fig.  5.     A  filament  of  Anahmna  gigantea,  Wood,  magnified  750  diumotcra. 

Fig.  0.  A  portion  of  afiliiinrnt  of  Ci/lindroupcrmum  miiuititm,  Wood,  ningnificcl  800  diiinii'tcrs. 
Tlie  number  luis  been  omitted  from  tbis  liguro  on  the  plate;  the  figure  is  immediiitely  under  .1. 
(/((jantca,  W     ,1;  the  hairs  on  the  hoteroey.st  are  too  course  and  rigid. 

Fig.  7.  A  spore  aud  outline  of  hcterocyat  of  Cylindro»permum  macrospcrmum,  Ktz.,  magnified 
750  diameter.''. 

Fig.  8.  The  end  of  a  filament  of  Ci/liiiilrospermum  comatiim,  Wood,  magnified  1375  diameters. 
Tlio  appendages  to  the  hctcrocyst  arc  coarser  than  natural. 

Fig.  9  (I.     A  spotion  of  an  imnmtiire  frnnd  of  flinilnrin  rarlilngincn,  Wood. 
Fig.  9  b.     The  base  of  a  fertile  filament,  tiliowing  the  sporo  and  busul  cells,  magnified  800  dia- 
meters. 

Fig.  10.     An  ordinary  filament  of  Nonloc  Kphaerirum',  Poirct. 

Figs.  10  a  and  10  c.     Filaments  enlarging  preparatory  to  longitudiual  division. 

Fig.  10  b.     A  filament  already  partially  divided  into  two. 


*  I 


PLATE   III. 

Fig.  1  a.     Ci/Iiiulroupcrmumjli.niii.tiim  (Ag.),  u  fertile  filament,  magnified  450  diameters. 
Fig.  1  h.     The  end  of  a  fertile  filament,  nuignified  750  ilianutters. 

Fig.  2.     Dolkhonpermtim  (Sphasr"ui/ga)  suhrigidum,  Wood,  magnified  975  diameters. 

Fig.  3.  Portion  of  a  fertile  filament  o( Dolichoxpcrmum  (Spha:rozyga)poli/8perma,  Ktz.,  magnified 
750  diameters. 

Fig.  4  a.  A  .section  of  a  frond  of  Gluinlrkhw  ruMata,  Wood,  sliowiiig  youngish  filameut.s, 
masses  of  lime,  and  an  organic  body  of  unknown  iiui>    o,  oil  inclosed  in  a  transparent  jelly. 

Fig.  4  c.     Single  filaments  with  immature  spores,  magnified  200  diometers. 

Fig.  4  6.  The  base  of  a  filament,  showing  the  nearly  matured  spore,  and  empty  cells  situated 
beyond  it. 

Fig.  5.     Chlorococcus  of  undetermined  species. 

Fig.  5  a.     The  motile  state. 

Fig.  5  6.  The  condition  of  the  plant  after  having  lost  its  cilia  nnd  commenced  its  qnicsccnt 
life. 

Figs.  5  and  5  c.     nifi'ercnt  stages  in  this  life  after  division. 

Fig.  5  d.  The  Ihrmalococcus  or  resting  condition,  the  form  a.ssumed  by  the  plant  during  slow 
de.sieeation. 

Fig.  fi.     Noaluchopsis  lobaltis,  Wood. 

Fig.  n  a.  Part  of  a  section,  from  within  outwanls,  of  the  frund,  showing  the  tortuous  branohod 
filaments,  without  sheaths  in  the  gelatinous  matri.x. 

Fig.  ()  b.     A  portion  of  a  fertile  filament  with  the  lateral  spores. 
Fig.  G  c.     A  sterile  filament. 

Fig.  7.     Protococciig  of  undetermined  species. 

Fig.  la.     A  cell  supposed  to  belong  to  the  resting  or  winter  condition  of  the  plant. 


EXPLANATION    OF   THE    I*  LATE  8. 


255 


Fig.  ^  b.     The  first  ImiikiTig-up  of  tlio  contents  of  tlici  Iiirgo  cell  into  ii  lirood  of  cuIIh. 
Figs.  7  d  uud  7  c.     Dilluieul  Ntugeii  in  the  lil'e  of  tiic  lulter  brood-ccllu  uuU  their  progouy. 

PLATE  IV. 

Fig.  1.  Mastigonema  fertile,  Wood,  a  biiiglo  plunt  (not  mognlfleU  750  dlBmctorn,  os  marked  on 
the  platir). 

Fig.  I  li.     A  hetorocyst  niognified  750  dIametcrH,  also  u  spore  cell  und  wporo  nitiiiliuly  uiiii)lirR'd. 

Fig.  a  a.     A  portion  of  tlio  frond  of  MaMgonema  sfjuiwlum,  Wood,  uniplified  250  diameters. 
Fig.  a  I).     A  single  filament  mugnified  ««0  diameters. 

Fig.  3.     A  Hinglo  Uloment  of  Zoiwlriihia  mollis,  Wood,  enlarged  200  diameters. 

Fig.  4,  A  Hection  of  the  frond  of  Zoniitricliia  jmrcczoiiata.  Wood,  muguitied  u  few  diameters. 

Fig.  5.     The  bose  of  a  filament  of  Damjaclin  mollin,  Wood. 

Fig.  5  «.     Section  of  tho  frond,  magnified  450  diameters. 

Figs.  5  b  ond  5  c.     Yonng  filamentn  ;  each  magnified  450  diumelera. 

Fig.  G.     Fronds  of  CiclosjAicrium  dubium,  Wood. 


PLATE   V. 

Fig.  1  n.     A  portion  of  the  frond  of  Maaligonema  vlongatum,  Wood,  slightly  magnified  to  show 
the  filaments  radiating  from  the  frngnn'tit  of  nmtter  to  which  they  arc  attaela'd. 
Fig.  1  b.     A  singlo  filament  magnified  400  diameters. 

Fig.  2  (?.     A  cluster  of  youngish  filaments  of  Manligonema  halnn,  Wood. 

Fig.  2  h.  A  portion  of  an  older  filament  to  .sliow  the  spore-like  divisions  of  the  cndochromc,  nnig- 
nilied  400  diameters. 

Fig.  3.  A  pair  of  young  connate  filamont.s  of  Slasligothrix  fibrosa,  Wood,  magnified  450 
diameters. 

F'ig.  3  a.     An  old  filament  magnified  800  diameters. 

Fig.  ;!  b.     A  young  filament  with  hcterocy.st,  enlarged  450  diameters. 

Fig.  'id.     A  filament  with  two  basal  cells  magnified  460  diameters. 

Fig.  4  a.     A  portion  of  filament  of  Scytonema  liavenellii,  Wood,  magnified  ICO  diameters. 
Fig.  4  b.     The  end  of  a  branch  magnified  450  diameters. 

Figs.  5  a,  b,  c,  &c.  DilTerent  forms  of  Chrooroccus  refract  us.  Wood.  Fig.  5  h  is  not  a  g<iod 
one.  I  was  not  able  to  e.xpr  «s  well  the  peculiar  translucent  shining  tint,  and  the  artist  who  copied 
my  drawing  failed  even  more  decidedly  in  simulating  it  ;  the  i)ink  shade  is  altogether  wrong,  I 
never  saw  any  such  color  in  the  jiiant. 

Fig.  fi.     Different  forms  of  Chroococcus  muUicoloratua,  Wood. 

Fig.  0  c.     Represents  what  was  thought  to  be  possibly  a  hybernating  form  of  the  species. 


PLATE   VI. 

Fig.  1  a.     A  portion  of  a  frond  of  Scylonema  thermale,  Ktz.,  magnified  200  diameters. 
Fig.  1  b.     Outline  sketch,  showing  the  form  of  the  heterocyst,  umgniUed  750  diameters. 

Fig.  2.     Trichoma  or  frond  of  Scylonema  callilrichoides,  Ktz.,  oraplificd  250  diameters. 

Fig.  3  a.     Outline  sketch  showing  the  cells  or  chambers  of  Scylonema  dubium,  Wood,  magnified 
750  diameters. 
Figs.  3  b  and  3  c.     Portions  of  the  filaments  or  trichoma,  magnified  4C0  diameters. 


256 


K  X  P  I,  A  N  A  'I'l  O  N    O  I'    r  II  i:    I'  I.  A  T  K  H . 


FigH.  4  auti  1  1).     ,Si  ytoncma  cortex,  Wuoil.    ruilloiiH  uf  lllamcntH,  iimniiifliHl  T.'iO  (liuniutcrit. 
Fig.  5.     I'Ift'u  of  u  Hiimll   lwl(f  with  a  wtll-fipinicii  uiiil  uIbo  a  vury  youug  frond  of  CltAtuphora 
elfijann,  Ag.,  growing  upon  it,  iiugiiilicd  n  fvw  diuiiivtvri), 

PLATK    VII 

FiK   I-     A  perfect  trichoma  o(  Siijlonema  cataracliim,  Wood. 
Fig.  1  b.     A  luriiiiiiul  part  of  a  liiuiiiciit,  mugiiilit'd  2f)()  diunu-turH. 

Fig.  2  a.     A  portion  of  u  (lliinicnt  of  Srylonrinn  iinmerxuni,  Wood,  niiignilicd  T.'iO  diiiint'tem. 
Fig.  li  6.     Nc'iirly  u  wliole  liluiiuMil  or  triclioiiiii,  miipliliod  2(10  iliiinu'tcrs. 

Fig.  3.     Rhajihidium  ptili/morplium,  Wood,  diffcrcut  forms,  mugtiilicd  150  diamutrrg. 

Fig.  1.     I'liilDfiicrtin  of  iiiulclcrniini'il  sppcii's. 

Fig.  4  a.     'I'lio  liirgi'.sl  uud  iuohI  nmliire  form,  prolmlily  the  hil)crnating  or  Winter  cell. 
F'ig.  4  6.     Tho  snmo,  commttncing  its  active  life. 

Fig.  4  (/.     Colony  cells  believed  to  have  been  developed  out  of  the  cell  represented  by  (ig.  4  h, 
ningiiifii'd  7.''>0  diitnietcrs. 

F'igs.  4  and  4  c.     The  motilo  stale  of  tin;  species. 

PLATE    VIII. 

Fig.  I  h.     Portion  of  the  frond  of  Ttihjimllirijr  dislvria  (Miiller),  ningniliod  500  diameters. 
Fig.  1  (I.     Ilcterocysis  nnigiiHiiMJ  .SOO  diiimi'terH. 

Fig,  2.     Portion  of  o  frond  of  Sirogiphon  jtellucidulua,  Wood,  mngnided  2()0  diunieterH. 
Fig.  2  a.     Knd  of  the  branch. 

Fig.  3.     Portion  of  a  frond  of  Sironiji/ion  comjmcliiK  (Ag.),  magnified  2(10  dianu^ters. 

Fig.  ;i  a.     Knd  of  a  nianient,  nnignilied  KiO  diameters. 

F'ig.  3  c.     Portion  of  a  lilanicnt  sliowing  the  heteroeyst  magnified  400  diameters. 

Fig.  4.     Portion  of  a  frond  of  Siro^ijihon  nvrjlfctiix,  Wood. 

Fig.  5.     F'roiul  of  Sirnsi'iihon  ijutliila,  Wood. 

Fig.  5  b.     Knd  of  a  liraneh,  magnified  400  dinmctcrH. 

Fig.  0.     Portion  of  a  frond  of  Siyti>nema  Nuijclii,  Ktz. 

F'ig.  7.     Different  forms  of  Ola'ocnjixa  Ki>ar»a,  Wood,  magnified  700  diameters. 

Fig.  8.     McrUmopedia  nova.  Wood,  magnified  400  diameters. 


I 


PLATE    IX. 

Fig.  1.      F'nigment  of  a  frond  of  fiirnsiphon  Hci/lfiifmnloiden,  Wood. 

Figs.  2  and  2  f.      Portions  of  fronds  of  Siro!<ii)fi(i)i  U<i»ii    In,  Wood,  magnified  200  diameters. 
Fig.  2.     The  end  of  a  branch  of  the  same,  nmgnificd  4         ianieters. 

Fig.  3  a      Portion  nf  a  very  old  frond  of  Siroaiphon  nr<iill(ircun,  Wood,  magnified  400  diameters. 
Fig   3  b.     A  terminal  branch  of  a  growing  frond  of  tlu'  same. 

Fig.  4  a.     A  frond  of  Sligonema  liai'oielii,  ISerkeley,  magnified  125  diameterti ;  also  a  fragment 
of  the  .same  plant,  magnified  450  diamelijrs. 


EXPLANATION   OF   T  1|  K    PLATES. 


•irn 


PLATE  X. 

Fijf.  1  a.     A  froiul  of  Sirnmphon  ),„lm,mlut,  Brob.,  v»r.  pnrvuH,  from  a  B|.c.'iinrii  roll.Ttiil  l.y 
Dr.  .1.  (i.  Hunt,  near  I'liilii.lrli.liiii.     Tl.o  urounil  color  of  tliis  linmo  is  l.)o  yHlow. 
Fir.  1  I).     A  fniRiiifnl  of  tlic  hui,,,.,  niagiiillf<l  400  diuiiiitur)). 
Fig.  3.     A  row  of  culls  of  J'leurococcu»  »criatu»,  Wood,  inugnillcil  400  diuniL'tt-rg. 
Fig.  3  «.     A  i.ortion  of  Ibo  old  oxtoriiul  i>urt  of  u  nm.s.H  of  J'almclla  JesHenii,  Wood,  mnKiiinud  750 

Fig.  3  6.     A  frnginciit  from  tlio  iiiturl.ir  of  hucIi  a  ,..11,:^  of  il.o  huiu..  Aiii|ililicutioii. 

Fig.  3  c.     A  portion  of  Iho  soft  jolly  of  u  yoi.iig  uctivoly  growing  niuH.H,  nniguilicd  750  di.ui.cK^rH. 

Fig.  4.  A  frond  of  Dichjoxpharium  puUhdtum,  Wood,  nmg.iin<.d  400  diameters  I  at  first 
referred  Huh  plant  to  tl.o  genu.  Uothvoooccuh,  and  .listribuled  Home  ^pucinicn.s  un.ler  that  goiMTic  lillo, 
onil  .so  marked  my  original  drawing. 

Fig.  5.     A  Klicc  of  a  yoiingi.sh  frond  of  P„lnwUa  dura,  Wood,  nmg.iiried  400  dinmetors 
J  ig.  r)  b      A  fragment  from  an  (.Id  frond,  showing  the  spores  in  various  stages  <,f  growth      Tho 
color  of  the  large  siiores  is  not  nearly  dark  enough,  it  should  bu  uiucb  more  browuinli. 

rJwVTE   XI. 

Fig.  1.     nilTerent  forma  of  ScenrmlvHmm  pohjmorphun,  Wood,  mngnifled  450  diameters. 
Fig.  2.     SnnrdcamiiH  iptadrirawla,  IJreb.,  niagnilied  750  dinmelero. 
Fig.  3.     Scencdeamus  rotundalug,  Wood,  magniliod  750  diameters. 

r!y-  \  ,.?'';'!"'"'y  vegetative  cells  of  Palmogla-a  clepxydra.  Wood,  tn  different  Btages  or  eon- 
dil.ons  of  life-hiHtory,  magnified  750  diameterH.  These  cells  whieb  have  tho  endochrome  mu.l. 
Di-olven  up  are  believed  to  be  i.reparing  for  conjugation. 

Fig.  4  n.     A  pair  of  celLs  uniting  in  conjugation. 

Fig.  4  6.  Ceils  which  have  united  so  that  the  young  spore  is  very  apparent  with  tlio  emnty  serai- 
celLs  of  tho  parents  attached  to  it.  ' 

Fig.  4  c.     A  more  advanced  spore  and  empty  semi-cells. 

Figs.  4  ,/  and  4  e  Matured  or  nearly  matur..,!  spores,  ns  seen  with  difi-erent  foeu.ssing;  in  the 
fir.st  the  upper  surface  of  tho  spore  is  especially  brought  out.  All  these  figures,  except  4  /.  aro 
magnified  750  diameters.  ^^        -  i  . 

Figs.  5  ond  5  a.     DilTerent  forms  of  Closterium  acerosum  (.Schr.),  magnified  250  diameters. 

l*ig.  J  b.     Kmpty  conjugating  cells  with  nearly  matured  spore. 

Fig.  fi.     Outline  of  Closlerium  arc.olatiim,  Wood,  magnifieil  100  diameters. 

Fig.  0  a.  linA  of  a  dead,  empty  frond,  enlarged  1375  diameters. 

Fig.  7.     Outline  of  Chslcriiim  Vrnns,  Ktz.,  magni/ied  450  diameters. 

(These  last  three  species  are  incorrectly  labelled  on  the  plate,  Cu.'unariuvi.) 


PLATE    XII. 

r  VL\-   '^'''*'''^""'  '"'««<«'».  El.rb.     (Incorrectly  labelled  on  the  plate  Cosmarium.)     Mngni- 
lied  1  GO  diameters.  ■*  *= 

Fig.  3.     Clostrrium  Ehrcnhcrgii,  Menogli.,  magnified  100  diameters. 

Fig.  3.     Closlerium  ronlratum,  Elirb.,  magnified  200  diameter,s. 

Fig.  4.     Closlerium  Dianee,  Ehrb.,  magnified  200  diameters. 

Fig.  5.     Ch,M,'ri,im  par>'„l,<m,  Nieg,,  magnified  450  diameters. 
33      Ootobor,  1872. 


2.}S 


KXTL  A  NATION    OF    Till'    PLATES. 


Fig.  C.  Closkrium  Liihtcinii,  Klz.,  inagnilicd  i>(iO  dinnu'liTs. 

Fig.  7.  'liimcmoriis  <jij(iiiU-nt,,  Wouil.,  magi.illtd  l'CO  (liiuiiuturs. 

.'■"•^'.  8.  Tetmvmurus  (jranutalun  (ISrob.),  inagnilied  iM)  (liuiiictors. 

Fig.  9.  I'lciirolnmium  Trnhccula  (^VAirh.),  mng;i\ilwi\  1(10  (liaiiR'(t'r.s. 

Fig,  10.      Sjyirolaiim  hri/ojiliiln  (IJrcl).). 

Fig,  11.  S/'""' ■•''■''  >^  coiiilctianla,  Tnvh. 

Fig,  12.  Iliialdthcrn  (Iisfili<'>i.<,  Yirch. 

Fig,  l.j.      .'■;tli/iiiiiiirii(in  (I'rrrillii^  Ktz. 
Fig.  13  a.     Frul  viow. 

Fig.  14.      Ciismarium  Jlotri/ti.t  (ISory.),  magnified  4G0  diameters. 
Fig,  15.      Co!<»w7-u(,ii  Cuciimis,  Covda, 

i>'ig.  15  (/.     A  frond  in  wliicli  tlie  neck  or  isllimiis  lias  begun  to  elongate  prefioii.s  to  divi.sion. 
Fig.  15  I).     An  alinurmal  frond  wliioli  liaa  attompled  division,  but  in  wliich  the  inner  seniiceils  of 
tl  0  new  frond  have  failed  to  form  pcrfcetly  and  to  separate. 

i''ig.  IG.     Eiiaslnim  mullilubalKm,  Wooi]  ;  front  view. 
Fig.  17.     Micmglcrias  Americana  (Elirb,). 

Fig,  l.S.      C'liamcriiim  Mctiajhcnii,  IJrob.,  magnified  750  diameters,     Tlio  sinus  should  be  very 
narrow  but  di,stinet,  instead  of  being  absent  as  in  the  figure. 

Fig.  19.      Spiroyi/ra  h'ebcri,  Kt/..,  portions  of  conjugating  filaments,  magnified  2r,0  dianieti^rs. 

Fig.  19  a.     A  portion  of  a  sterile  filament,  magnified  1(10  diameter.-^. 

Fig.  19  b.     Conjugating  cells  with  nearly  mature  spores,  magnified  2(10  diameters. 

Fig.  20.      Clo.ileriiim  Juiicidum,  Pvalfs.,  magnified  200  diameters. 

Fig.  21.     Cumnarium  iwirrjarilifcrum  (Turp,),  niagnilied  4G0  diameters. 


\ 


F>g 
Fig 

Fig. 
Fig. 
i''ig. 
Fig. 
Fig, 
Fig, 
Fig, 
Fig. 

Fig. 
Fig. 

I'ig. 
Fig, 

Fig. 
Fig. 

Fig. 


PLATE    XIII. 

1.  From  view  of  EiinKlrum  Puilfiii,  Ilabenli,,  magnified  450  diameters. 

2.  Frciit  of  Eiiaslrtim  elrr/ay>s,  lirOb.,  enlarged  750  diameters. 

3.  Front  'lew  of  Euaistrum  binnle  (Turj),),  nmgnified  750  diameters. 

4.  Front  view  of  Micraslcria  disinilala,  Wood,  drawn  from  a  l-liiladelphia  specimen. 
4  a.     The  same  after  a  figure  drawn  by  Dr.  Jos.  Leidy,  from  a  Newport  .specimen. 

5.  Micro tstvriasfnrcata,  Agardh,,  front  view,  magnified  2fi0  diameter.s. 

G.  Front  view  of  Micrasterias  dcnticulala,  IJreb.,  magii'fied  2G0  diameters. 

7.  Micrastcria  Jcnneri,  Kalfs.     Front  view. 

8.  Slauraslrum  nrbicitlare  (Elirb.).     Front  view. 

9.  Slauraalrum  dejcctum,  UrOb.     Front  view,  magnified  750  diameters. 

10.  SlnvraxlrKin  I'liiichila/iim,  lireli.      Front  view. 
10  a      View  from  the  ape.x. 

11.  Front  view  of  S!aurai<lruin  Lewisii,  Wood,  magnified  750  diameters. 

12.  Front  view  of  Staurastrum  poli'lriclium,  Perly, 

13  a.     Front  view  of  Sinurastrnm  mnuilKni,  Wood. 
13  ('),     End  view  of  the  same, 

14.      CiiHiiiariiim  purnmididum.  lirebisson.      Front  v;"w. 


!M^i^4^J4)WHWI>,»MWli!W 


i.ii<mu,imBwi 


\ 


EXPLANATION   OF   THE    PLATES.  259 

Fig.  15.      Cusinarium  Jlroomci,  Tliw.     Front  view,  nini^Miilicd  400  dinnictcrs. 
Fig.  l(i.      iloamarium  commissurale,  Brcb.     Front  view,  iiiiigiiiliLcl  liJO  dinmeters. 
Fig.  n.     Xanlhidium  arinatum,  BiOb.     Front  view,  niagiiiliud  200  diameters. 


PLATE   XIV. 

Fig.  L     A  sterile  cell  of  llhijnchonema  clonyalum,  Wood,  ningiiiliod  450  diameters. 
Fig.  1  a.     I'oition  of  a  liliiuient  euntuining  a  fertile  cell,  willi  tliu  t;iiore  nearly  matured,  amiilil'ied 
450  diameters. 

Fig.  2.     A  filaniont  of  lUiynchoncnm  pulchcllum,  Wood,  containing  both  tortile  and  sterile  cells, 
magnilied  200  diameters. 

Fig.  3.     The  ripened  pporo  of  Hpirorjyra  protecln,  Wood,  ni 'gnified  450  diameters. 

Fig.  3  a.     Outline  of  conjugating  lilumenis,  and  ligure  of  a  sterile  filament,  enlarged  250  diameters. 

Fig.  4.     Sterile  cells  of  Spirorji/ra  longala  (Vnucli,),  magnified  250  diameters. 
Fig.  4  a.     Fertile  filaments,  magnilied  2(J0  diameters. 

F'ig.  5.     A  filament  of  Ajihanuclialc  r(7)CHS,Wood,  which  has  lost  its  cilia,  magnified  400  diameters. 

Fig.  G.     A  fertile  branch  of  Bra^jarnaldia  Billingsii,  Wood,  showing  the  chains  of  sjiores,  mag- 
nified 4fi0  diameters. 

PLATE  XV. 

Fig.  L     Portion  of  a  filament  of  Hpiroijyra  mnJuKciih,  Klz.,  containing  cells  with  mature  spores 
and  others  just  commencing  the  iiroeesn  of  conjugation. 

Fig.  2.     A  portion  of  a  sterile  fihimcnr,  of  Spiroijyra  dili'/n,  Wood,  magnified  125  diameters,  also 
the  outline  of  a  pair  of  conjugating  filaments  of  the  same  amplification. 

Fig.  2  b.     Conjugating  filaments  of  Spirogyra  ditiita,  Wood,  magnified  125  diameter.s. 

Fig.  3  a.     Portion  of   a  sterile  filament  of    tipirofjijra  s('lif<)rmis  (Kotli)   Klz.,  magnified   125 
diameters. 

Fig.  3  b.     Conjugating  filaments  of  the  same  species,  similarly  ami)lified. 

Fig.  4  a.     Cells  if  Spirogijra  crassn,  Ktz.,  preparing  for  conjugation. 

Fig.  4  c.     Conjugating  cells  of  the  same  plant  in  the  first  stage  of  union. 

Fig.  4  b.     Conjugating  cells  containing  nearly  matured  zygospores,  enlarged  125  diameters. 

Fig.  5.     Filaments  of  jVr.iorcirpus  scglaris,  llassall,  commencing  the  i)rocess  of  conjugation,  mag- 
nified 125  diameters. 

Fig.  G.     Sterile  cells  of  Sjn'rof/yra  ■''nsifinis  (Ilassall)  Ktz. 
Fig.  G  b.     Conjugating  filaments  of  the  same  Bpccies. 

Fig.    7.      Conjugating   filaments  of    Spiroinira  pariispora,  Wood,  containing   nearly    matured 
spores,  magnified  125  diameters. 

Fig.  8.     Portion  of  an  ordinary  sterile  filament  of  Zijgnema  iiisigne  (Ilassall)  Ktz. 
Pig.  8  a.     Fertile  filaments  of  the  same,  magnified  250  diameters. 

Fig.  8  b.     Sterile  filaniont  in  which  multiplication  of  the  species  is  tailing  place  by  the  .separation 
of  the  cells,  magnified  200  diamcter.s, 

PLATE    XVI. 

Fig.  1  a.     Cells  of  Simqonium  rclrovcrttum,  AVood,  just  commencing  the  process  of  conjugation. 

Fig.  1  b.     Sterile  cells. 

Figs.  1  d  and  1  c.     Outlines  of  fertile  cells;  all  of  these  figures  arc  magnified  2C0  diameters. 


.'msa-mssmi 


260 


E  X  V  L  A  N  A  1"  ION    O  I'    T  H  K    V  L  A  T  E  S. 


Kig.  a.     A  iimttiii'd  fi'uiiil  (if  J/i/drofjaxIrum  (jfaiiiiliiliiiii  (Mini.),  ciilai-f,'!'!!  !I0  diiimoliM's. 
Fig.  2  a.     A  resting  spoi'u  of  the  puiuf,  eiilurgud  lUO  (Jiumt'icis ;  ulsu  ii  iiiiimlf,  vury  yuuiig  frond, 
mngiiificd  00  diameturii. 

Fig.  4.     A  bniiiuli  of  a  Sligcoclonium,  ciidttiiig  zoospores,  oidurged  4U0  Uiumoters. 

Fig.  5.     Ihdbdtrkhia  albiila,  Wood,  niagiiified  400  ditinu'teis. 

Fig.  6  a.  A  fertile  braueb  of  liutbuchalc  Canbyii,  Wood,  sluiwiiig  the  matured  .spore,  iiingnilied 
2(10  diameters. 

Fig.  1)  b.  A  young  plant. 

l''ig.  (1  c.  A  branch  with  young  male  plants,  and  a  forming  zoosporangiimi,  nmgniticd  2(50 
diiinieters. 

Fig   G  d.  Tlic  empty  cup  left  after  the  diseharge  of  the  oospore. 

Fig.  (1  e.  Outline  of  sporangium. 

Fig.  9.     A  young  plant  of  Sli(jfuvluiuum. 

riie  globular  ligurcs  in  tlic  lowc;  ]iart  of  (he  plate  arc  separate  cells  of  Porphrydium  magnifiiinu, 
Wood,  maguilied  7(!0  diauieter.s.  The  numbering  of  the  ligures  at  the  buttolu  of  the  plate  are 
wrong,  fig.  3  should  rea      .  .  4,  4,  5,  &e. 


( 


PLATE    XVII. 


I''ig.  1  a.  The  basal  portion  of  uu  old  frond  of  Schizomcris  Leibleinii,  Ktz.,  ?  magnified  120 
diiinieters. 

Fig.  1  /).  A  lilam  lit  omitting  zoospores,  magnified  250  diameters. 

Fig.  1  r.  A  pertVeted  zoospore. 

Figv  ■.  (',  1  c,  1  c.  Vo.Mig  plants  formed  l)y  the  gerniination  of  the  zoospore,  umgiiilied  450 
diiimeters. 

Fig.  2  a.  Th(^  distal  end  of  a  lilaineiit  of  (Eitn'jdijiiim  ffuntii,  Wood. 

Fig.  2  b.  Cells  slioHiiig  the  formation  and  growth  ufa  new  cell. 


Fig. 


A  portion  of  lilarnent  eonlaining  spores  in  dillereiit  conditions  of  miilurity. 


Fig.  2  d.     A  young  female  plant  with  attached  dwarf  plant. 
Fig.  2/.     Cells  emitting  a  zoospore,  niagnilied  250  diameters. 
Fig.  2  g.     The  perfecteil  zoo.spore. 

Fig.  2  h.     Outline  sketch  of  a  young  male  plant,  iiingnified  about   1200  dianieters.     The  arrows 
are  meant  to  represent  eyclotic  currents. 

Fig.  3.     A  fertile  lila.ueiit  of  (Edogonium  mulliximra,  Wojd,  showing  spores  in  diDTerent  states  of 
maturity,  and  dwarf  male  plants. 

Fig.  4  c.     Sterile  cells   )f  Spiroiji/ra  ditbio,  Ktz.,  enlarged  200  diameters. 

Figs.  4  and  4  d.     Outline  sketches  of  cells  containing  spores,  mngnified  2fiO  and  1(10  respectively. 
Figs.  5  a  and  5  b.     Sterile  cells  of  Spirorp/ra  ririihiris  (Hiissall),  mngnified  260  diameters. 
Fig.  5  c.     Outline  sketch  of  conjugating  cells  with  spore  similarly  amplified 


PLATE    XV  III. 

Fig.  1  (i.     A  young  female  plant  of  Priiigslieimin  innquah',  Wood,  magnified  250  diameters, 

P'ig.  1  6.  A  portion  of  an  adult  feiuiile  plant,  containing  immature  sjiores,  and  showing  in  out- 
line in  the  upper  sporniigiun!  the  orifice  through  wliieh  the  Bpcrmntozoa  enter,  magnified  250  dia- 
meters. 

Pig.  1  c.     The  supposed  young  nmlo  phint,  miigniiled  450  diameters. 

Fig.  2.      (Ed(,ijo)iiiim  mindiih;  Wood.     A  porlioii  of  a  filameut  with  a  (lartially  matured  sporo. 


i  :r 


—  v~<~'rrwmummmmmmmr» 


EXPLANATION    OP   THE   PLATES. 


2()1 


Fig.  2  a.  A  portion  of  a  female  plant,  showing  the  beginning  of  the  development  of  the  fenmle 
germ,  i.  e.  the  formation  of  u  very  large  cell. 

Fig.  2  6.  A  further  stage  of  the  process,  showing  the  coll  divided  into  an  upper  and  lower  por- 
tion, with  the  outline  of  the  attached  male  plant. 

Fig  2  c.  A  fertile  filament  containing  a  matured  spore.  All  of  these  figures  arc  magnified  IGO 
diar.ictert!. 

Fig.  2  (i.  A  conpio  of  cells,  one  of  which  has  divided  into  four  daughter-cells,  each  of  which 
contains  a  nearly  perfected  androspore   magnified  400  diameters. 

Figs.  2  b  and  2  g.  Dilfereut  views  of  dwarf  male  plant.s  discharging  spermatozoids,  the  first  figure 
offering  a  profile  view  of  the  cap,  the  second  a  view  from  behind,  magnified  400  diameters. 

Fig.  2  e.     A  three-celled  dwarf  male  plant,  magnified  4G0  diameters. 

Fig.  3.  Matured  .sporo  of  (Edogonium  echinatum,  Wood,  uncolored  and  magnified  150  diameters. 

Fig.  4.     Spores  in  sporangia  of  a  Florida  (Edogonium  of  undctcrmiDcd  species. 

Fig.  5.     liulbucheete  ignola,  Wood. 

Fig.  5  a.  Branches  of  a  frond,  showing  different  stages  in  the  early  development  of  the  female 
germs. 

Fig.  5  b.     Sporangium  containing  a  nearly  matured  spore,    jill  magnified  4G0  diameters. 

Fig.  6  a.  Part  of  a  frond  of  Bulbochocte  dumoaa,  Wood,  with  female  germs  and  dwarf  male  plants 
ill  different  stages  of  development,  ningnifie<l  200  diameters.  The  fine  markings  on  the  spores  have 
nut  been  reproduced  in  the  chromo-lithograph  from  my  drawing. 

Fig.  6  6.     Male  plant  discharging  spermatozoid,  magnified  750  diameters. 

Fig  1  a.     Part  of  a  sterile  fihinicnt  of  a  Conferva  of  unknown  species. 

Fig.  1  b.     The  same  discharging  zoospores. 

Fig.  7  c.     A  cluster  of  germinating  zoospores. 

Fig.  7.     A  young  (jjant.     All  these  figures  arc  magnified  500  diameters. 


PLATE    XIX. 

Fig.  1.     Htigeodnnium,  showing  ehajtophoroidal  stage. 

Fig.  2.     Portion  of  a  fertile  filament  of  Clianlmnsin  expanita,  Wood,  magnified  125  diameters. 
Fig.  2  b.     A  IVagmenl  of  a  fertile  branch,  magnified  200  diameters. 

Fig.  3.      A  portion  of  a  fertile   filament  of   Clianlransia   macrospora,  Wood,  magnified   400 
diameters. 


Fig.  4  a.  Outline  of  some  fertile  pells  of  Spirogyra  quiniua,  Ag. 
Fig.  4  6.     Filaments  in  an  advanced  stage  of  conjug.ition. 
Figs.  4  c  and  4  e.     Fragments  of  sterile  filaments. 


TLATE   XX. 


Fig.  1.     Stigeocloniiim,  fo-  nd  near  Philadelphia. 

Fig.  2.     Arlhrodesmns  quadjidrns,  Wood,  as  viewed  from  the  end,  and  magnified  259  diameters, 
also  a  front  view  of  similar  amplification. 

Figs.  3  and  3  o.     Different  forms  of  fructifijauon  of  Viuchcria  pohjmorpha,  Wood,  showing  the 
ei.ij)ticd  antheridia  and  fertile  sporangium. 
Fig.  3  6.     An  imnmturc  anthcridinm. 
Fig.  3  e.     Snore  of  same  species. 

Fig.  4.     Section  through  fertile  node  of  Lcmanea  lorulosa  (Roth). 


262 


i:X  PL  A  NATION    OF   TIIK    PLATES. 


Fij;.  T).     OulliiK's  of  L'uaslrum  muUilubalum,  Woud.     The  lower  liguii;  represents  u  lateral  view  ; 
tliu  upiiur  a  two-thirds  view. 

Fig.  G.     Outiiuc  of  I'cniuvi  dif/itus,  Urub. 


PLATE    XXI. 

Fig.  I.     rieurola'nium  crcnidalum  (Khrb.),  an  oiitliuo  view,  uingnificd  1  CO  diameters. 

Fig.  2.     rteurutaiiium  brcce,  Wood,  the  empty  dead  frond,  niagidried  "oO  diaiiieterH. 

'■'ig.  3.      Tdmc morns  lliebixsonii  (Meiigh.),  an  cuii)ty  semieuU. 
Fig.  ii  a.     Outline  of  a  whole  iVoud. 

Fig.  t  b.     Clonlcrium  linealum  (Fhrb.),  an  empty  scmiecll,  magnified  200  diameters. 

iMg.  5.      Cusmariiuii  llolri/lits  (F.ory),  an  empty  frond,  niagnilied  7.')0  diiuueters. 
Figs.  5  a  and  u  6.     Outline.s  of  .semieelLs  to  show  the  variety  of  form. 

Fig.  fi.      Cosmarium  Jlrcbissonii,  .Menegli.,  an  empty  frond,  magnified  750  diameters  and  ontline 
of  ape.K  view. 

Fig.  7  a.      Cugmarium  iL'IrojtAdliiium  (Klz.),  outline  of  the  empty  frond,  magnif  d  -ICO  diame- 
ters. 

Fig.  8.      Cotimnriutn  mar<jarilifcru)n  (Tiirp.),  view  of  an  empty  semieell,  magnified  "oO  diauie- 
ters;  tlie  outline  of  this  should  be  more  regidar. 

Fig.  9.     Cosmarium  .<uhorbiculiirv,  Wood,  an  empty  frond,  magniQed  7:')0  diameter,s. 

Fig.  9  a.     An  ontline  of  end  view  of  similar  anipliliealion. 

Fig.  10.      Cosmarium  llroumci,  Thw.,  lateral  outline  of  the  frond. 

Fig.  11.     iMicraslrrias  Jcnncrii,  Kalfs,  an  empty  semieell. 

Fig.  12.     J-hia.i/nim  orualiiiii,  Wood,  front  view,  magnified  450  diameters. 
Fig.  12  a.     Lateral  view. 

Fig.  13.  Euaslrum  Didclla,  Turpin,  outline  of  the  front  view. 

Fig.  14.  Kuaslrum  cicgnns,  Breb  ,  outline  of  the  lateral  view 

Fig.  15.  Jilin-aslcrias  trunrala,  Corda,  outline  of  front  view,  magnified  200  diameters. 

Fig.  10.  Mivrui^tcrias  (jranidala,  Wood,  front  view  of  an  empty  frond,  magnified  400  diameters. 

Fig.  17.  Slauraslrum  orbiculare,  Ehrb.,  outline  of  the  cud  view. 

i'ig.  18.  Slaui-nslrum  dijcclian,  Breb,,  outline  of  the  end  view,  magnified  750  diametcr.s. 

Fig.  19.  Slauraslrum  f.cwisii,  Wood,  outline  of  the  end  v  ew,  magnified  750  diameters. 

Fig.  20.  Slaurat'lrum  parcidoricum,  Mey.,  outline  of  end  view. 

Fig.  21.     The  five  radiate  figure  i.s  an  end  view  of  Slauraslrum  Arachnc,  Ralfs,  the  triradiaie  <if 
Slauraslrum  jiorado.rum,  Meycn,  magnified  750  dinmeter.s. 

Fig.  22.     S/avraa'rmn  Ilavcnrnn,  Wood,  Front  view  of  the  empty  frond,  magnified  400  diameters 
Fig.  22  a.     The  side  view  of  an  empty  semieell,  magnified  750  diameters. 
Fig.  22  b.     The  end  view  with  the  same  amplifieation. 

Fig.  23.     Slauraslrum  rolt/lrichum,  Perty,  outline  of  the  frond  as  seen  from  the  end. 


FRESH  WATER  ALG* 


PtATE  I. 


1  Q   fuj 


A»rE«!  (tATuai  Wr  DR    Mr   vvono 

fiB    1.     O    CHLORINA 
■    2.     O    FROHLICHII 
"     ;.     O    NIGRA 


f .  HWOU^m  *  lOM.  PMILAOIWHIA 


Fig.  4.     O     LIMOSA. 
"    6.     O    NEGLECT*. 
"    8.     O    IMPEHATOR. 


Fin  7.  LVNGBYA  BICOLOR. 
"  8.  LVNGBYA  VARIETV. 
"    ».    C.  QUIMBYII. 


_m«s^.^iMi 


■^^mrt-'^WW'''  '  ■'"wJ'.unwywi.i.i.H  ilJJ^,» 


FRKSH  W»TFR  ALG/€ 


PLATE  II. 


■(     )l 


Q 


M^'mS 


n    I    CYLlNORnbrf  RM'j¥ 
■       :'     NO(.  -Of        (.AIJOAHIUM 


«NAK«.NA    i.iti    »  '  ini)',* 

»,-MS>l  N  V    (illiAN  TF  A 

:v  ^    IMOPOSI'tBMilM    M'H' 


"IVIJLAifiA    LA.^Ill  CGKiKA 
NOsroc       iPn.r,l,-.|iM 


I'.|!i, 


FRESH  WATER  Al.r.>€ 


i^LAfE  III. 


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si-^ 


V) 


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^ 


ff i;  ■JMulf 


^ 


« 


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/ 


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/ 


/ 


X 


y 


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m' 


rCL 


a 


V 


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Set 


«» 


•    ■• 


T     %,NCl  A.rt  fc  EON.  "Ma*t»tirMI« 


Fig.   1.  CYUINDROSPERMUM      FLEXUO-  Fig    .1    S    COLYSPERMA. 

SUM  ;       '■      4.  GLOIOTRICM*  INCRUSTAI* 

"     -i    SPH*ROZYGA  SUBRieiDA  | 


Fig.  ;.   CHLOR0C0CCU5. 
"      e,   NOST0CH0PSI5  l.OHATUS 
•■      T    I'HOIOCOrCUS. 


r' 


1 

I       ; 

■"■              1 

i    :! 

\\ 

f 

i        ■ 

!   ■    ■                                            1 

1 

-      ; 

iJ 

A 

1 

FRESH  WATfR   MC./C 


PLATE  IV 


!ffi   tU  !Iltl    I 


.  UNCI  Bin  rik  8bN.  ■'NlLADlLPHIA 


F.g.   1.  MASTIGONEMA  TERTILE 
"      2.  MASTISONEUA  SEJUNCTUM 


F'5     3    ZONOTRlCMA  MOLLIS 
•     4.  ZONO'RICH*  p*HCE/ON»TA 


Fig.  «    0*SY»CTIS  MOLLIS. 
"      <.  C(XLOSPH.CRIUM  DUBIUM. 


.It 


IMAGE  EVALUATICN 
TEST  TARGET  {MT-3) 


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^3^ ,..         <#^^^ 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


I   IS    112.0 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(7ia)  872-4503 


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FRESH  WATER  ALG/E. 


PLATt  V. 


-T 


>#@QQ@j§C  f  ^B^S 


Fi|i    I.  MASTIGONEM*  ELONGATUM 
"      T   MASTICONEMA  HALOS 


Fij.  3,  MASTIGOTHHIX  FIBROSA. 
I        ••      4.  SCYTONEMA  RAViNELII. 
"      5.  CHROOCOCCUS  REFRACTUS. 


Fig.  B.  CHROOCOCCUS        MULTICOLOR- 
*TUS. 


iiifl: 


U'^ 


i    t 

1 1 

i 

1 

J     jl 


FRESH  WATER  ALG/€. 


PUTE  VI. 


I 


AFTRR    NATURE  B  Y   D  M   M    C    WOOlt 


T.  •iNCLAin  ft  UN.  PHILADUPMIA. 


Fig    1.     SCYTONEMA  THERMALE 
"     J      S    CALLlTRICHOIDES, 
•■    3.     S    OUBIUM. 


Fig.  4.    S.  CORTEX. 
••    «.     CH>eT0PHORA   ELEGANS 


HI 


; 


f! 


'  1 


!  I 


FRESH  WATER  ALG*. 


^m-. 


\  ly 


/./ 


/  /■ 


/ 


\ 


/ 


I 


PLATE  VII 


'^%; 


^^ 


/ 


.v-i*577^r 


% 


"^ 


•  »Tt«  NAIURt  BV  on     M     C     WOOO 


fig.   1.  SCYTONEMU  CfTABACTUM 
-      «    SCVTONEMA  IMMEHSUM 


\ 


'% 


^W 


■4 


.  SINCLAIR  A  SON.    'HiLAUEtl'HlA. 


Fig    ,r  RHAPHIDIUM  POLVMORPHUM. 
"      4    PROTOCOCCUS. 


'S 


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\ 


I  ( 


1 

1 

1 

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i 

i!  1 

■.  ft 

1  ;' 

u  . 

11 

i  I 

FRESH  WATER  kLQA. 


PLATE  VIII. 


»m^/,^ 


Arrto  t«»n^iit  8»  OS.  H   c    wocc 


mNCLAlN  4  SON.  fMlLADtLPHIA 


Fig    1.     TOLYPOTHRIX   OlSTORTn. 
"    2.     SIROSIPHON  PtLLUCIOUUUM 
"    3.     SIROSIPHON  COMPACniM 


F.g   4.     SIROSIPHON   NEGLECTDM 
"    5.     SIROSIPHON   r.UTTULA 
"    6.    SCVTONEMA  N/€GELLil. 


Fig,  V.     GLOEOCAPSA  SPARSA. 
"    8.     MERISMOPEOIA    NOVA 


•. 


i  i  :> 


:    ( 


'r/ 


FRtSH  W*rtR  ALG* 


purt  IX 


•  FTsM    -MfjRF    Br    0"    w    C    ^'OCD 


T  S(hCi.M«fcSU«  Pi:v*0(i.PM 


K>g.  1      SIBOSIPHON   SCYTENEMATOIDES, 


Fig.  a,     SIROSIPHON   LIGNICOLA 
Fij    v.  STICONEMA  RAVENELLII. 


Fig   ;l.     S    ARGILLACEA. 


!S    ' 


/ 


FRtSH   W«!FR   »L04. 


PI  AT  I  X, 


I 


itrTllt  NAtuni  uv  on 


I     SIROSIPHON  PULVINATUS 
■L   PLEUROCOCCUS  SERUTUS 


F.j  •:).  PAUMELLA  JESSENII. 


I    BOTRYOCOCCUS   PULCHELLUS 
;..  PALMELLA   DURA 


hi 


Hi 


lit 


i  i 


FRESH  WATER  ALGA 


PLATE  II 


■.J^ 


»(K  fiMtwnt   •'  D«   M  r    «i>OD 


1  ■ilicuimfttQII*MafcDIL>'i 


F.g.    1      SCENEOESMUS  POLYMORPHUS. 
'      2      SCENEDESMUS  QUAORICAUD* 


F  k    »      SCENEDESMUS  ROTUN0«TUS 
4      PALMOGl  oe*  CI  EPSYOR* 
,^      CUSMARIUM  ACtNUSUM 


F.i     J      c~OSM*W«M   AREOLtTUM. 
7.     CO&MARIUM  VENUS. 


It  i 
if  , 


fHKiM  WAUR  Alli-4 


PIATF  M 


F,(.    1,  COSWARIUM  liNSATUM 

■'     J  C    tlHtNBERGU 

"     f  r.     HOMHA»UM 

-     1  C     0(»N* 

■•    5  C,    I'ifivlM  UM 


1.      LtlBLtlNli 
itlMIMCiBus  v.RANUUAlU!! 


t-ij    II.     SPiROT/EN   t  CONDEN5ATA 
IJ      HYALOTHECA    DISSILIENS 


\.\ 


lUYMOI'lllOM    t.HEVlLLIi 


14      COr.MAKniM  BCRvl  IS 
r.     ;:    fycuMis 


liB.  1">  EUASrPUM  MUL  flLOBU'UM 

"     ir  MICRA51EHIAS  AMt(.'u.»NA 

"     IH,  COSMAP.UM   MtNtLillKNil 

•■     19.  bPiROC.vllA   AfcHLBl 

.M)  COSM  jUNC'OUM 

;i  C    MAPfSAPlTif'-  BUM 


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/  tLi^s  I     ^^p^ump 


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FRfSH  WA7 


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f<*T-;«»S   ttv   O^    ( 


r  II,  I  EU*-,!  HUM    HALFSH 

■■     l  EU»S1RUM   ELE<i*NS 

;(  EU*btRUM   HINALE 

'      r,  MiCHASX    I  UHCATA 


li  IBIU    VARIETY  OENriCULATA 

:  M     JENNERM 

8.  SI  AUHASl  RUM  ORBICUlAHE 

0  S' AUHASI  HUM   !iElEi.H'M 


.(    Ill      >rAUH»bf  Rv.'M   (UNUiUL  * 


a      STAUBAilMUM   LtWISI 
!.'      SI  AURAS  rR'JM     F'OLvrBi 


,.  f  AOHA-    '  KUV    MOi'l.'tjV, 

t>SM'*HliiM    HYRAWIUAIUM 
■-Ot.MAHaiM    HROOMEI 


-i.^fimr\  v.: 


!       J! 


ij  )»^.»^.^UlfcMISJ» 


FRESH  WATER  ALG^. 


PLATE  XIV 


>     N 


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AfttW  HATUflK  BV  JR    H   ^    *0OP 


/:      •« 


!  &^N^;l./'■«H^■^^  ■-■ijoi V.A'-n 


Fig    1.     RHYNCHONEMA   EUONGATUM 
■■      2.     RHYNCHONEMA   PULCHELLUM 


F,g.   S.     bl'IROGYRA    PUOTECrA, 
•       4.     SPIROGVRA    LONGAIA 


F,K.  5.      APHANOCHAtTt    KERENS. 
•  .      0.     DRAPARNAl  OiA    BILLINGSII 


^'^\!^^^~^i^^^''-i'^---^''^-i-'  i'-'-^-r'-^ 


(lis 

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I  ,  i 


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: 

i 
i 

i 

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1 

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4. 

FRtSH  WATER  ALO*. 


PLATI  XV. 


•  rlfH  «»ruWF   8*  UR     M     C     »*COD 


tlHCLA'X  •  SON,  (>HllAb(II.^Mift 


Flj     1    SriHdGYR*  M«JUSCUL» 
■■      1  SPIHOliT  R*  OILUTA, 


F,j     3     SIMROGYRA  SET.'FORMIS 
"      4    SPIROQYRA  CRASS* 
"      ft    MESOCARPUS  SCALARIS 


1      Fij.   6.   SPIROGVRA    fUSiGNIS 

■■      7.  SPIROGVRA  PARVISPORA. 
I       •■     n    ZYGNEMA  INSIGNIS, 


.'PI 


4^' 


11 


t-l. 


FRESH  WATER  ALG4. 


\ 


PLATE  XVI 


*-i  -e  a  t4.iTi.ftt   ftf  I'n  H   C   wf^UP 


T,  Bif«Ot  *i*i  *  ROM.  PHiiAuiLMtH*, 


fig    I.     SIRC^jONIUM  hF-IROVERSUM. 
■■    ;.     HVUROuAsrHUM  iSRANULATUM 
-    S      STKiEOCUONIUM. 


T'l!.  4       BULBOTRICHA   »L(I!DA, 
"     b.      BULBOCH-CTE  CANBVU. 
"    6.     STIGEOCLONIUM. 


p? 


' 


•    ( 
I    I 


!; 


■■■■I 


FRfSH  WArtF(  Air,4' 


PLATf  XVII 


Atrtn  Skitjai  Sv  DM   H  C    WOOD 


fctNCl>»tH  It  t.OI*.  »'H<l*l>IL»-MlA. 


Fig.  1,      SCHUOMERIS  LEIBLEINIt. 
■'    'i.     0EU030NIUM   HUNTll 
•'    3.     O.   MULTISPORA 


Fig    4.     SPIROQYRA   DU81A 
"    5.    S.   RIVULAIS 


5    I  ! 


iF' 


L     I 


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if 

: 

i     ' 
■f 

■ 

i:^ 

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1 

1 

; 

"Jli£x 

■(    ;■ 

■ 

Hb 

1    1 

ffl| 

1    '" 

ffiBi 

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i 

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5       i 

51       e 

i 

bu. 

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fal    i        ^  . 

FRKSH   WATtR   ALG/t 


PLATE  XVIII, 


(irnNftTuNCB'  on  h  c  wo  no 


I     mNt  1  •!«   *   HUM 


F<a  I.  PNINGSHEIMII    iNAegUALE 

■■  ■;  OEOOUONIUM   MIHABILE. 

■■  ,1  dtOOcONIUM   ECMINAIUM 

~  *.  OEDOGONIUM 


F.g.  :<  BULBOCH/CTE  IGNOTA, 
"  0  BULBOCH/tTE  OUMOSA 
"     -     COflFERVA. 


i 

i 

L 

i 
1 

